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Food and nutrition are topics constantly covered, in various forms, in the media, both in fiction and non-fiction areas. New approaches and associations have recently emerged in the media coverage of this broad issue, with topics such as healthy eating, sustainable nutrition, various dietary trends, risks associated with nutrition or, general speaking, lifestyles, treatment and attitudes towards animals intended for consumption, environmental damage, etc. currently representing themes addressed in the media as frequently as recipes, dietary recommendations, plant cultivation and animal husbandry, as well as traditional dishes and culinary habits. This paper presents the results of a comparative study on the media coverage of nutrition in Romania and Germany. The research, based on a content analysis of online thematic press articles from the two countries, covers a period of three years (2014--2016). The main research objectives pursued in the study are identifying the most relevant aspects regarding both the content and the form of media coverage of the topic of nutrition, and making comparisons in these respects. The paper particularly discusses the similarities and differences between the two countries as regards the media construction of the issue of food as a general concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a period of global pandemic and confinement to our homes, the end of art is not only a philosophical hypothesis, it is a fact of society. We have experienced that modern societies, those that were able to make art an absolute at one point in their history, no longer need the arts, or the physical presence of artists and spectators, or have considered them inessential, and therefore contingent. Is this what G. W. F. Hegel prophesied with his thesis of the end of art? In this paper I aim to clarify this by referring to the sources of Hegel's lectures and by examining the reception by nineteenth-century French writers. 1) First, I give a reminder of the different ways in which Hegel's theme of the end of art can be interpreted. 2) Then, I give a second reminder concerning the reception of Hegel's Aesthetics in France, with a focus on the translations. 3) Finally, I propose to study three writers who determine three ways of conceiving the appropriation of Hegel in the 19th century and of the theme of the end of art: Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire and Gustave Flaubert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Written in French, the essay examines the evolution of the notion of culture as related to French educational history and the concept of humanism. Culture is defined as the individual acquisition and development of intellectual, psychological, and physical faculties. A brief comparison with German humanistic pedagogy is included. (KC)

Examines the current situation regarding the study and use of French in various European countries as well as the United States. It is suggested that French language and culture can best be promoted through the promotion of the study of many languages. (AM)

Copyright of Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine is the property of Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper brings the virtuous calls to energy transition and its technical equipment in confrontation with its actual implementation through local renewable energy projects, by studying the case of onshore wind energy projects from a Franco-German comparative perspective. The analysis rests on a comparative review of the recent French-, German- and English-language literature in the social sciences in order to approach and frame the main issues, both on a theoretical and more practical level, related to conflict and participation among key players, scales of action, or the multiple socio-economic, environmental or aesthetic and sensory perceptions of wind energy. The aim is to identify fruitful approaches for the analysis of the “new landscapes” of wind energy, based on analysis of the controversies around citizen participation/mobilization and social acceptability, while taking into account the insights of research on energy transition / Wende at the local scale in both French and German territories. Analysis of the research on the subject has been conducted from a qualitative, not bibliometric, perspective; it has not sought exhaustiveness and is based on scholarly publications rather than on grey literature or practitioner sources; it has also tried to maintain a balance between French and German studies and to select easily accessible material, published papers or books, rather than PhD dissertations; finally, to provide concrete illustrations, the analysis has mainly focused on the border areas of the Upper Rhine region, without limiting itself to them.

The 1966 German civil defense exercise Fallex 66 differed from other military exercises held on a regular basis during the Cold War. Firstly, because it took place in the recently completed government bunker. And secondly, because the intensively disputed Emergency laws should be tested by a fictional «emergency parliament». This paper follows the hypothesis that the fusion of fictional and real elements in the exercised scenario, combined with a bodily and emotional immersion, had the power to influence the discussion about the Emergency laws. At the cutting surface between Aesthetics and Political Theory, this paper attempts to disentangle the complex net of fictional and imaginary dimensions at work in the exercise Fallex 66 and its reception.

In the Federal Republic of Germany, the 1964 law banning the recording and broadcasting of court hearings was preceded by more than a decade of debate, initially centred on the presence of microphones in courtrooms before the rise of television in the late 1950s. This paper analyses those discussions based on court archives documents, which shed light on both the discourses of the stakeholders and the practices adopted in the courts. The debates should also be seen in the context of new challenges facing the judicial institution, including the democracy-building process, while many of the judicial stakeholders remained the same as before 1945. The analysis shows that radio succeeded in carving out a – fragile – place for itself in West German courts. A critical discourse denouncing the presence of microphones as illegitimate and dangerous coexisted with a more open discourse, albeit in a minority. However, the position of the judiciary gradually hardened and, from 1959 onwards, against the backdrop of increasing tension between the judiciary and the media, there was a massive demand for a general ban on recordings.

• The integration of antisemitism as a topic for teacher education is urgent, especially in the social sciences • Education regarding contemporary antisemitism must be combined with an analysis of racism and historical-political perspectives on the Shoah to succeed in post-migrant society • Slight changes of the curricula are a reliable base for further development • A nexus between schools, universities and actors of civil society is needed in order to target antisemitism • International summer schools, German-Israeli study groups or collaborative workshops are exemplary pilot projects in order to establish competence regarding education critical of antisemitism Purpose: Following the current rise of antisemitism globally and in Germany, this paper examines the current situation regarding Antisemitism in teacher education. The paper aims to make a contribution for the demand of an implementation of education critical of Antisemitism in teacher education. Approach: Combining experience from university teacher training and the field of extracurricular political education we appoint perspectives for a sustainable implementation of education critical of antisemitism in teacher training via best practice examples. We evaluate the potentials of field trips, international study groups and networks between university and agents located in civil society. Findings: The revised curricula for Social Sciences in the state of North-Rhine-Westphalia (and formerly Berlin) name current antisemitism for the first time, indicating an urgent need for professionalization in Social Science teacher education where the facets of antisemitism only play a minor role. Hence, expertise and existing resource must be stabilized, a structural implementation and funding is needed in order to target the challenging topic of antisemitism. Research limitations/implications: This paper functions as a preliminary research in order to examine the given shape of Social Science teacher education and Antisemitism in Germany. A comprehensive, structured analyses of all teacher training facilities as well as extracurricular agents working in the field of education critical of antisemitism could be useful in order to pool expertise. Nonetheless this paper encourages local collaborations between university and civiliety actors.

This paper presents key findings from a qualitative-empirical research on prostitution governance that examined the professional habitus of governmental and nongovernmental frontline actors, such as police and public-order officers as well as social workers and employees of public-health services, in Germany. It has been carried out after fundamental changes within German prostitution policy. The paper focuses on the public-health sector to demonstrate exemplarily how and to what extent professionals’ patterns of perception, thought and action have a crucial impact on the implementation of prostitution policy, up to the point that their everyday practices counteract the “law in books”. To provide a better understanding of this, the empirically grounded and refined concept of professional habitus will be outlined and illustrated by a contrastive case comparison. Moreover, against the background of the current policy change reversal, the article takes up the concept of “morality politics” and relates it theoretically to the concept of “professional habitus”. Este artículo presenta hallazgos claves de una investigación cualitativa-empírica sobre la gobernanza de la prostitución que estudió el habitus profesional de actores principales gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, así como de trabajadores sociales y empleados de servicios de salud pública en Alemania. La investigación se realizó después de cambios fundamentales en la política sobre prostitución de Alemania. El artículo se centra en el sector de salud pública para demostrar ejemplarmente cómo y hasta qué punto los modelos de percepción, pensamiento y acción de los profesionales tienen un impacto crucial en la implementación de políticas sobre prostitución, hasta el punto de que su práctica cotidiana contraviene la ley escrita. Para explicar mejor esto, se definirá e ilustrará el concepto empíricamente fundamentado y refinado de “habitus profesional” mediante un caso de comparación contrastivo. Además, sobre el trasfondo de la reversión del cambio de política de hoy en día, el artículo se ocupa del concepto de “políticas de moralidad” y lo relaciona teóricamente con el concepto de “habitus profesional”. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3267162

Copyright of Synergies Pays Germanophones is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In response to the September 11, 1973 coup d'État in Chile, and the repression by the Junta that came to power, a major wave of international solidarity brought together a wide range of stakeholders. Focusing on specific actors, like local associations in Chile, the World Council of Churches in Geneva or Amnesty International, this paper analyzes how different levels of action and multiple networks, according to various logics, notably around the issue of human rights, were gradually set up on a transnational scale during the 1970s, between the Americas and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nietzsche - Studien is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a comparative analysis of I.V. Goethe’s “The Word to Young Poets” („Ein Wort für junge Dichter,“ 1833) and the article written in connection with A.M. Gorky death by the theorist of Marxist aesthetics D. (G.) Lukács “The Liberator” („Der Befreier,“ 1936). The subject of the analysis is Lukách’s interpretation of the ‛liberator’ concept used by Goethe in relation to his own work. Lukács, who chose this keyword from Goethe’s paper as the title of his own article, tries within the framework of the theme set by Goethe about the liberating mission of the writer to prove the validity of applying the theses of the German classic in the era of proletarian art. In the course of the undertaken analysis, the author of the article comes to the conclusion about the selectivity of Lukács’s approaches to research material. That was dictated by the specificities of the functional-target settings the author of “The Liberator,” dedicated not just to a great writer per se, but to the classic of socialist realism, was guided by. Therefore, Lukács’s interpretation of Goethe’s text isn’t based on a comprehensive analysis of the German classic and the Soviet writer views on a given topic, but is limited to the juxtaposition of iconic semantic constants that are embedded in the word “liberator,” important for Lukács in terms of their relevance to Gorky’s personality and work.

This paper shows that the Nazi persecution of Jewish coin dealers and collectors prominent in Germany’s economic and cultural life resulted in a weakening of the domestic numismatic market. The failure of Nazi cultural-economic policy is illustrated by a study of the trade in ancient coins. While the Nazi authorities (e.g., Foreign Exchange Offices, Customs) failed to prevent the export of numismatic assets, the most prominent Jewish dealers were able to reestablish their businesses abroad, especially in Switzerland as the new international trading center for ancient coins. Their non-Jewish German colleagues, in turn, had great difficulty filling the gaps in the supply of ancient coins in the German Reich left by the Jews who had emigrated or fled.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to analyse the case of entrepreneurial pedagogy in Germany at the level of primary and secondary education and to identify good practices in the development of entrepreneurship skills of pupils. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper uses a systematic review of literature with relation to entrepreneurial education, as well as the German literature of the topic, in order to descend to the analysis of secondary data related to the German education system and its usage of entrepreneurial pedagogy. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part, the paper clarifies the notion of entrepreneurial pedagogy and introduces modern didactic approaches, particularly process-oriented teaching. Subsequently, the German case is used to analyse how entrepreneurial pedagogy can be implemented at different interrelated levels. In the recommendation section, the success factors of the implementation of such an approach are discussed. The paper ends with some concluding remarks. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis of entrepreneurial pedagogy in German literature and practice highlights the relevance of an interplay of solutions at different levels: the level of the state (or, in the case of decentralised educational systems like the German one, at the regional level), the level of school initiative, as well as the individual level of educators who are in charge of implementing entrepreneurial teaching methods. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: According to the concept of process-oriented didactics presented in this paper, the aspect of making mistakes is an important engine of learning, as well as teaching itself. However, it can be observed in Germany that in teaching reality more attention is devoted to the errors themselves than to the tolerance of errors, according to the principle that the teacher does not commit mistakes. Hence, this issue should be raised in appropriate teacher training. The German experience can be a starting point for discussion related to other countries, as well.

Copyright of Politix is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper analyzes the role of militarism in the political life of Germany before WWI. By pointing out the roe of militarism in the political life of Germany at the start of the 20th century, the paper puts an emphasis on the writing of Friedrich von Bernhardi titled Germany and the next war, published in 1912. Bernhardi sought to prove the inevitability of “preemptive war” and territorial annexations in order to provide for the economic and political interests of Germany as a global force. Bernhardi legitimized his opinion by calling on social-Darwinist arguments as well as the tradition of German idealist philosophy, and claiming that war is the only means by which it is possible to sustain German culture as the highest form of “German spirit” and its most valuable contribution to humanity. Considering the high rank which Bernhardi held as a general in the German military, as well as how his attitudes fell in with German foreign policy of the period, Bernhardi’s writing represents, in a condensed fashion, an expression of militaristic ideas present in German society before WWI.

Members of the European Union, Germany and Bulgaria are united by the same values and expectations. Both countries aim to closer relations in order to insure economic growth and a high competitiveness level. The objective of this article is to present, from a historical approach, the evolution of the economic and political relations between Bulgaria and Germany. The methodological process adopted in the present analyses is of both qualitative and quantitative nature. The article uses data from theoretical and empirical research on the economic and politic relations between Germany and Bulgaria and presents them from a historical perspective. Even though they were hit by the economic crisis, the two member states of the EU continued to maintain their economic relation on a positive trend. The recovering German economy continues to help Bulgaria, which has a hard time coming out of the crisis. The good economic relationship between the two partners will continue to be successful, the trade and investment flows being expected to double until 2015.

In a period of global pandemic and confinement to our homes, the end of art is not only a philosophical hypothesis, it is a fact of society. We have experienced that modern societies, those that were able to make art an absolute at one point in their history, no longer need the arts, or the physical presence of artists and spectators, or have considered them inessential, and therefore contingent. Is this what G. W. F. Hegel prophesied with his thesis of the end of art? In this paper I aim to clarify this by referring to the sources of Hegel’s lectures and by examining the reception by nineteenth-century French writers. 1) First, I give a reminder of the different ways in which Hegel’s theme of the end of art can be interpreted. 2) Then, I give a second reminder concerning the reception of Hegel’s Aesthetics in France, with a focus on the translations. 3) Finally, I propose to study three writers who determine three ways of conceiving the appropriation of Hegel in the 19th century and of the theme of the end of art: Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire and Gustave Flaubert.

This paper focuses on the representation of German urban peripheries in Turkish-German contemporary urban fiction. Through the analysis and comparison of two novels written by contemporary German novelists with Turkish origins – Der die Träume hört (2019) by Selim Özdogan and Hawaii (2020) by Cihan Acar – this contribution is aimed at investigating how the Turkish-German community deals with life in real and fictional German urban margins as spaces where new forms of citizenship and ways of urban living take shape and how the geographical-literary depictions of this urban peripheral framework are related to issues such as feelings of loss, exclusion, abandonment, desire to escape, personal redemption and racial hatred.

The paper wants to shed light on the phenomenon of internal migration in Germany after the fall of the iron curtain. Since German reunification, the eastern part of Germany lost a large share of its population due to internal migration. Whereas in the beginning, departures were spread evenly over all age and educational groups and were accompanied by a significant counter-stream, in the course of time the negative migration balance was mainly produced by younger people at the beginning of their professional career. The paper describes the development of internal east-west migration in detail and presents primary data on the profiles of young migrants drawn from a research project during the years 2004-2007 (in this research project, financed by the German Research Foundation DFG, data were gathered from 1,200 migrants aged between 18-35 who moved from the federal state Sachsen-Anhalt to the western part of Germany). Hereby, special emphasis will be given to the methodological implications of studying selective migration processes. Final conclusions are drawn regarding the regional assessment and theoretical classification of this migration process, but also on the theoretical and methodological constraints of mobility research.

Learning has come to the front position of the educational agenda in many countries of the world – the knowledge society, learning society, learning organization and so forth are the common terms now in the 21st century. The terms come into view in countless publications of the European Union and of many other countries in and outside the European Community. The learning society is one of the products of globalisation and knowledge, learning and education are intertwined with global capitalism. Education is considered as a servant to global capitalism, enabling trans-boundary companies to gather more effectively in the knowledge society. Learning has become to a central task in governmental education policy in many countries and it is being treated as investment – adding value to human and social capital, resulting in employability and then in work, which makes an even greater distribution to the economy, rather than being treated as a natural human process that results in the improvement of people as human beings. Profound changes are taking place as a result of globalisation that is affecting the whole of the educational institution. The objective of this contribution is to present Germany on its way to a knowledge society by examining the past and the present situation of Germany concerning mobility and furthermore mobility programs.

One phenomenon of globalisation is the transnationalization of migrants and migrant communities, creating new social fields and new identities between country of origin and country of settlement. This paper presents the preliminary results of a research project on transnational migration between Poland and the German city of Leipzig. It aims to identify aspects of transnationality and wants to show the transnational social spaces inhabited by the migrants. The analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data is done along a model of transnationality, differentiating between three spheres which refer to physical, cultural and identity movements of the migrants. It provides some empirical evidence of the interdependency between migration motives, duration of migration and several socio-economic variables on the one hand and the variations of transnationality on the other. The paper also raises the question of the implications of transnationalization for the European nation building process and suggests that transnational identity formations might serve as a model for a future European citizenship.

The paper analyzes the role of militarism in the political life of Germany before WWI. By pointing out the roe of militarism in the political life of Germany at the start of the 20th century, the paper puts an emphasis on the writing of Friedrich von Bernhardi titled Germany and the next war, published in 1912. Bernhardi sought to prove the inevitability of “preemptive war” and territorial annexations in order to provide for the economic and political interests of Germany as a global force. Bernhardi legitimized his opinion by calling on social-Darwinist arguments as well as the tradition of German idealist philosophy, and claiming that war is the only means by which it is possible to sustain German culture as the highest form of “German spirit” and its most valuable contribution to humanity. Considering the high rank which Bernhardi held as a general in the German military, as well as how his attitudes fell in with German foreign policy of the period, Bernhardi’s writing represents, in a condensed fashion, an expression of militaristic ideas present in German society before WWI.

Deradicalisation refers to the process of distancing oneself from extremist ideologies. As a social challenge, it is usually addressed by specially qualified professionals. In this paper, based on 16 interviews with deradicalisation professionals, we comparatively examine deradicalisation practices in coercive environments in Germany and Pakistan. This cross-cultural comparison using “most dissimilar” cases allows us to distinguish between general and culture-specific approaches, while also allowing the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches to emerge; this can be used to further develop deradicalisation efforts. Based on our evaluation of target groups, goals, professional understandings of radicalisation and its methods, this text elaborates the differences and similarities of deradicalisation practices; we also formulate consequences for deradicalisation practice and outline the need for further research.

This paper analyses utopian propensities in German travel relations and colonial novels from ca. 1850 to 1914 and focuses on the metaphorical projection of idealized societies and regimes into the exotic landscape. The word "colony" is understood in two different acceptations. Around 1850, the "German colony" designates a group of settlers who emigrate and keep true to their original way of life. From the 1880s onward, the "German colonies" stand for countries in a state of political and economic subordination to Germany as a new colonial power. Despite the evolution of the German colonial policies through the 19th century, the perception of the German communities overseas evince continuities: the "German colonies" allow the colonialist activists to show the defaults of the European Germans and to sketch a better society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process leading to the first full academic curriculum for the discipline of landscape architecture in Germany being introduced in 1930 is relatively well-researched. Until then, garden design had been taught at special horticultural institutes. However, in the course of reform processes during the early 20th century, the subject of the garden was also introduced in different form and at different types of institutions of higher education as connected to architecture. This correlated with two subfields: architectural design and urban planning theory. The present paper’s first aim is to give a first overview over the variety of partly little-known curricula and courses that addressed open space design, respectively the personalities involved. By referring to a wide scope of sources, connections are disclosed between academia and some of the theoretical works addressing the garden. Within the profession of landscape architecture all the new educational options were known, which leads to the assumption that these options represented a source of inspiration for reforming landscape architecture education in the early 20th century.

The process leading to the first full academic curriculum for the discipline of landscape architecture in Germany being introduced in 1930 is relatively well-researched. Until then, garden design had been taught at special horticultural institutes. However, in the course of reform processes during the early 20th century, the subject of the garden was also introduced in different form and at different types of institutions of higher education as connected to architecture. This correlated with two subfields : architectural design and urban planning theory. The present paper’s first aim is to give a first overview over the variety of partly little-known curricula and courses that addressed open space design, respectively the personalities involved. By referring to a wide scope of sources, connections are disclosed between academia and some of the theoretical works addressing the garden. Within the profession of landscape architecture all the new educational options were known, which leads to the assumption that these options represented a source of inspiration for reforming landscape architecture education in the early 20th century.

The setting up of the « Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas » (1907) allowed a regular flow of Spanish scholars to European universities, particularly – in the case of jurists – to Germany. This paper explores the careers of these scholars and their role in the 'Germanisation' of Spanish jurisprudence.

Analyzing the roots of war and identifying ways to overcome it are two key dimensions of both the ethical thinking and action of pacifists. This paper will therefore examine the situation prevailing in Germany prior to the First World War. Among the intellectuals who at that time supported the pacifist movement, publicists and jurists played a leading role alongside pastors and pedagogues. Using contemporary sociological concepts, they sought to demonstrate that the “suggestion” of war through printed media posed a danger. In order to establish their own audience, they founded associations and published journals and pamphlets. However, in the end, the diverse shapes in which suggestion came and the complexity in decision-making prevailing at the outbreak of war made it impossible to determine the exact influence of the press on the public opinion and decision-makers.

Abstract: E. Kraepelin begins, in Germany, his psychiatric formation in 1877. Pupil of Wundt and von Gudden, he becomes professor at Dorpat (Estonia) in 1886 and then at Heidelberg (1891) and at Munich (1903), where he founds in 1917 the first autonomous psychiatric research institute. His works consist in his textbook and 200 articles on social, legal and comparative (cross-cultural) psychiatry and on experimental psychology. He also wrote an historical book on “Hundred years of psychiatry” (1918), some poems and political papers subject to controversy after the 1st World War. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

El texto trata de la dimensión internacional de la transición sindical en Portugal y España. En concreto, analiza la contribución de la socialdemocracia alemana a la reconstrucción del movimiento sindical socialista, muy débil en ambos países al iniciarse el proceso de transición. Muestra cómo el temor a que el predominio comunista en las dos grandes centrales ibéricas, Intersindical y Comisiones Obreras, significase un factor de inestabilidad permanente en las nacientes democracias, movió a la DGB y la Fundación Ebert a implicarse masivamente en apoyo de las modestas organizaciones socialistas. El texto explora las líneas maestras de la colaboración con los cuadros sindicales del Partido Socialista portugués y con la española Unión General de Trabajadores. El autor defiende la tesis, que podrá refrendarse o refutarse cuando se permita el acceso a algunas fuentes relevantes en Madrid y Lisboa, que el apoyo alemán fue crucial para el meteórico ascenso del histórico sindicato socialista español y para la creación de homónima central portuguesa União Geral de Trabalhadores. Abstract This paper deals with the international dimension of the trade union transition in Portugal and Spain in the 1970s. It analyzes the contribution of German social democracy to the reconstruction of the socialist labor movement, which were extremely weak in both countries at the beginning of the transitions. It shows how the fear that the communist dominance in the two great Iberian unions, Intersindical and Comisiones Obreras, meant a permanent instability factor in the nascent democracies, moved the DGB and the Ebert Foundation to massively support the modest socialist labor movement. The text explores the main lines of the cooperation with the trade union cadres of the Portuguese Socialist Party and with the Spanish Unión General de Trabajadores. The author holds the thesis, which can be endorsed or refuted when access to some relevant sources in Madrid and Lisbon is allowed, that German support was crucial for the meteoric rise of the historic Spanish socialist union and for the creation of the homonym Portuguese União Geral de Trabalhadores.

The court ballet as an artistic genre was created in France at the end of the sixteenth century. While French productions have been much studied, this kind of performance was also cultivated in many princely courts across Germany until the beginning of the eighteenth century. Characterised by a massive, almost exclusive participation of the ruling princes and courtiers, the genre was not mere entertainment but a major tool for political communication, through the production of a symbolic image of the sovereign which reinforced his absolute political power – as is well known for Louis XIV and his celebration as Sun King and Apollo. This paper presents the lesser known German context: the practice of court ballet in the Empire confirms the reality of widespread cultural transfers within Europe. A survey and brief analysis of some specific ballets will uncover the structures and implications of the aesthetic system underlying the performance of power, especially the key role that was given to such symbolical forms as allegories or emblems, which were doomed to disappear in the eighteenth century.

In the perspective of the concept of the “site of memory”, this paper discusses how the projects planned in Germany to commemorate flight and expulsion of the Germans after World War 2 and other forced migration processes in Europe within the 20th century were received in Czech Republic, Poland and Germany. This debate begun at the end of the 20th century, after the Federation of Expellees had announced their plans to establish the Centre against Expulsions. In context of this debate other issues were carried out, e.g. property claims, which were more observable in Czech Republic due to the last phase of the negotiation connected with the European Union accession. On the other hand, the debate in Poland and Germany, regarded rather moral than political aspects, but the most controversial point was an argument about Erika Steinbach, chairwoman of the Federation of Expellees. In Germany the debate became controversial, as the left-wing parties put through the idea of a European Centre in cooperation with East European Countries involved in flight and expulsions, as the right-wing parties insisted on establishing a German Centre in Berlin. After the elections in 2005 and after building the great coalition (CDU and SPD) the parties came to an agreement and decided to build the Museum of Expulsions in Berlin. After the resignation of Erika Steinbach in 2009, the Polish government stopped opposing. The author confronts the history of these planned memorials with the concept of the so-called “sites of memory” by Pierre Nora and others.

The article analyzes the commonalities and differences of counterterrorism (CT) practices applied by governments in France and Germany and their effects on the local ground. Altogether, there has been a qualitative difference of CT responses. Paris has launched more extensive measures than Berlin. Regardless of the differences, the policies of both governments lack attention towards the unintended effects of these specific measures. For instance, the concern raised by human rights organizations such as Amnesty International (AI) about the prolongation of the state of emergency in France is one starting point of analysis. AI accused the French authorities of abetting home-grown radicalization as a result of the discriminate repression in marginalized suburbs of Paris. The paper’s argument is twofold: First, decision-makers in Paris and Berlin respond to terrorist threats in a one-sided and linear way. Second, they disregard that the very CT measures are likely to fuel radicalization. In this light, polarization and stigmatization breed radicalization. Based on this discussion, policy recommendations will be presented. Amongst other things, these recommendations include a more symmetric integration of local actors in the overall de-radicalization effort. This refers to the content and tone of public debates as well as to the equal treatment of prison imams.

The paper on Summer Study Trip “The medieval fortresses in Germany: comparative analysis in the context of heritage preservation and museum education”, August 1-12, 2016