Search

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(3), 1511-1530 | European Forum Insight of 4 November 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduzione. - II. La divisione dell’Isola di Cipro e il non riconoscimento della Repubblica turca di Cipro del nord. - III. Gli accordi di delimitazione della piattaforma continentale e/o della ZEE conclusi da Cipro, Turchia e Grecia e le attività illecite condotte dalla Turchia. - IV. La reazione coesa dell’Unione europea alle attività illecite turche. - V. Le particolarità delle misure restrittive dell’Unione contro uno Stato candidato all’adesione all’UE ma distante da essa. - VI. Quale ruolo diplomatico per l’Unione europea nel contesto della crisi del Mediterraneo orientale? | (Abstract) This Insight examines the EU’s reaction to the breaches of the territorial sovereignty of Cyprus and Greece by Turkey in the context of the crisis of the Eastern Mediterranean sea which developed between 2019 and 2020. The EU has reacted by adopting restrictive measures against two Turkish nationals responsible for drilling operations authorised by Turkey in the territorial sea and in the exclusive economic zone of the Republic of Cyprus. The individual restrictive measures examined in this paper are adopted for the first time against a candidate to the EU membership and a NATO member in order to protect the sovereign rights of one its Members, namely the Republic of Cyprus. The territorial dispute between the latter and Turkey, on the exercise of sovereignty over the marine areas around the island of Cyprus has extended to Greece due to the sismic activities carried out by Turkey vessels in waters included in the Greek continental shelf. Turkey, which is not part of the UNCLOS, has also delimited the continental shelf with Libya and has an interest in exploiting the natural resources on the continental shelf of both Greece and Cyprus. This contribution illustrates the various diplomatic initiatives taken to solve the territorial disputes and reflects on the diplomatic role that the EU may play in order to settle the dispute between the Parties.

The occupation of Crimea determined the Crimean Tatars to react with obvious and clear-cut response: condemning the Russian aggression against the Ukrainian territorial integrity. This paper aims to analyze the post-2014 Crimean hybrid conflict situation of the Crimean Tatars, by investigating how the Crimean Tatars conditions have evolved under the Russian invasion forces for the last five years. In order to understand the post-2014 situation, the paper also focuses and examines the forced deportation (Sürgün or the Soviet Genocide), as well as Turkey's foreign policy reactions toward this regional conflict. Civil disobedience and nonviolent strategy of the Crimean Tatars have been used to pressure the Russian public opinion and political elites regarding the unlawful and unfair act toward the Ukrainian and Crimean sovereignty. In addition, the Crimean Tatars have voiced their concerns and demands in the international political arenas. Overall, the paper focuses on the repercussions of the Crimean crisis from political, psycho-social and international perspectives.

Copyright of Annali di Storia delle Università Italiane is the property of CISUI: Centro Interuniversitario per la Storia delle Universita Italiane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liquidity management has an important place in the asset and liability management of banks. The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the intra-bank and macroeconomic factors that affect liquidity in 20 Turkish commercial banks. Financial data of commercial banks operating in the 2002- 2022 period and macroeconomic data for the same period are taken into account. In the panel data analysis where liquidity ratios liquid asset ratio (LAR), acid-test ratio (ATR) and current ratio (CR) were taken as dependent variables, a negative relationship between liquidity ratios and deposits to liabilities ratio (DR), financial asset ratio (FAR), fixed asset ratio (FIXR), economic growth rate (gross domestic products - GDP), central bank interest rate (INT), loans to assets ratio (LR), net interest margin (NIM), non-performing loans ratio (NPL); a positive correlation with liquidity ratios and equity ratio (equities to assets ratio, CAP), inflation rate (INF), natural logarithm of asset size (TA), foreign exchange rate (XR) was found. In the study, no statistically significant relationship was found between foreign exchange liquidity ratio (FXLR) and liquidity ratios. Despite its profitabilityreducing effect, banks need to manage their liquidity sensitively and effectively in order to maintain the trust of customers and market, especially during crisis periods.

Copyright of Synergies Turquie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2017 2(3), 863-886 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The "democracy" in EU democracy promotion. - III. The EU-Turkey relationship. - IV. Analysing democracy promotion in the EU-Turkey relationship. - IV.1. Positive/express democracy promotion. - IV.2. Negative/express democracy promotion. - IV.3. Positive/implied democracy promotion. - IV.4. Negative/implied democracy promotion. - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) The EU has a Treaty-based obligation to promote democracy in the wider world, with a particular emphasis on neighbouring States. Doctrinal approaches to EU democracy promotion generally focus on a specific set of instruments, whereas the law of external relations underpins a much wider set of policies and practices relating to democracy promotion. This Article applies four categories of democracy promotion (on a positive/negative and express/implied axis) to a case study of the EU-Turkey relationship. The wider scope provided by this categorisation demonstrates that democracy promotion should not only be seen within the confines of "positive" measures such as enlargement conditionality but also by measures and practices which are often hidden from view. In doing so, a richer understanding of how the law of the EU's external relations informs policy and practice can be gained.

Studies on women’s political inclusion in conservative parties often examine the role of ideology. This article seeks to demonstrate that the role of ideology is best understood by considering its uses by and against female politicians. It does so by looking at multiple layers of conservative ideology: considering first conservatism as a discourse, the paper shows that women adhere to the AKP’s conservative gender ideology in order to ensure their political survival. Looking then at conservative ideology as a practice, the paper concludes that locally-sensitive analysis is necessary in order to identify how the constraining intra-party processes play out in women’s political exclusion. Depending on the constituency, exclusionary party mechanisms can be reinforced or undermined. Finally, the paper identifies the uses of conservative ideology by female politicians. While this aspect is often disregarded, women manage to make use of the party ideology and to navigate the narrow social and political space through a series of adaptation practices. The paper uses qualitative data (ethnographic and interview material) collected within Turkey’s conservative-Islamic Justice and Development Party (AKP) between 2014 and 2019.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(3), 1289-1292 | European Forum Highlight of 30 December 2016 | (Abstract) The case B.A.C. v. Greece, recently decided in a remarkable judgment rendered by the European Court of Human Rights, concerns an application for asylum submitted by a Turkish citizen in Greece. The Court concluded, inter alia, for a violation of the positive obligation under Article 8 ECHR to provide an effective and accessible means of protecting the right to private life. This ruling provides indeed some interesting insights on the positive obligations on States concerning the treatment of applications for international protection.

The main issue of this paper is the study of a group of amphorae of Heraclea Pontica origin which have been found during the late antique workshop excavations in the ancient theatre of Prusias ad Hypium. According to Memnon of Heraclea, the ancient city of Prusias ad Hypium was established by the Greek immigrants who were founders of the ancient city of Heraclea Pontica. Although the city joined the Bithynian Kingdom during the reign of King Prusias I, the most brilliant and powerful age of the city was during the Roman Empire period. The ancient theatre is the best preserved ancient architectural ruin in the city, although today most of the ancient city remains are under the modern town of Konuralp. It seems to be a Greek theatre due to its location on the slope but the use of vaults and its semi-circular plan and dramatic multi-stores stage building reflect its Roman character. In this context, this theatre is a Greco-Roman building and thus, it can be accepted as a transitional form between Hellenistic and Roman theatres. The archaeological excavations which have been conducted in the theatre since 2013 brought to light several archaeological structures belonging to the period when the theatre was abandoned. Among these remains, a structure belonging to a late antiquity workshop (specialised in bone tools production) is important. The commercial amphoras, found among other ceramic categories inside the workshop, represent a group of finds that should be evaluated and constitute the subject of the present paper.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2016 1(1), 343-345 | European Forum Highlight of 16 April 2016 | (Abstract) This Highlight looks into the Commission Recommendation for a voluntary humanitarian admission scheme, which was adopted in December 2015 on the basis of the EU-Turkey Joint Action Plan. It embraces an overly ambitious definition of humanitarian admission of persons in need of international protection, displaced by the conflict in Syria, given the difficulties in adopting the relocation plan and its lack of results. Further, it also constitutes a new way to de-territorialize protection to refugees processing asylum claims outside the given nation state.

This paper delves into the life stories of three unaccompanied asylum seeking youth residing at a state care shelter in Istanbul in 2015 and 2016. Through its intervention, the research follows an engaged anthropological approach to reveal the hidden aspects of the youth's emotional and intellectual worlds. The in-depth life stories shared here illuminate Homi Bhabha's Third Space Theory (1994) and are amplified by a methodological approach we call affective multimodalities. As we seek to understand the various ways the youths navigate survival and learning to be freed from institutional categories, we explore a few concepts of Third Space Theory: extraterrestrial territories, paradoxical worlds, afterlife-rebirth, and a displaced angle of vision. Through the practice of a collaborative radio show and photography elicitations, the youth were asked to share their dreams as they were encouraged to realize their potentials. During this co-creative approach, one of the youth even became a co-author of this paper. The ethnographic insights produced through this approach allows us to explore the third space theory with a poetical reflection through words and images.

Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we discuss archaeological authenticity in Turkey, advanced both from scholarly as well as popular scientific point of views. In the last five years in Turkey, the inconspicous debate on “archaeological authenticity” has become public. The problem was previously known, but not very common in scientific research. Turkish archaeologists probably a long way ahead to deal with this matter in scientific terms and accept it as an important study area. Although Turkey is a key country for both original and fake products, we know little about which materials should be categorized as replicas or fakes; which objects were falsified; what materials were falsified, why and by whom. The expected number of forgeries is very high in local museums exhibits, including lamps, coins, metal objects (especially silver) and gems. In international markets, we know several classes that have been forged in Turkey. It is particularly difficult to distinguish authentic coins or modern fakes. In the last ten years, Turkish museums were involved in several forgery scandals. These deceptions have two explanations: either the museum managers know nothing about them, or there are other reasons for these pieces to be presented as real artifacts. This paper presents a sampling catalogue for the reanalysis of the artifacts using multiple criteria to determine their non-authenticy.

Since the early 2000s, an increasing number of female religious officers have been employed by the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) and regularly sent to European countries. Tasked with providing religious knowledge and moral support to women, their engagement epitomises Diyanet’s contribution to the AKP government’s wide-ranging international mission aimed at reaching Turkish citizens living abroad. To assess the significance of the activities organised for Turkish women migrated to Europe, the paper aims to answer the following questions: How does the ‘export’ of Diyanet female religious officers fit into Diyanet’s grip on international affairs? What is women’s contribution in this respect? And how do the activities of Diyanet women preachers in Europe reflect Turkey’s current diaspora policies? Drawing on ethnographic observation and interviews with the Diyanet female officers in Vienna and Stockholm mosques, this contribution concludes that Diyanet officers’ role and agency abroad is the result of a combination of two concomitant and interconnected factors The paper argues that female religious officers’ activities abroad should be included in a multifaceted reconfiguration of: i) the Diyanet’s long lasting international mission; ii) the role women play in the diffusion of religious knowledge and morality; iii) the boundaries between Turkey’s religious and diaspora policies.

Counterterrorism strategies that mainly rely on hard power have long been used to defeat terrorism. In recent years, governments have begun incorporating soft power approaches not as a substitute, but as a complementary strategy to be applied alongside hard power approaches. Disengagement and deradicalization programs are important components of soft power approaches, and are regarded as significant contributors to traditional counterterrorism methods. In this paper, we analyze a locally developed counterterrorism program in Turkey, which resulted in the disengagement and deradicalization of hundreds of militants. In this paper we present an examination of a pilot program that focused on applying individual disengagement and deradicalization counterterrorism measures that was conducted by the Adana Police Department in Turkey between 2009 and 2015. This program was designed to reach out to the members of extremist groups and their families for the purpose of persuading them to disengage from their groups, change their radical mindsets, and help them reintegrate into society. We also discuss how the change in the government’s counterterrorism strategy from one which prioritizes the use of soft power approaches to another, which mostly utilizes the hard power approach, and almost completely discards the soft power method, influenced the implementation of the program.

Increasing access to higher education is often perceived as a threat to authoritarian regimes because, as liberal theory suggests, universities would cultivate critical citizenry and oppositional politics. However, Turkey, under the leadership of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, contradicts this assumption and necessitates a rethinking of the relationship between the university and democracy. Although university-educated sections of society are generally more embracive of democratic values, universities have also played an important role in nationalist indoctrination, elite reproduction, and class inequality. Moreover, emerging evidence indicates the role of universities in authoritarian regimes. This paper focuses on the double processes of the remarkable growth of access to universities associated with democratization in liberal theory and the simultaneous intensification and consolidation of authoritarian rule in Turkey. It argues that the changes in higher education have not only been a reflection of Erdoğan’s autocratic rule but also serve as one of its building blocks. Universities fulfill this function by extending political patronage to new clientele and fortifying control and coercion among students and academics, who have historically been central to democratic politics in the country.

Analyzing published and unpublished sources, the paper aims to determine to what extent the crisis in the Balkan Peninsula influenced the dynamics and stages of the negotiations in Lausanne between the Italian and Turkish delegations to end the Italo-Turkish War. The analysis spans from mid-July to the signing of the First Treaty of Lausanne (Treaty of Ouchy) and the entry of Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece in the war against Turkey on 18 October 1912. Italy tried to end its conflict with Turkey and prevent the Balkan countries in their aspiration to disrupt the status quo in the Balkan Peninsula. Italian diplomacy used the friction between the Balkan countries and Turkey to conclude as favorable a treaty as possible, directly pressuring the Turkish delegation at Ouchy and using the great powers’ pressure on Turkey. The practical results of signing the Treaty of Lausanne were the establishment of direct Italian rule in Libya and retaining temporary control of the Aegean islands.

This brief article deals with one aspect of Byzantine material culture, that of pottery and, more particularly, with two specific categories of Byzantine pottery, the so-called the “Fine sgraffito ware” and “Aegean ware”, presenting related examples from museums in western Turkey. Τhe whole argumentation of the paper mainly derives from the presentation of 21 glazed clay vessels from the collections of the Archaeological Museums of Izmir, Aydın and Fethiue, incorporating comments on similar objects from Asia Minor and elsewhere. It thus offers some additional examples to “Fine sgraffito ware” and of “Aegean ware” from western Turkey, although some of they have been published previously. Τhe authors attempt to incorporate these vessels to the general category to which they belong and to compare them with others with similar decoration, in order to offer a more general point on “Fine sgraffito ware” and “Aegean ware”. Based on these examples, a date of late 12th to the early decades of the 13th century AD can be suggested for these wares.

The events in Ukraine are in the thick of actuality, at the crossroads of East and West. From a buffer zone it has become an acute space of exhibition of Russia’s interests, on one side, and of the European Union’s, on the other side. As the EU does not have a unique army or a strong political leadership, the presence - as major actors - of NATO and the United States of America is necessary. Huge geostrategic, military, economic, politic, cultural, social and even religious interests are involved. As a neighbour state, member of the EU and NATO, Romania is directly concerned by the present deployments. We wonder if its foreign politics is an appropriate one. Moreover, great stakes aim at the statehood and independence of the Republic of Moldova, but also at the status of the Romanians living in the Cernowits region. Thus, we try to analyse what will happen in Ukraine and with the actors involved, in general. There are several possible scenarios, among which: the success of the elections and the stabilization of Ukraine in integrum; the federation, with the preservation of the frontiers or with the amputation of these ones; Russia’s conquest of the country, taking into account EU’s demonstrated incapacities; a war that can dangerously escalate; the maintenance of a grey situation, whre the two camps explore each other, sanction each other, but not too drastically, elections and referendums are organized, weapons are pacing around, threats are teething, but nothing important is decided, not even a new cold war. The title hints to everyon’s weaknesses (is Ukraine a selfsustainable state?), but especially to EU’s, the geopolitical objectives of which are in complete disagreement with its means. That is why, in a short term, Russia can win. But in a medium and long term...

The main objective of this paper is to analyze empirically the effects of government spending on private investment, evaluating the existence of crowding-out/-in effects, in Turkey for the 1975-2011 period. In contrast to previous studies, we employed in the paper the modified version of David A. Aschauer’s (1989) model, which allows us to see the effects of each component of government spending taking place in the Turkish budget system. The empirical findings of the paper showed that government current transfer spending, government current spending, and government interest spending crowdout private investment, whereas government capital spending crowds-in private investment in Turkey.

Non-binary people do not identify with the two normative poles of gender, masculine and feminine. In the context of learning FFL, they are confronted with the hypergrammatical and binary functioning of grammatical gender in French, which can be problematic when their first language does not have a grammatical gender, such as Turkish. How, then, can non-binary people be allowed to express themselves and talk about themselves in the FFL classroom? Based on a field survey conducted at Galatasaray University (Istanbul) in 2021-2022, this paper proposes an analysis of the issues related to the learning of non-binary people in FFL didactics, as well as pedagogical approaches.

This paper points out the situation of Armenian physical as well as intangible cultural Heritage in Turkey. Partly destroyed and in any case, denied for a long time, in Turkey the very notion of Armenian « heritage » takes place into the ill-defined conceptual and institutional categories of Heritage. However the current questioning of the kemalist pattern of the Turkish nation-state, and to some extent, neo-Ottomanist inclinations of the AKP, have created a new but ambivalent context. The paper evokes three cases of recently restored monuments and architectural objects (Holy Cross of Aghtamar, Sourp Guiragos in Diyarbekir and the Havav fountains). Finally, the nebula of actors engaged into the survey, inventory and promotion of this Armenian heritage in Anatolia and Istanbul is examined.

Copyright of Cultures et Conflits is the property of Centre d'Etudes sur les Conflits, Revue Cultures & Conflits and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The recent history of Turkey is characterised by major changes in public discourse and public opinion, related to the changing position of Turkey on the world stage. Changing attitudes toward European Union appear to be a marker of this transformation. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the perception of Europe and the world in the eyes of Turkish undergraduate students through a secondary analysis of a worldwide survey carried out in 2009-2010 by the FP7 EuroBroadmap project. The paper proposes first to test the hypothesis of a polarisation of Turkish representation by the European Union against the alternative hypothesis of a dual vision of Europe related to the ambiguity of Turkey’s situation. This part concludes that western and south European countries (like Italy, France, Britain and Spain), were still very positively viewed by Turkish students in 2009 and constitute a structuring pole of their worldwide representations. But the paper also examines variations in these average mental maps according to individual parameters. This second analysis reveals huge internal variations, according to place, gender and field of study and confirms that visions of the world held by students in this country are neither trivial nor consensual.

Turkey is a host to approximately 4 million refugees of which 99 percent of them are urban refugees with daily economic struggles to be able to provide their families with essential needs. Female-headed households are naturally known to be more vulnerable compared to their male-headed counterpartners which is also the case for the refugee population residing in Turkey. This paper aims to show multidimensional poverty among refugee households from a gendered perspective. The family composition and education levels of female-headed households prove that higher dependency ratios and lower levels of human capital among female-headed households are not uncommon and appear to be the main cause of vulnerability which is observed through different dimensions of poverty.

The paper proposes to examine two variables in connection with the Kurdish presence in Turkey: 1) the intensity of expression of Kurdish nationalism, and 2) repercussions of the Kurdish question on Turkey. Three components pertaining to the Kurdish case in Turkey were constructed from the literature: distinct cultural identity, political demands and socio-economic development. The paper concludes that despite radical shifts on both sides, it is still questionable whether a solution to the enduring conflict could be reached in the near future.

In this short paper we present thirteen metal rings from the museums of Izmir (nos. 3-4 and 9-10), Afyonkarahisar (no. 5), Bergama (nos. 6 and 8), Ödemiş (no. 7), Trabzon (no. 11), and Balıkesir (no. 13), dating mainly from the late antique and middle Byzantine periods. Two of these rings (nos. 2 and 12) belong to the private collection of Mr Koray Selçik and one (no. 1) belongs to the private collection of Ms Berna Oğuz, both of whom reside in Kemalpaşa near Izmir. Only no. 3 was previously published. Most of these rings bear Christian inscriptions, and belong to the late antique period; nos. 12 and 13 seem to date from the middle Byzantine age. Nos. 3, 6 and 7 contain an appeal to God for the salvation or cure. No. 9 is particularly interesting because it expresses one’s devotion to Longinos, a popular late antique and Byzantine saint. Other rings, nos. 2, 4 (with a monogram), 5, and 8 (with a monogram), bear personal names of their owners. No. 1 may be a gift to a girl, called ‘beautiful’.

This article argues that regionalism carries an important potential to transform the environment in which organized labor struggles to improve the rights, freedoms and livelihoods of working populations. By examining developments in the social and employment policy fields in the European Union (EU) and the emergence of new supra-national venues of communication and cooperation for labor organizations at the national and European levels, the paper focuses on the experiences of organized labor in Turkey in the process of attempting to join the EU. It maintains that the emergence of organic ties with EU-level organizations and institutions during the course of the EU accession process has had a deep impact on the ways which Turkish trade unions transformed and strengthened their political agendas, organizational capacities, and mobilization strategies. The paper concludes that strengthening the interactions between national and supranational levels of organized labor may help restore the legitimacy, credibility and strength of trade unions as societal actors in Turkey, and can compensate for their previous decline by reinvigorating their political power through supranational connections.

The first decade of the 21st century saw Turkish state actors – under pressure from the European Union – initiate a kind of institutionalization of human rights. Initially, a window of opportunity for cooperation seemed to emerge between these actors and the country’s human rights associations, which state officials had for many years viewed as a threat and undermining state policies. This paper examines the institutionalization process and relations between human rights associations and Turkish officials. It shows that despite early indications of a more cooperative relationship, the process has produced a dual system comprised of mutually antagonistic actors: new state-centric institutional bodies on the one hand, and the established human rights associations on the other. Instead of cooperation, the newly developing structures appear to be challenging the authority of Turkey’s human rights associations over the ‘truth’ concerning respect for human rights in Turkey, especially regarding the Kurdish question. The institutionalization of human rights has been achieved in such a way as to lend state institutions the image of cooperation with a wide range of civil society actors, while in reality it is exclusive of those associations deemed a threat to the state’s reproduction of itself and the self-image it wants to portray. The paper demonstrates this by examining: (1) the ways in which the institutionalization process has developed; (2) the nature and workings of the new government-led human rights body; and (3) how this relates to shifts in patterns of relations between the human rights associations and EU institutions.

Relying on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag cointegration technique, this paper assesses the comparative effectiveness of the fiscal and monetary policy on output growth in Turkey for the period 2003:q1-2019:q1. The empirical evidence shows that both policies are effective in promoting output growth but with varying degrees, revealing that the impact of monetary policy on output growth is greater than that of fiscal policy. Overall, based on our empirical evidence, it can be suggested that the Turkish authorities should set sight on monetary policy to achieve higher output growth while seeking ways to improve the output growth-enhancing role of fiscal policy. To that end, among many others, budgetary flexibility can be increased through creating fiscal space and growthfriendly tax and spending reforms can be undertaken without jeopardizing the trade-off between growth and equity while giving priority to proper coordination of fiscal policy with monetary policy.

This paper considers the conditions and consequences of the discovery of the turkey Meleagris gallopavo L. (Phasianideae). I try to define how this new animal will be inserted into the European languages, through terminology, into the scientific knowledge, and into uses and practices, planning to specify steps of its acceptance into the European food corpus. For this inquiry, I analyze chronologically successive written evidences, i. e. archives discovered by historians, as well as books (about cooking, agriculture) and dictionaries, in order to underline the steps of the adoption of the turkey in our European civilization (Spain, Italy, France and England).

The study applies the flexible nonlinear inference approach of James D. Hamilton (2001) to investigate the relationship between cyclical components of unemployment and output in the Turkish economy where the unemployment rate remains at double digits despite the relatively stable economic environment over the last decade. The paper shows that economic expansion and contraction terms have an asymmetric effect on cyclical unemployment in Turkey. Moreover, the study identifies a specific range for the output gap level at which jobless growth pattern occurs in the Turkish economy. According to our findings, contrary to standard literature, cyclical component of unemployment does not decrease even though cyclical component of output is positive and increases in the middle stages of the upswing phase of the economy. This result may also indicate that the employers are reluctant to extend employment and alter into informalization for reasons such as over-valued domestic currency, surplus labour force and/or any rigid regulatory frameworks in the middle stages of the expansion phase of the economy. However, they become eager to expand employment and renounce informalization only after a certain rate of economic growth is achieved.

Copyright of Cahiers d'EMAM is the property of EMAM and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the relationship between FDI and foreign trade is investigated by symmetric; Sims (1972), Dolado-Lütkepohl (1996), Hacker-Hatemi (2006) and asymmetric; Hatemi-J (2012) causality analysis after the liberalization period 1983-2014 for the Turkish economy. The results of the empirical analysis show that unidirectional positive and statistically significant causality is going from total (goods and services) and only goods export, import and foreign trade (total import and export) to FDI. The conclusion is that findings point out to the existence of complementary relationship between the variables. Consequently, these results support that the government should encourage foreign trade to increase FDI inflows in Turkey.

This paper examines the relationship between the inflation and interest rate in Turkey for the period 2004-2013. The results obtained in this study have pointed to the existence of Fisher Effect in Turkey during the period 2004-2013. According to the Johansen, Lütkepohl-Saikkonen Cointegration Tests and Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS)method the results applied in the study, a long-run relationship has been found between the inflation(ENF) and nominal interest rate (NFO) variables. In this context, the developments is related to each other about the inflation and nominal interest rates in Turkey for during the period 2004-2013. Therefore, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey should conduct to implement monetary policy taking into account the long-run relation for the next period. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de enflasyon ve nominal faiz oranı ilişkisi, 2004-2013 dönemi için incelenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar, 2004-2013 döneminde Türkiye'de Fisher Etkisinin varlığına işaret etmiştir. Çalışmada uygulanan Johansen, Lütkepohl-Saikkonen Eşbütünleşme Testleri ve Dinamik En Küçük Kareler (DOLS) Yöntemi sonuçlarına göre, enflasyon (ENF) ve nominal faiz oranı (NFO) değişkenleri arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu kapsamda 2004-2013 döneminde Türkiye'de enflasyon ve nominal faiz oranındaki gelişmeler birbiri ile yakından ilgilidir. Bu sebeple, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasının önümüzdeki dönemde de uygulayacağı para politikalarını bu uzun dönemli ilişkiyi dikkate alarak yürütmesi önem arzetmektedir.

The paper seeks to clarify some circumstances surrounding Turkey’s entry into the First World War, focusing on the events that took place between 5 and 10 August 1914 including the negotiations between Enver Pasha and the Russian military attachée M. N. Leontiev.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of exchange-rate stability on real export volume in Turkey, using monthly data for the period February 2001 to January 2010. The Johansen multivariate cointegration method and the parsimonious error-correction model are applied to determine long-run and short-run relationships between real export volume and its determinants. In this study, the conditional variance of the GARCH (1, 1) model is taken as a proxy for exchange-rate stability, and generalized impulse-response functions and variance-decomposition analyses are applied to analyze the dynamic effects of variables on real export volume. The empirical findings suggest that exchangerate stability has a significant positive effect on real export volume, both in the short and the long run.

Although Cultural Heritage as such has a rather positive connotation, bringing together notions of safeguarding and human creativity, critical investigations have underlined the various strategic, economic and political rationalities inscribed in this term. In 2010 the UNESCO rendered the Alevi ritual sequence semah Intangible Cultural Heritage and as such it was inscribed in the Turkish National Inventory of Cultural Heritage – although Alevis are not recognized by the Turkish state and its Sunni-Turkist understandings of belonging. The celebration of an Alevi ritual as enriching Turkey’s ‘cultural diversity’ thus asks for an analytical approach that comes to terms with this tension of recognition, ongoing political surveillance and the very specific understandings of diversity that are put into play. With reference to Foucaults (and particularly Roses) approach to contemporary government as “governmentality”, Cultural Heritage can be grasped in its ambivalent (but not necessarily conflicting) nature as cultural self-fulfillment and governmental control. The paper thus enlarges the analytical scale of thinking about Cultural Heritage in its correlation with identity-formation, the politics of recognition and governance.

Oil prices are often considered as a vital economic factor due to the dependence of the world economy on oil. The goal of this paper is to contribute to the literature on the dynamic relationship between oil prices and stock prices under the presence of possible structural breaks in an emerging market, Turkey. The empirical evidence suggests that the oil prices are important in explaining the stock market movements. Stock prices, oil prices and nominal exchange rates are found as cointegrated after taking structural breaks into account. Moreover, results of parameter stability test are consistent with our findings indicating that relationship between series is strong in the long-run. The results are important in the way that they show the global factors are also dominant on the Turkish stock market.

For the first time in its fifteen years of brilliant yet unsuccessful candidacies to host the Olympic Games (OG) and the Football European Championships (Euro), Turkey was admitted into the elite group of countries capable of staging sports mega-events. Although it failed in the last round for the 2020 OG (beaten by Tokyo in 2013), and for the Euro 2016 (beaten by France in 2010), it has since been tipped as the strong favourite to host Euro 2024. International matches have been simultaneously utilized by the Turkish government as an opportunity to publicly demonstrate its willingness to resolve historically problematic issues with other countries. In this paper, it will be argued that Turkey’s ambitions to host sports mega-events and its politicization of specific matches can be interpreted as a strategy of the state to diffuse a positive image at home and abroad, and consolidate its role in the region. A distinction will be made between the use of sport, more accurately football matches, as a tool of diplomacy (in which the state remains the main actor of the process in the context of bilateral relationships) and the use of sports events, which includes also the involvement of sports actors for more diffuse ends. Rather than referring to the concept of soft power, the notion of sport diplomacy will be utilised to analyse Turkey’s influence through the strategic use of sport. Specifically, through the comparative analysis of successive bid proposals to host the Istanbul Games, the AKP’s strategy to promote Turkey’s new power will be critically appraised.

Periphrasable-metaphorical tombstone inscriptions from the polish cemetery in Adampol (Turkey) The subject of this study is a cultural and poetical analysis of the periphrasable – metaphorical tombstone inscriptions from a Polish cemetery in Adampol (Turkey). Adampol is a Polish village in Turkey. It has been created in 1842. The Polish cemetery located there is a source of interesting information regarding the local Polish society. The tombstone inscriptions show the culture and interference mainly between two different cultures – Polish, closely tied with Christianity, and Turkish, tied with Islam. One of the tombstones analysed shows elements of Hindu culture which makes it a very interesting research material. This paper focuses only on the inscriptions that use figurative language. The material from this cemetery includes only seven tombstones with this kind of epitaphs.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential of local stakeholders in developing a rural tourism product. With this aim, a traditional harvest day event was initiated by the researchers and the event was organized and set up by the local stakeholders. Kastamonu, a rural destination in Turkey with a great potential for but with very limited rural tourism development, was selected for the conduct of this harvest day event. Participant observations and in-depth interviews are used to identify the factors that facilitate involvement of the local community in rural tourism product development. The results are expected to provide insights for the development of a framework relating to the assessment of the potential for sustainable rural tourism development in a given area.

This paper examines interactions and feedbacks between categories of capital flows and economic growth in Turkey for the 1992:01-2009:08 period. Our empirical analysis is based on a new version of the causality test of John Geweke (1982, p. 77) and Yuzo Hosoya (1991, p. 88) in the frequency domain proposed recently by Jörg Breitung and Bertrand Candelon (2006, p. 132). In addition, using standard methods in spectral analysis, we decompose the total covariance between capital flows and growth across main frequency bands and capture lead/lag interactions between them. Some of our findings are as follows: Variance decompositions over frequency bands reveal that variations in individual capital flow categories are largely concentrated over high (seasonal) frequencies. The nature of the interaction/feedback between growth and capital flows varies significantly over frequency bands and subcategories of flows. Over business cycle frequencies, two out of four subcategories of inflows, short-term external borrowings and portfolio investments on government bonds, drive growth whereas the other two components, long-term borrowings and portfolio investments on shares, are driven by growth. Furthermore, for the post-2001 financial crisis period we found significant bidirectional causality between long-term external borrowings and growth whereas portfolio investments, bond flows and short-term external borrowings do not affect growth in the long run.

This paper deals with the EU grants allocated to the candidate countries to ease the transition process. Changing structurally since its inception, the amount of grants given to Turkey has gradually been increased since Turkey was officially declared a candidate country at the Helsinki Summit, while the priorities focused on harmonizing rules and regulations in Turkey with the Acquis Communitaire, foregrounding the political aspect of the Copenhagen criteria. Funds allocated under various budget lines were gathered in a single framework named Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance – IPA by the time accession talks with Turkey opened. A total of 3.937.400.000 Euro has been allocated for Turkey under Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance for the period between 2007-2012; thus enabling the civil society organizations realize their founding aims. Allocation of the proposed grants depends on the absorption capacity of Turkey. In this respect, sustaining the programs aiming at reinforcing project development and implementation capacities of the governmental and non-governmental organizations is vital fort he harmonization process.

Este artículo examina las razones, las consecuencias y las maneras de la penetración del movimiento nacionalista en las tierras que compusieron el imperio otomano. A pesar del hecho que muchos académicos han estudiado este sujeto y han ofrecido una visión convenida del efecto quebrantador que el nacionalismo tenía en el corazón del imperio otomano, una evaluación del impacto y las consecuencias que este proceso tenía en la población y la configuración política de los nuevos estados que aparecieron después del final de la dominación turca todavía no se ha hecho. Este proceso complicado, marcados por los conflictos étnicos en los Balcanes y el Anatolia de la última fase del imperio otomano, llevó a la eliminación de ciertos grupos étnicos del territorio central del estado Turco, Anatolia, y de su fundación como consecuencia principal. Este texto enfoca en la naturaleza del poder político en el imperio otomano con el propósito de exponer cómo la transformación del poder político proporciona una resolución radicalmente diversa al conflicto étnico y a su gestión y de explicar los impactos de las prácticas imperiales sobre la sociedad multicultural en el caso turco.____________ABSTRACT:This article examines the reasons, consequences and penetration ways of the nationalist movement in the lands that made up the Ottoman Empire. But if many academics have studied this issue and offered an agreed vision of the disruptive effect that nationalism had in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, an evaluation of the impact and consequences that this process had in the population and the political configuration of the new states that appeared after the end of the Turkish domination has not been made. This complicated process, distinguished by the ethnical conflicts in the Balkans and Anatolia in the late Ottoman Empire, led to the elimination of certain ethnical groups from the central territory of the Turkish State, Anatolia, and to its foundation as principal consequence. This paper will focuse on the nature of political power in the Ottoman empire with the purpose of, first, exposing how transformation of the political power generate radically different resolution to ethnic conflict and its management and, secondly, demonstrating the impacts of imperial practices in dealing with multi-cultural society on inheritor nation-state practices in the Turkish case.

This paper assesses the advantages and disadvantages of alternative monetary policy strategies involves for emerging market countries. Then it discusses two emerging market countries which illustrate what it takes to make inflation targeting work well, Chile and Brazil. The next topic that assessing inflation targeting as a monetary policy strategy for Turkey. The conclusion from this analysis is that inflation targeting is more complicated in Turkey. In order to improve inflation targeting’s performance in Turkey, the role of communication and transparency which is crutial for the process of building credibility, should be increased.