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A French teacher's journal notes about his experience as a student in an intensive English course in a foreign country are presented. The notes address aspects of the language learning experience, including unfamiliar cultural context, intrusion of the new language into daily thought, resistance, translation, interference, and motivation. (MSE)

Three aspects of curriculum development as they are understood in English-speaking countries are interpreted and named for French speakers, three curriculum development models are examined, and projects in Scotland and Australia are described. (MSE)

Reviews the history of advertising, through its images, from the end of the nineteenth century to the present. Analyzes advertising and propaganda styles, their symbols, the interaction between commercial and political messages, and the impact of audiovisual techniques on promotional images. (MES)

The European Union is a major player in the world economy and also the largest trading player on the global scene, accounting for about 20% of world imports and exports. The elimination of trade barriers within the EU confirmed its commitment to global trade liberalisation as it is an important part of multilateral trade negotiations. Apart from WTO trade agreements, the European Union concluded a number of bilateral trade agreements with certain countries and regions in the world. The aim of this paper is to present the EU-Australia trade relationship, Australia being an important trading partner of the EU. The trade flows between them includes both agricultural and non-agricultural products. The database that has been used is represented by the information published by the European Commission and the Australian Government. In conclusion, we found that both EU imports from Australia and EU exports to Australia are dominated by non-agricultural products.

This paper reports on a comparative study between the structures, regulation and challenges of small and medium size businesses (SMEs) in Australia and two Latin American jurisdictions – Chile and Cuba - with the object of exploring ways in which SME-propitious ecosystem can be configured in an unprecedented crisis situation. It examines the legislation, bodies and regulation in place which deal with SME issues, including consumer protection, and the differing contextual considerations, taking cognizance of the challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the paper explores ways in which SMEs can be assisted and advised of their legal rights, including the provision of clinical and advisory support at a university level, and considers the steps taken by governments in mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To compare practices and learn from them the research utilizes three case studies and contrasts the issues faced in an emerging economy such as Cuba with more established frameworks such as Chile and Australia, both OECD countries.

In Australia, the nebulous concept of ‘remoteness’ is central to Indigenous Affairs social policy. An enduring settler-colonial spatial imaginary positions remote Australia as simultaneously both the heartland of authentic Indigeneity, and a wicked policy problem. Over the last 50 years, the small Indigenous communities that predominate in remote Australia have been cyclically and discursively positioned as essentially parasitic: economically unproductive (in a neoliberal market sense), socially dysfunctional, and a consequent drain on government social spending. The state argues that continued investment in essential infrastructure and services in these small communities is not sustainable. The complex and important historical geographies of spatial and procedural justice that produce such renderings demand their own careful analysis and critique. The task of this paper, however, is to critically consider the preferred policy “solution” to the perceived predicament of governing Indigenous remoteness. Specifically, there are tacit, and largely untested, assumptions within Australian public praxis that greater Indigenous migration from small remote and rural communities to larger towns and cities, as a means of increasing Indigenous education and employment outcomes, will more or less automatically resolve this wicked policy problem. The empirical data presented in this paper suggest that the Indigenous Australian population is probably experiencing an urban transition at a similar rate to many more rurally-based societies in Asia and Africa. However, the context, regulation, management, experience and outcomes of remote/rural-urban migration are arguably vastly different in settler-states such as Australia than in low- and middle-income countries and not necessarily always aligned with State social policy objectives. This paper therefore considers alternative approaches to geographical theorising about Indigenous migration. In particular it returns to Mabogunje’s [1970] systems theory of rural-urban migration which is attentive to the specifics of both the wider economic, socio-cultural and political environment within migration occurs, as well as migrant agency, logics, decision-making processes and outcomes. This facilitates a move beyond what Kukutai and Taylor [2012] refer to as conventional ‘postcolonial demography’, to explore how we might engage in decolonising scholarship of Indigenous migration decisions, categories, experiences and outcomes.

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During the first half of the nineteenth century European settlement was consolidated in Australia. The industrialisation of convict transportation saw vast numbers of lawbreakers sent unceremoniously to Australian shores, with the newly emergent convict settlements of Hobart Town and Sydney quickly becoming Antipodean slums: untidy, unruly and in dire need of civilising. In this context, the cultivation of the arts was seen as a means of rehabilitation, moving the nomenclature away from “penal colony” to the more desirable descriptor “free society”. Amongst the early arrivals was a small but remarkable group of talented and knowledgeable artists, the most famous of whom was John Glover. These artists disembarked with their trade skills and traditions that included established conventions regarding the display of paintings. In the Western European art ecosystem of the early nineteenth century, it was de rigueur to present oil on canvas works in ornate gilt frames, as without a suitable frame an artwork would not be displayed, sold or exhibited. Arriving with limited access to complementary art services and resources on the other side of the world to the centres of taste and civilisation, how did these artists frame their works? Who were the frame makers and what materials were available? Remarkably, Australian art historians have published little on frames of Australian colonial artists and more specifically the framing intentions of the artists themselves. This paper takes a socio-historiographical perspective, drawing on primary source materials including diaries, manuscripts, publications and original frames, to discuss the frames of a select number of formative Australian artists. It also explores the interconnections between the artist, the work and the frame. Understanding the materials to hand, the framing conventions of the day and the ways these early colonial artists wanted their work displayed provides vital evidence for curators and conservators informing the period framing decisions of contemporary institutions.

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AbstractThis paper provides a case study of the evolution of social closure as experienced within the teaching profession in public school education in New South Wales, Australia. It charts the changing development of social closure mechanisms, from state-sanctioned, formalized, collectivist mechanisms, to organization-based formal and informal mechanisms derived from individualist criteria. Drawing on an empirical research project that examined the individual experiences of social closure amongst a group of school teachers, this paper finds that there is potential for both collective and individual resistance, or the development of ‘usurpationary’ strategies, at both the formal and the informal level. Detailed study of changing social closure strategies, and the strategies employed to resist social closure, can provide a more in-depth and nuanced understanding of how discrimination continues to operate in workplaces despite the existence of anti-discrimination and equal opportunity legislation in Australia.

Disasters (and the dynamics that proceed and follow them) are inherently disruptive of customary routines and taken for granted ordinariness. Many fear that in the context of climate change disasters will become “the new norm”. How we prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters provide a rich terrain for exploring “normality” and interrogating normalising processes. In this article we draw on insights from empirical research on policy efforts in disaster preparedness in New South Wales, Australia. This research suggests that understandings of “the norm” is a site of contestation. This discursive debate is most evident in policy and practice prescriptions for “shared responsibility”. International and national policy is shifting responsibility for disaster preparedness away from institutions of the State to the individual within the local community. In practice, we see this shift simultaneously resisted and embraced with “norms” in disasters reshaped in multiple sites and in multiple directions. The paper concludes that engagement in complex debates offers the possibility to disrupt traditional pattens and normalise community-led, empowered, responses to disasters. Los desastres (y las dinámicas que los siguen) son intrínsecamente disruptivos de las rutinas habituales y se da por hecho su carácter ordinario. Se teme que, en el contexto del cambio climático, los desastres se conviertan en “la nueva norma”. La forma en que nos preparamos, respondemos y nos recuperamos de los desastres proporciona un rico terreno para explorar la “normalidad” y preguntarnos por los procesos de normalización. En este artículo nos basamos en las ideas resultantes de una investigación empírica sobre los esfuerzos políticos para la preparación para desastres en Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia. Se sugiere que la comprensión de “la norma” es un lugar de contestación. Ese debate discursivo es evidente, sobre todo, en las prescripciones de políticas y prácticas para la “responsabilidad compartida”. La política internacional y nacional están transfiriendo la responsabilidad de la preparación para desastres de las instituciones del Estado al individuo de la sociedad local. En la práctica, vemos este cambio simultáneamente resistido y adoptado con “normas” en desastres remodelados en múltiples sitios y en múltiples direcciones. El artículo concluye que la participación en debates complejos ofrece la posibilidad de interrumpir los patrones tradicionales y normalizar las respuestas a los desastres, lideradas por una sociedad empoderada. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1258

The Aboriginal people of the South East region of South Australia, together with local and state government and universities, have recently embarked on a series of cultural revival projects to strengthen their community and to celebrate the rich heritage and connections that they maintain with the land. This paper charts the process and development of a participatory mapping project, spanning various Aboriginal homelands (but with a focus on the Boandik homeland) that was undertaken by landscape architecture lecturers and students with the collaboration and participation of the South East Aboriginal Focus Group, and non-Aboriginal groups and organisations. The paper highlights how mapping the “unseen” or intangible qualities of Aboriginal homelands in creative ways can help to communicate and educate the non-Aboriginal community about Aboriginal connections to and knowledge of the land. Through an exhibition of the maps, the project has helped to advance discussions towards the creation of an Aboriginal cultural centre in the region.

This paper presents a case study of migrant transnationalism on the basis of ethnographic data collected among Croatians migrants in Western Australia. So far transnationalism has been theorized as the sustained connection of migrants to their homelands, while this paper introduces a distinction between “ethnic” and “cosmopolitan” transnationalism. The sample of respondents comes from two distinct immigrant cohorts, one consisting of earlier arrivals (1950s–1970s) and the other comprising more recent arrivals (1980s–1990s). Due to social changes in the sending country as well as immigration policy changes in the receiving country, these two cohorts are significantly different in terms of their socio-economic background. This determines their identity, belonging and type of incorporation in the Australian society, and also brings about different types of transnationalism that these two groups practise. While respondents from the working-class cohort tend to see their ethnic identity as central and describe themselves as part of the Croatian diaspora, those from the more recent middle-class cohort see their profession as the central axis of their identity. The transnationalism of the older cohort is conceptualized as “ethnic transnationalism” which bridges the distance between Australia and the “lost” but nonetheless real homeland, Croatia. The transnationalism of the professional cohort is theorized as “cosmopolitan transnationalism” which is lived and felt beyond the homeland-hostland connection, in the space of cultural hybridity and global mobility. The introduction to this paper gives a brief overview of the concept of transnationalism and the way it has been theorized in migration studies in the past twenty years.

In the rapidly growing body of research on diasporas, Europe and North America attention has focused on communities from south nations. However, a significant proportion of their foreign populations, especially in their major metropolitan areas, originate from other developed countries. This paper argues that these migrants not only are numerically significant in OECD world cities but also that they often constitute meaningful communities and maintain significant linkages with their homelands. It focuses on the one million Australians currently living in foreign countries, more than half in the world cities of Europe and North America. It utilises a study collecting both quantitative and qualitative information from a sample of these Australian expatriates. It examines the process of development of the Australian expatriate communities in world cities, their defining characteristics and the linkages they maintain with their homelands. The paper examines the nature of the impact of the diaspora on Australia as well as their involvement in the economy and society of their destinations. The Australian government recently set up a Senate Inquiry into the national diaspora and is contemplating a range of policies with respect to it and the paper concludes with a discussion of these policies.

This paper aims to demonstrate the efficacy of a five-level homelessness prevention typology, encompassing universal, targeted, crisis, emergency, and recovery categories. We argue that this typology can be deployed to illuminate key comparisons in homelessness prevention policy and practice between different jurisdictions and over time. Meanwhile, it avoids the confusions and overlaps that occur in extant categorisations. Using the UK jurisdictions as an empirical testbed for this analytical framework, four key lessons emerge which we contend have resonance across much of the global north. First, though there is growing evidence of the importance of both universal prevention measures (particularly the delivery of affordable housing and poverty reduction), and targeted preventative interventions (focused on high risk groups and transitions), practical action on both fronts has been deeply deficient to date. Second, and more encouragingly, there is a nascent shift in homelessness practice from an overwhelming focus on basic, emergency interventions, towards more upstream attempts to avert the kind of crisis situations that can lead to homelessness arising in the first place. Third, and also welcome, is a trend within recovery interventions from treatment-led to more housing-led models, albeit that this shift has been frustratingly slow to materialise in many countries. Fourth, across all of these categories of homelessness prevention, there remain substantial evidence gaps, especially outside of the US.

The island of Ataúro, situated north of the capital of Timor-Leste, functioned as a prison island during the Portuguese colonial regime, more intensively from the 1920s onwards. During the Indonesian colonial period (1975-1999), the occupiers used the island to confine families of resistance members in open concentration camps, where hundreds of people died of hunger and malnutrition. In this paper, departing from an analysis of the memories and archival material on the former prisoners in Ataúro during the Indonesian occupation, I argue for the importance of telling and memorialising the histories of the island and people imprisoned there. Furthermore, I discuss memory and the colonial legacies, as some islands in the Pacific region remain territories deemed as repositories and detention sites for people fleeing from far away places marked by conflicts created by dictatorial and colonial regimes.

Tropical Australia is a multicultural mosaic fashioned by various waves of migration and ancient Indigenous cultures. Migration, cultural diversity and multiculturalism have been at the heart of nation building in Australia. Tropical Australia represents a unique blend of cultures, landscapes and traditions. Stories of migration, by the host society and by the immigrants, themselves are embedded with celebratory and fearful narratives. Immigrants to Tropical Australia have used their culture, arts, food and handcrafts as the initial point of building bridges with the society they found themselves transposed into. The early policies of multiculturalism were founded on recognition of cultural practice. This paper explores the role of creativity and multicultural arts in contemporary Tropical Australia from an enriching or a critical perspective. It is argued that the role of multicultural arts has been under-estimated in Australia generally. The building of a pluralistic and inclusive society requires genuine representation (and voice) of all groups, shared experiences and a narrative that supports a deeper understanding of diversity. Using examples from tropical Australia, the paper posits that multicultural arts and creativity are important elements of identity development across generations of immigrant families and communities, legacy transmission and cultural preservation, social cohesion, social inclusion and citizenship and civic participation.

This paper presents a digital interview with Justine Poon, legal researcher at the Australian National University (ANU), on selected aspects of Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos’ approach to environmental law and legal science.

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Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The evolving practice and scholarship surrounding food movements aim to address social, political, economic and ecological crises in food systems. However, limited interrogation of settler colonialism remains a crucial gap. Settler colonialism is the ongoing process of invasion that works to systematically erase and replace Indigenous Peoples with settler populations and identities. While many progressive and well-intentioned food movements engage directly with issues of land, water, identity, and power, critics argue they have also reified capitalism, white supremacy, agro-centrism and private property that are central to the ongoing dispossession of Indigenous Peoples. Scholars and advocates have called for greater accountability to the contradictions inherent in working towards social and ecological justice on stolen land. We write this paper as three settler activist-scholars to interrogate ways that social movements are responding to this call. A community-engaged methodology was used to conduct semi-structured interviews with individuals working in settler-led food movement organizations in Northwestern Ontario, Canada and in Southern Australia. We present our findings through three intersecting categories: 1) Expressions of settler inaction; 2) Mere inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and ideas; and, 3) Productive engagements and visions to confront settler colonialism. To explore the possibility of deeper engagements that confront settler colonialism, we suggest a continuum that moves from situating our(settler)selves within the framework of settler colonialism to (re)negotiating relationships with Indigenous Peoples to actualizing productive positions of solidarity with Indigenous struggles. We argue that this work is essential for food movements that aim to transform relationships with the land, each other, and ultimately forge more sustainable and equitable food futures.

This paper looks at the (auto)biography and literary work of an Australian writer of Serbian descent, B. Wongar/Sreten Božić, viewed from the perspective of ethnology and anthropology. His work is well known to local scholars of literary and cultural studies: for them, Wongar's complex and polysemous oeuvre has long since become a vibrant topic of interpretation and dialogue. An attempt is made here to show how and why this prolific, award-winning and world-renowned author has become a controversial phenomenon in Australian literature. Such a concise retrospective is needed so that readers outside the humanities can gain at least partial insight. The main aim is to highlight those topics in Wongar's fiction and documentary writing that are important from the standpoint of sociocultural anthropology and anthropology of literature: the characteristics of the migrant position and experiences of the dissident writer as a social actor, and the ethnographic-folkloric motivation of the writer's oeuvre.

This article reviews health practitioner regulation in Australia. It starts with a review of the constitutional powers to regulate healthcare in the Australian Federal system and the system of rights to access health that have been created. The article then examines the current National Law, which was an attempt to create a uniform regulatory system for healthcare practitioners in Australia. The paper examines the working of that system and current data on its operation and concludes with looking to future challenges for the system.

Multiple high-profile instances of anti-Islamic activity in Australia throughout 2015 – for example, the Reclaim Australia rallies in April and July, and the establishment of an anti-Islamic federal political party – is in keeping with increased Islamophobia observed in other western nations. While a key driving force behind this phenomenon is the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, ongoing jihadi violence – particularly atrocities committed by or on behalf of Islamic State –has served to reinforce anti-Islamic sentiment. Although objections to Islam are ostensibly cultural and religious, the prejudiced nature of Islamophobia essentially operates as racism. Emergent discourses about Islamic culture – for example, fears of Sharia law being imposed on western society – have positioned Muslims as an “enemy” who endanger western cultural values, and even present an existential threat. Accordingly, the risk of violence from anti-Islamic elements is not insignificant. To that end, this paper examines the range of security issues arising from Australian Islamophobic activity in two parts. First, it provides historical and cultural context for contemporary Islamophobia, noting the parallels and overlap with similar movements in the West. The primary themes promoted by anti-Islamic groups, and the manner by which they interact with audiences, are also analysed, noting the heavy emphasis on online communication, and how this translates to offline activities. Second, it will examine the types of potential or actual security risks that anti-Islamic activity presents to Australian authorities, describing a spectrum of increasing intensity that incorporates communication, physical violence, radicalisation and terrorism.

Australia’s northern-most tropical city of Darwin has a strong presence in the domestic and international touristic imagination as a tropical escape destination – a small city poised on the edge of outstanding natural beauty – yet in national cinematic representations Darwin is often presented as a frontier zone, whether these tropes are pivoted around culture or nature. I would like to take up this idea of the city of Darwin as special and distinctive in the national imaginary that is discernible in recent Australian cinema, an idea that I show extends to the city’s representation in theatre and literature. This paper performs a close textual reading of the city’s recent representation in two high profile Australian feature films, Charlie’s Country (Rolf de Heer, 2013) and Last Cab to Darwin (Jeremy Sims, 2015). These are films that employ compassionate, humanistic themes, each maintaining a strong focus on main characters who find themselves both marginalized and neglected within the broader mechanisms of Australian society: hence each film is simultaneously performing the secondary work of critiquing Australian culture. In both films, I show how the tropical city of Darwin operates as a space of difference, but unlike the contemporary tourism marketing that simplistically brands the region as a “site of desire”, here we find two unique critiques of Australian law and society that work to show the ethical frontiers of legislation and of human sovereignty.

The Australian Curriculum mandates that Arts will be taught as part of the Foundation to Year 10 program in schools. My background as a Theatre-in-Education performer and as a Drama teacher has informed an approach to doing research with children, which involves making up plays about local stories. Firstly, local folk are interviewed and their anecdotes are recorded as data. The children then analyse and interpret the data, as a group, with the help of their teacher. It is then synthesised into a written play script. I have found this Theatre as Research approach to be a wonderful tool for integrating the teaching of local history with the Arts. It also has potential to strengthen community bonds and enhance inter-generational communication. Once the play has been created, the storytellers are invited as audience members to see their lives played out on stage. The paper will relate examples of how I have performed ethnographic Drama with various secondary and tertiary students to facilitate and present research. It will then offer a step by step approach for doing Theatre as Education.

This paper looks at the role of art in understanding place as a construct of the imagination, reactions to the real and lived experience. The making of a place by the activities and actions within place constitute over time notions of what things are, what they mean and how meaning is constructed from symbolism and kinaesthesia. Placemaking establishes the meaning of a spatial context by symbolic gestures, objects and experiences. Dasein internalises inherent meaning from being in space where; “Dasein is thoroughly temporal,” and, “self and world are a unity” (Guignon, 2006, p. 134). These things together formulate the temporal frontier of culture as a transient space of activity and evolution. The tropics as a framework were explored in my research through artists painting the wet tropics of North Queensland.

The Constitution of India has been the bulwark of Indian environmental governance. Right to clean environment, as an incident of 'right to life', has become enshrined under Article 21 through judicial interpretation. The Indian experience, involving easy access to justice through Public Interest Litigation, demonstrates that 'independent' and 'powerful' superior courts are indispensable for securing environmental justice. However, this ideal turns into a mirage when the superior courts fail to satisfactorily resolve environmental disputes involving scientific and technical questions due to lack of permanent expert panels to assist them. To surmount this practical impediment, the Law Commission of India has mooted the idea of specialised Environmental (Green) Courts in its 186 th Report which will be structurally modeled on similar courts functioning in Australia and New Zealand . While recognising the significance of a specialised judiciary, this paper criticizes the proposal of the Law Commission as a half hearted attempt in this direction. The proposed structure is utterly unimpressive as it purports to withdraw environmental disputes from the jurisdiction of superior courts while entrusting them to weak Environmental Courts which appear vulnerable to substantial executive interference. It fails to subserve the high aim of efficacious dispute resolution as the proposed courts have been weaned of the wide powers which the superior courts were hitherto exercising in environmental matters. Thus, as an alternative, it is proposed that a more pragmatic course will be to create specialist divisions within the existing Indian High Courts to effectively address the practical problems involved in environmental adjudication.

This paper is a general review of the dating of reefs on the coasts of the Red Sea, including those of Egypt, Jordan, Sudan, Eritrea, Saudi Arabia and Djibouti. New methods of sampling and dating (U/Th) already tested on the reefs and associate deposits of the African coast of Egypt have demonstrated that processes of rejuvenation shown to exist in the best-preserved corals are probably attributable to the diagenesis of the organic material in their bio-minerals, thus justifying a revision of a great many datings of corals supposedly younger or older than the age assigned to the high-level isotopic substage (δ18O) MIS 5.5 (= 5e). During this late Pleistocene substage, a rapid lowering of sea level, short and limited to about ten meters, was detected and associated with a glacio-eustatic episode of global influence. A comparison of these Middle East reef chronologies with those of New Guinea, Australia and the western Atlantic that are referred only with difficulty to the δ18O global sea-level curves, casts doubt on the reliability of many regional reconstructions. Moreover the most "classic" reef chronologies, more or less out-of-phase with global isotopic records calls for a reexamination of the chronologic basis of the reference curves derived from marine isotopic data.

Article in German, Abstracts in English and GermanAs a student, Leichhardt met Humboldt, but this encounter was a failure. Yet, the young man who travelled Australia saw himself as a successor to the eminent explorer of Latin America. Despite the differences between the two geographers, Leichhardt’s geographical achievements made him the “Humboldt of Australia”. The paper describes how Humboldt interceded in favour of his fellow countryman from the Mark both as a person and as a geographer who was last heard of in 1848 when he explored the interior of Australia.

What interests us in this paper is to explore some issues related to the genre of documentary that we usually call the "ethnographic film" focused on the experience of two indigenous filmmakers on a residence project during the 5th International Ethnographic Film Festival of Recife (FIFER) in 2013. The Martu-Pankararu Project was an “exchange” programme between a filmmaker of the Martu people, from Central Australia, and a filmmaker of the Pankararu people, from the interior of Pernambuco in Brazil. The result of this activity is closely linked with the concept of representation used in the disciplinary field of visual anthropology.

This paper seeks to explore the relations between Indigenous and Creole modes of existence and political situations. It combines a theoretical and ethnographic approach to explore the Aboriginal concept of “law and culture” as it emerged in the Kimberley region of Australia. In retracing the historical conjuncture that gave rise to the emergence of this concept into an Aboriginal regional organisation, it highlights important similarities between the developing politics of indigeneity in Australia and the processes of creolisation. Different translations of “law and culture”, a concept expressed in Kriol, allow for a processual understanding of cultural and political change within Aboriginal societies and in their relation to the broader Australian society. Although Kriol is considered a linguistic phenomenon rather than a cultural or political one in the Australian context, it points to specific historical and social processes that are crucial to understanding the conditions in which Indigenous subjects are able to enunciate and articulate their position. By situating creolisation in the broader context of settler colonialism, I argue that it is a necessary counterpart of indigeneity, but one that needs be silenced and made invisible.

The papers collected in this special issue represent research in educational topics closely linked to the context of the tropical regions and cultures in which the graduate education symposium took place - tropical north Queensland and Singapore. The issue especially addresses issues in rural, sustainability and Indigenous education.

Public involvement has become a key concept in conservation management worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the situation in four countries where national parks have been established for over a century, and where their creation often involved clearing the land of earlier indigenous settlements. Since the 1970s, public participation has become common practice in park management, even though such participation has taken on a variety of forms. The paper analyses the general trends in public participation in park management practices, participation that most authors consider has contributed to successful governance policies and helped build participative democracy. Analyses at different levels, however, reveal that public participation can also divide stakeholders, making it really difficult for any effective coalition of stakeholders to emerge.

Public involvement has become a key concept in conservation management worldwide. This paper intends to give an overview on four countries known to have established national parks for over a century, and often in clearing the land from previous ‘indigenous’ or local occupation. Since the seventies, public participation has become a common practice in parks’ management, even if reality does not fit always perfectly with theory. The paper analyses general trends of public participation in parks management practices, which are most often considered as a successful governance policies by most authors, and is also considered as a way to build participative democracy. The analysis using the level of scale intends to show that public participation can also fragment the stakeholders, making really difficult the emergence of any efficient coalition of stakeholders.

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There is widespread agreement that Indigenous students’ cultural knowledge is desirably incorporated into curriculum and pedagogical practice. Classroom research shows Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander learners can use the cognitive tools of their cultural community to engage with school science. We looked towards our own practice as teacher educators to investigate the question: how can pre-service teachers explore how Indigenous cultural knowledge can be used more productively in mathematics and science classrooms? Teachers across Australia are now regulated by the National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST). Teacher education is now regulated by the National Graduate Teacher Standards (AITSL 2011). Standard 1.4 requires that graduating teachers are able to “demonstrate broad knowledge and understanding of the impact of culture, cultural identity and linguistic background on the education of students from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander backgrounds”. Standard 2.4 requires that graduating teachers “demonstrate broad knowledge and understanding of and respect for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories, cultures and languages”. In this paper we present an account of our present understanding of capacity building practises, which are those pedagogies that draw on Indigenous students’ cultural resources: cultural disposition, community knowledge and cultural capital. A key purpose of the presentation is to emphasise the socially negotiated, cultural and embedded nature of meaning-making in science education and how this can be made more apparent given the current focus on implementing the National Professional Standards for Teachers and the new Australian Curriculum.

The people of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Australia have established linkages through a history of colonisation, Christianity, corporate capitalism and development. This creates an intricate and complex environment within PNG which social relations and interactions occur, between, expatriates, especially Australians, and PNG people. A nuanced understanding of these interactions as they relate to perceived differences in service delivery is likely to generate insights into contemporary understandings of racial differences, colonial legacies and how PNG can ‘develop’ in to a modern society. At issue for PNG people delivering and receiving service, is how differences in service delivery can sometimes translate into debilitating or inequitable interactions. As part of my honours thesis, I am undertaking a study based on the narrative accounts of PNG people in Cairns (Australia), Port Moresby and Lae (PNG) about their experience of PNG-expatriate interactions within the context of contemporary urban service delivery and business operations. Through the study, specific accounts will highlight the perceptions of the narrators and their remembered actions. At issue will be perceptions that Australian and other expatriates receive better or different service then the PNG narrator. Undertaking this research as a Papua New Guinean, working specifically with PNG participants will have specific implications on the research process, and on my role as dually, a PNG person and researcher. This research will involve understanding perceptions of PNG people as told to a PNG researcher. I want to explore (i) how being an identified Papua New Guinean impacts research process; (ii) how being an identified researcher documenting the accounts of a known cohort, impacts participant narrative and story-telling; and (iii) the ways being an identified PNG researcher can contribute to the discussion/debate surrounding indigenous research methodologies and the implications of this for PNG specific research. Academics and institutions recognise indigenous methods in undertaking indigenous specific research. PNG people have an identity that is not easily defined as an indigenous identity, given PNG’s unique colonial and post colonial recognition of land ownership and associated forms of local power. Through this paper, I wish to discuss the implications of this in understanding what it means to be PNG, in undertaking PNG specific research.

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