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The complexes of poly A and poly U are interesting models for studying the structure of nucleic acids. In the first part of this paper, the thermal stability of these complexes has been studied as a function of both pH and ionic strength in alkaline solution. The thermal stability is measured by the half transition temperatures, or Tm's. There are four different kinds of transitions: Tm2-1 refers to the dissociation of the two-stranded complex, poly (A + U); Tm2-1 to the dissociation of the three-stranded complex, poly (A + 2U) [4]. Tm8-2 is the temperature of half dissociation of poly (A + 2U) into poly (A + U) [1], and Tm2-3 is the temperature of rearrangement of 2 poly (A + U) into poly (A + 2U) [3] (Fig. 1). It is found that Tm2-1, and Tm8-1 decrease as pH increases above neutrality (Fig. 2 and 3), but that Tm2-8 does not vary (Fig. 3). This effect is readily explained if it is assumed that the ionisation of uracil brings a change in the state of the free poly U, but that the complexes themselves are not modified. In the second part of the paper a simple thermodynamic formulation is given which represents satisfactorily the relationship between the four equilibria, as observed at neutral pH (Fig. 1). A more complex treatment is then presented. It includes quantitation of electrostatic interactions, according to the theory of Kotin [18] and of the free enthalpy term corresponding to the organisation (stacking) of poly A. This leads to an excellent representation of the experimental data (Fig. 5). In alkaline solution, one can calculate the free enthalpy change associated with the ionisation of poly U at the Tm. According to our observations, it is likely that this is the only factor responsible for the decrease of Tm. Therefore, we can write that the sum of the free enthalpy of complex formation in the same conditions, but at pH 7, and of the free enthalpy of ionisation is zero. This leads to a determination of ΔG both as a function of temperature and ionic strength: the variation of ΔG with these factors is shown to be in good agreement with our detailed model. However, the absolute values are different, probably because of uncertainties concerning the data for poly A stacking enthalpy and entropy. Apart from providing evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters for double and triple helix formation, our results lead us to emphasize the importance of the thermodynamic state of the unassociated polynucleotides. This may be particularly relevant when one considers the partially complementary secondary structures of RNA's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spectrophotometric technique after paper chromatography was found adequate for quantitatively determining chlorogenic and caffeic acids in the vegetative apical buds of Pyrus communis L., variety ‘Passe‐Crassane’, de ľOrléanais. Using this method, significant changes in these polyphenols were shown to occur both in tissue concentration and total amount per bud, in samples collected during winter 1973–1974. A close relationship between chlorogenic acid concentration and state of dormancy of excised twigs was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a pilot study of " Catholic Pentecostals," or as they are now more commonly known, " Catholic Charismatics." The study is based on participant observation and interviews among Catholics from 3 prayer groups in Southern California. The study was completed in June, 1972. It forms the basis of continuing research for a dissertation. Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal is considered as a renewal movement in relation to the Catholic Church, The analysis seeks to discover tendencies experienced by Catholic charismatics with respect to participation in the Catholic Church, and the ways in which these tendencies are compatible or incompatible with aspects of the Catholic Church. To analyze tendencies experienced by Catholic charismatics, a typology developed by Ernst Troeltsch is employed. Sociologists are familiar with the church-sect typology associated with Troeltsch. Few are familiar with a third type elaborated by Troeltsch: mysticism. It is this third type, mysticism, that this writer has found fruitful in analyzing aspects of Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal. The outlook of a " typical " Catholic charismatic is described, with the intention and hope that: first, important aspects of a participant's experience are accurately and contextually represented: and, secondly, essential features of participants' outlook are shown to correspond to the mystical type. Finally, a comparison is made of aspects of participants' outlook (mystical type) in relation to the Catholic Church (church-type: sacraments, hierarchy). The points of comparison are: 1) relationship between sacramental baptism and " baptism in the Spirit ;" 2) Eucharist ; 3) basis of authority. Such a comparison will make more explicit aspects of the relationship between Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal and membership in the Catholic Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper postulates that (1) the Jesus movement, as a movement, is in the process of routinization ; and that (2) the main function of the movement for the individual members has been that of providing a " waystation to respectability " for a cohort of stigmatized youth, who are more recently in the process of being reabsorbed back into the system, partly through membership in established pentecostal churches. The data come from structured and unstructured interviews administered in the state of Washington in 1971, 1972, and 1973 ; from content analysis of movement publications ; from lengthy observations ; and from relevant secondary sources. The data bear out the postulates and suggest that an interesting " latent function of this movement has been that of informal " youth outreach " program for the pentecostal branch of Protestantism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an investigation of the sequencing of 65 amino acid residues at the carboxyl-terminus. Use of methods such as enzymic or chemical cleavages of the peptide chain; Fractionation of peptides by Sephadex or Dowex column chromatography, paper elctrophoresis or chromatography.

This study concentrates on the impact of this major symbol on teenagers, as may be perceived in the religious context through free associations and impromptu stories, and in the religious context through biblical and liturgical references. The sampling was done according to three variables (sex, age, school) and hoped to reach the highest degree of homogeneity concerning life environment and curricula. For computational reasons, 400 answers were examined so as to have 200 for each series. The aim of this paper is to introduce briefly our findings, taking into consideration the two variables, sex and school. The prospections of the secular context through the analysis of free associations and impromptu stories reveal, from the point of view of sex, that boys experience the world of things as means or obstacles. Girls, on the other hand, being more sensitive to the surroundings and aesthetic overtones perceive the world as values and enter the symbolic domain more easily. As far as 'school' is concerned, it appears that the evocation of the Fire Symbol is experienced by students according to the characteristic trends of each set up. In the religious context one sees that in general teenagers have a better knowledge of the Bible than of the Liturgy. Courage and strength being attractive, boys refer to « power theophanies » while girls stress the quality and depth of theophanies which may be termed « personal and intimate ». They know the liturgy better and are touched by the words of the liturgy, whereas the boys lose themselves in the rite itself and its materiality. As for the educational variable, the biblical and liturgical culture of state school students is characterised by a statistically broader amplitude. The pupils of the denominational network seem to be more under the influence of a primary-school-level catechesis. Comparison of the two contexts : The symbolic structure integrates the same harmonics in both... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives the theoretical background of a Cross-Cultural Study carried out in the Institute of Social Psychology in Strasbourg. If the fact that Jews are different is an objective one, there must be observable differences in their attitudes and especially in those covert attitudes: the affective meaning of the language in which we express our thoughts. Using the Semantic Differential technique, Jews and Non-Jews were given the same list of concepts to evaluate with the help of descriptive scales. The analysis of the data provides evidence of the relevant concepts for which the variable Jew/ Non-Jew is determinative, independently from other variables, thus demonstrating the existence of a Jewish specifisity. If the same phenomenon can be observed cross-culturally, we can speak of a Jewish identity. Using a couple of other techniques which enable us to identify some constants, each of them being a dimension of a configuration space, we could locate the test subjects (J. J. J,... Jn for Jews and NJ, NJ, NJ,... NJ n for Non-Jews) and then measure the distance between the two main clusters, which we identify as the Judaicity factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the theories of H. Richard Niebuhr and of Charles Glocn and Rodney Stark in which they attribute the origin of religious groups to deprivation. It is argued that deprivation is an inadequate explanation for the origin and survival of religious groups and that a theory based on human needs is required. Religion may be seen, in certain circumstances, as a substitute activity in that it provides a vicarious substitute for the satisfaction of certain biological and social needs. When men are deprived of the natural material or secular satisfaction of these needs they may turn to religion. Because of increased opportunities for the satisfaction of biological and social needs there is less need for religion as a substitute activity in complex modern industrial societies, religion, however, survives because it provides for the satisfaction of what may be termed specifically religious needs, namely the need for an interpretation and explanation of the psychic and mystical experiences of men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years various studies of a religio-sociological nature have supplied numerous data relating to the catholic and protestant diaspora. These data have not yet been integrated in general sociological systems. Influenced especially by German organisations which have concerned themselves with the dispora since the last century, a specific knowledge of the diaspora has been evolving, but this is dominated by the theological element. For the interest in protestant circles see the periodical "Die Evangelische Diaspora" appearing since 1919, and the chair established at Leipzig University in 1934 to study diaspora problems. On the catholic side there may be mentioned the Johann Adam Möhler Institut für Konfessions- und Diasporakunde, at Paderborn, which collaborates closely with the St. Bonifatiusverein. The Catholic Institute for Social-Ecclesiastical Research in the Netherlands and the Catholic Centre for Social Research at Königstein/Ts, Germany, have made various religiographic studies in recent years on the catholic diaspora in the Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia. In the U.S.A., important works have appeared on relations between catholics and protestants (among others by Will Herberg, J. Kane et al.), which show interesting analogies with European studies. Reviewing progress of the still fairly heterogenous socio-scientific study of diaspora phenomena, the question is raised of the possibility of integrating the facts described in a theoretical system. The theoretical work by R. K. Merton, regarding his system of functional analysis, can be examined to see if it can serve as a theoretical framework for studying the diaspora. As regards Merton's question of observability reference is made to the special difficulty in this respect inherent in the diaspora. Although, sociologically, the study can be confined to parishioners known as such, the question arises whether the diaspora with its geographically widespread parishes does not especially require non-parochially integrated baptised catholics to be included theoretically in the diaspora structure. In the Province of Friesland in the Netherlands, in parishes with 300-800 parishioners there were found to be 100 or more baptised not parochially registered. A complicated question, too, is that of the existence and meaning of personal attitudes to the diaspora. The dilemma is given between social absorption in the over-all environment and the creation of an individual environment. For the forming of the faithful in the diaspora the choice will depend largely upon the value attributable to the religious content of the over-all environment. It would also seem to be profitable to apply the concepts "functional" and "dysfunctional" to the diaspora. Positive functions rest in the Churches' Oecumenical consciousness. In the individual Church the diaspora may act as the territory pre-eminently suitable for pastoral experiments and for activating help to fellow-believers. But the diaspora may also have a dysfunctional effect relatively to the Oecumenical idea: for considerations of security the position of the majority church may be painted too darkly. Besides, isolation may be so great that the approach is sought solely for the sake of approach without sufficient care to the fundamental theological aspects. For analysis of the diaspora phenomenon, Merton's concept of functional requirements is also profitable. The diaspora demands special intensification of contacts, particularly with the "other Christians", puts great emphasis upon moulding of the personality and of the group. Important, too, are special organisational arrangements in the light of the social mechanisms indicated by Merton. One may recall in this connection the recent formation of the diaspora diocese of Groningen in the Netherlands. The extent of the diaspora parishes also calls forth the question of establishing auxiliary churches. The family becomes especially important to religious training (catechism), and so does a weekly periodical where the extent of the group precludes their having their own daily paper. Finally, attention is drawn to the limits of action of the diaspora system: these limits form the structural context. Possibilities in the diaspora are limited as regards facilities for education, medical care, cultural contact, etc. Economic factors may encourage mixed marriages to an exceptional degree in the diaspora. Positive action by the clergy is possible in all these respects only with the assistance of bodies and organisations outside the diaspora. The application of functional analysis can be expected to deepen insight into the phenomena of the diaspora and to help to make investigation of the very complicated diaspora situations in Northern Europe, both catholic and protestant, more effective for the study of the pastoral methods required in varied ways in the diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the previous paper, a metabolic relationship between a cytochrome oxidase deficiency and threonine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was proposed. It has been found that high concentrations of threonine or its immediate precursors L-aspartate- β-semi-aldehyde or homoserine, are able to restore cytochrome oxidase synthesis in threonine auxotrophs, grown in the presence of glucose as a carbon source. On the other hand, these strains are able to synthesize cytochrome oxidase when the carbon source is ethanol or glycerol even without an excess of threonine. The results show that this phenomenon is concerned with the regulation of cytochrome oxidase synthesis. Different hypotheses are presented to explain the possible role of threonine in this regulation. One of them stresses the possible role of a differential auxotrophy for the cytoplasmic and the mitochondrial protein synthesis systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work of several laboratories has shown that the two carbon atoms C-28 and C-29 of the ethyl or ethylidene side chains of phytosterols are introduced on a C-24 unsaturated side chain by two successive C-methylation steps. A scheme, based on previous work of Nes et al. and Goodwin et al., gives the various intermediates which can be formed by stabilisation of the intermediate carbonium ion (II). It was usually thought that ethylidene compounds such as (III) were the precursors of ethyl compounds such as (VIII) and this has been proved recently in the case of poriferasterol (IX) which contained four deuterium atoms when Ochromonas malhamensis was grown in presence of [Me-²H3] methionine [8]. In the present paper it is reported that the sterol of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum [Δ 22-stigmasten-3-Β-ol (Xa)] contains five deuterium atoms, when extracted from D. discoideum fed on cells of a methionine-less strain of E. coli grown in presence of [Me-²H3] methionine. The unsaturated sterol (Xa) is accompanied by the saturated sterol (XIa) which was not previously found in this organism. Mass spectrometry of the pentadeuterated sterols (Xa) and (XIa) seemed to show conclusively that all five deuterium atoms are located in the ethyl side chain [11], but it was thought necessary to confirm this conclusion by a detailed analysis of the side chain; thus, the sterol (Xa) was ozonised and part of the side chain isolated as a crystalline p-phenylphenacyl ester (XIIIa). Mass spectrometry of this compound and of a synthetic non-labelled (XIllb) and the corresponding monodeuterated derivative (XTIJc) confirms that all five deuterium atoms of the Dictyostelium sterol (Xa) are in the ethyl side chain. These results exclude an ethylidene compound (such as III) as a precursor of the sterol (Xa); they do not allow us to choose between other possible routes illustrated th the scheme. Our experiments also show that there is no hydrogen shift during the second methylation step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the previous paper [1] we proposed a mechanism for the reaction of pancreatic ribonuclease with nucleotide diesters. in which the kinetic constants k+1 and k-1 + k+2 are assigned to a base catalysed step for the formation, and a proton catalysed step by the conjugate acid for the breakdown, of an enzyme stabilized intermediate. In the hydrolysis reaction of the 2′,3′- cyclic diesters the rates depend on the structure of the catalysing base, and in particular on its polarisability. in addition to this effect, we found that, in the dinucleoside phosphate series, the rates increased up to three orders of magnitude, depending on the nature of the base of the second nucleoside [4]. According to our suggested mechanism I-VI the accelerated rates could be due to (a) the second base influencing the polarisability of the catalysing system by π-electron interactions between the stacked bases. This effect should be reflected in the enthalpy term and should parallel the hypochromicity of the dinucleoside-phosphates exactly: (b) pre-ordering of the reacting atoms (C-2-oxygen, 2′-OH-group and phosphorus) by the base stacking, which would be reflected in a lowering of the activation energy in the entropy term and should only roughly parallel the hypochromicity. To differentiate between these two possibilities we prepared the diesters IX -XXXIV, determined the hypochromic effect and also the values of km and k+2 at pH 7. There is only a partial correlation between k+3 values and the hypochromic effect. The k+2 values vary with the structure of the second nucleoside and show a particular dependence upon the nature of the link between base and phosphate group. Highest values are found with adenosine and deoxyadenosine. Elongating the ribose with mercaptoethanol (XIX) or substituting the relatively rigid ribofuranose ring with flexible n-hexyl-, pentyl- or butyl-chains (XX-XXIII appreciably reduces the hypochromicities and also the k+2, values, in the case of a propyl link (XXIII, XXIV( or in the analogously structured 3′-3′-dinucleosidephosphate XXV no hypochromic effect is found and the k+2 values are as low as that of 3′-cytidylic acid benzyl ester. A second nucleoside attached to the 5′ end of a substrate (XXXIII. XXXIV) does not result in an increase of the rate of diester hydrolysis at the 3′ end though there is a normal hypochromicity. Therefore a pre-ordering of the reacting atoms (demonstrable on models) appears to be the accelerating factor. A specific interaction between the second nucleoside and the enzyme being responsible for the pre-ordering effect can be excluded by either blocking or varying all the potential interaction sites. The concept of a pre-ordering in the substrate due to bass stacking agrees with the results from measurements of the temperature dependence of k+2 and calculations of the enthalpy (ΔH≠) and entropy (Δ,S≠) term in the activation energy of this step. When diesters with an exactly analogous structure of the intermediate II such as CpA (IX) and Cp-butyladenine (XXII) are compared, the differences are found in the entropy term only. Between the first and second step substrates such as CpA and 2′3′-Cp the differences are also found in the entropy term with a small factor in the enthalpy term. From a comparison of Up- and Cp-diesters it can be seen that due to the differences in the enthalpy term the Up-diesters should react 5–10 times faster than Cp-diesters, but that due to the differences in the entropy term Cp-diesters react 20 times faster than Up-diesters.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]