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Abstract: E. Kraepelin begins, in Germany, his psychiatric formation in 1877. Pupil of Wundt and von Gudden, he becomes professor at Dorpat (Estonia) in 1886 and then at Heidelberg (1891) and at Munich (1903), where he founds in 1917 the first autonomous psychiatric research institute. His works consist in his textbook and 200 articles on social, legal and comparative (cross-cultural) psychiatry and on experimental psychology. He also wrote an historical book on “Hundred years of psychiatry” (1918), some poems and political papers subject to controversy after the 1st World War. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Microlithic industries of lower Palaeolithic central Europe have been speculated to be a result of raw material availability and therefore natural constraints. However, on some sites such as Bilzingsleben and Vertesszőllős, raw material constraints do not apply. Clearly here has been a positive selection for small-scale tools that must have different explanations. The seemingly stable pattern of forms unrelated to raw material properties, leads to the inference that early hominin societies possessed and transmitted over generations, a defined set of behavioural norms. The paper argues that patterns of choice can be isolated within lower Palaeolithic stone tool assemblages that are distinct from patterns of ecological restraint. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]