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A sustainable water resource management requires the control of the component of hydrological balance. The evapotranspiration is the main factor of water loss in the area of Djelfa, with a semi arid climate. Several physical and empirical methods (Thornthwaite, Blaney- Griddle, Turc, Bouchet and the Penman-Monteith-FAO method) using climatic and meteorological data are now available to estimate potential evapotranspiration. Climatic data available in the meteorological station of the Djelfa area covers the period 1984/1985 to 2005/2006. They include temperature, relative humidity, wind speed values and sunshine. Reference evapotranspiration has been calculated by all the models above. Resultants from using the over reference evapotranspiration calculation methods were compared to those from piche evapotranspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The authors propose a specific methodology and definitions to determine the energetic efficiency of any energy production system and process therein, in agreement with the laws of physics and taking into account technical constraints. The method rests on the calculation of a modular indicator, the expenditure rate, ratio of the energetic costs to the gains of the system. An expenditure rate above 1 questions the system efficiency. We underline the importance of the data sources and of their uncertainties to calculate the expenditure rate starting from the deconvolution of a system in various stages, from the extraction of the natural resource to its final form of use, including the materials, the losses, and the energy contributions. As the efficiency indicator does not inform us about the extractible amount of the studied resource and of others, it should be completed with a specific study about their reserve and future production (where the expenditure rate acts as a criterion). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nitrogen fixation, nitrate assimilation and primary production (13C/15N method) were investigated during one year and half in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Nitrogen fixation was detectable all over the year with rates ranged from 2 to 17 nmol N l−1 d−1 d. Highest values being obtained during spring associated with the phytoplankton bloom. High rates (4–8 nmol N l−1 d−1 d) were also measured during summer, when primary productivity was very low. Then, diazotrophy process supplies significant new nitrogen during summer oligotrophic periods. This new nitrogen input can balance the annual nitrogen biogeochemical budget in the Mediterranean Sea and should explain the high nitrate/phosphate ratio observed in deep waters. To cite this article: N. Garcia et al., C. R. Biologies 329 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Le Cameroun utilise un système de budgétisation historique et une approche «top - down» pour allouer ses ressources de santé publique. Cependant, le pays compte 175 districts de santé dont les fortes disparités de nature épidémiologique, économique, géographique et culturelle, devraient être prises en compte pour réduire les iniquités en matière de sante publique. Comment comprendre alors que dans ces conditions, le budget des administrations publiques alloué aux différents districts de santé au Cameroun soit quasi identique alors que les défis sont si différents? L'inefficience allocative (mauvaise attribution du budget) générée par un tel système conduit vraisemblablement à une inefficience technique (mauvaise utilisation du budget). Pour la marche vers l'atteinte des objectifs du millénaire en matière de sante, il est impératif et urgent que les décideurs du secteur de la santé allouent de manière intelligente les ressources dans le système de santé. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]