26 results
Search Results
2. Role of neurodidactics in teacher professionalization for online teaching in higher education
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Borja Fernández García-Valdecasas, Isabel Martínez Sánchez, Daniel González González, and José Álvarez Rodríguez
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Bibliometrics ,Neuroscience ,Neuroeducation ,Neurodidactics ,Technology ,Language and Literature - Abstract
The objective of this article is to perform a bibliometric analysis that helps to delimit and understand the concepts of Neuroscience and Neurodidactics, taught in higher education, for a better understanding of the different learning processes, that is, to try to explain what, how and why we learn. A quantitative-bibliometric methodology was employed using the Web of Science (WoS) database. The search was performed by filtering "subject and key terms" in both titles and abstracts of scientific papers using Boolean operators and truncations. We proceeded to work with two samples: the first one without using any kind of filter or refinement of 60 scientific papers; the second one filtering by the thematic categories with a sample of 44 scientific papers. The years of production, the sources of information, the authors and the keywords of the scientific documents were considered for the analysis of the data. From the results shown through the maps, a total of five research fronts have been inferred as the most relevant and related to the topic: neurodidactics in general; neuroscience and technology; neurodidactics and technological aspects; neuroeducation programs and pedagogy and neurodidactics. As this is a developing field of study, no major specific problems have been found, but for the time being what is obtained is a broad and general view of this area of research. Future studies that complement or expand this work could be oriented towards conducting replication research.
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- 2022
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3. Brain-Mind-Body-Sign-World: Crossing the Borders
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Joanna Jurewicz
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archaeology ,cognitive linguistics ,oriental studies ,neuroscience ,embodiment ,conceptual metaphor ,Ancient history ,D51-90 ,History of the arts ,NX440-632 - Abstract
The paper discusses the possible meeting areas between oriental studies, archaeology, and cognitive linguistics. The point of departure is study of Chris Gosden (2008) in which he shows a possible cooperation between archaeology and neuroscience when the interactions among brain-body-world are taken into account. On the example of a sword from the Iron Age, he shows the mutual influences of the brain-body-culture complex on the one hand, and the materials used in craft. I will follow his line of reasoning and show the use of the concept of gold processing in thinking about cognition as it is attested in the early Indian texts. The example analyzed in the paper is a description of a Buddhist meditation attested in the Pāli Canon (c. 4th-1st centuries BCE). With the use of cognitive linguistics models of mental processes, I will show how the triangle brain-bodyworld can be enlarged with two more elements, namely, the mind and signs.
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- 2021
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4. Neuroscientific findings in the light of Aquinas' understanding of the human being
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Saša Horvat
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thomas aquinas ,nancey murphy ,hylomorphism ,physicalism ,neuroscience ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
Neuroscience is one of the most propulsive of all sciences and very often, directly or not, it tries to answer the question: What is man? However, neuroscientific research does not acknowledge the concept of man as a unity of body and soul. The modern scientific research paradigm therefore rests on physicalism, while theologians are turning towards non-reductive physicalism. In this paper, we will highlight a few key points of the theory of philosopher and theologian Nancey Murphy, which is based on the deconstruction of Aquinas's thought about the human soul and its reduction to the physical. We aim to show that she neglected the full scope of Aquinas teachings. In the second part of this paper, for the scientific paradigm of humans we shall propose new-old hylomorphism, and try to complement certain points of such a system with modern neuroscientific views. The aim of this work is to offer advice for the interdisciplinary cooperation between neuroscience, philosophy and theology alongside the guidelines of Aristotelian-Thomistic hylomorphism.
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- 2017
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5. After All, Artificial Intelligence is not Intelligent: in a Search for a Comprehensible Neuroscientific Definition of Intelligence
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Sthéfano Divino
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artificial intelligence ,computer science ,machine learning ,neuroscience ,Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,K1-7720 - Abstract
This paper explores a series of thoughts about the meaning of intelligence in neuroscience and computer science. This work aims to present an understandable definition that fits our contemporary artificial intelligence background. The research methodology of this essay lies in existing theories of artificial intelligence, focused on computer science and neuroscience. I analyze the relationship between intelligence and neuroscience and Hawkin’s Thousand Brains Theory, an approach to show what it is an intelligent agent according to neuroscience. Here, the main result relies on the verification that intelligence is only possible in the neocortex. According to this result, the study performs a second critical analysis aiming to demonstrate why there is no artificial intelligence today.
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- 2022
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6. Georg Northoff's Neurophilosophical Approach
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Anastasiia A. Zhudina
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philosophy of consciousness ,neurophilosophy ,neuroscience ,northoff ,whitehead ,process ontology ,Philosophy. Psychology. Religion - Abstract
When trying to give a universal definition to the term “neurophilosophy,” difficulties arise, since each researcher who identifies himself as a member of this field sets his own definition. The common thing for the work of “neurophilosophers” can be described as an interdisciplinary approach, which takes into account the achievements in the field of consciousness research of both philosophical thought and neuroscience. How this approach is implemented and what it represents depends on the particular researcher. This article focuses on Georg Northoff's neurophilosophical approach. For a long time Northoff has been developing a project of neurophilosophy, the distinguishing feature of which is its nonreductive nature: Northoff does not reduce consciousness to the brain but develops a special method that allows philosophy of consciousness and neuroscience to investigate the problems of consciousness and the brain in an integrated way. The article discusses the philosophical foundations of brain research that Nortoff provides, as well as the role of process ontology for the study of consciousness and the brain. In addition, the empirical studies of brain activity with which Northoff illustrates his philosophical claims are presented. The paper also identifies the philosophical significance of the brain-body-environment connection for the emergence of the processual self in Northoff's theory. At the same time, Northoff does not engage in a search for a solution to the consciousness-brain problem and, in particular, the hard problem of consciousness. Instead, he seeks to question and dissolve the problem while questioning its premises. Northoff argues that philosophers of consciousness refer to studies of particular areas and aspects of the brain to construct their theories, whereas to solve the problems of consciousness it is necessary to consider the brain holistically, as represented in neuroscientific research.
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- 2022
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7. Anorexie à l’adolescence et séparation.
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Askenazy, Florence
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Résumé La compréhension de l’anorexie de l’adolescent évolue. Certaines données de la médecine par la preuve permettent de remettre en question les pratiques de terrain centrées sur la séparation avec le milieu familial. Le but de cet article est de retracer l’expérience d’une équipe pluridisciplinaire française de pédopsychiatrie dans la construction des modalités de soins pour la prise en charge de l’anorexie de l’adolescent, de la séparation complète avec le milieu familial vers un cadre de soin sans séparation. La séparation induit des difficultés dans les équipes de soin, chez les adolescents et leurs familles qui sont analysées. La construction progressive d’un parcours de soin sans séparation familiale est décrite et explicitée. Understanding adolescent anorexia evolves. Some evidence based data question the practices centered on the separation with the family used in the field in France. The purpose of this paper is to trace the experience of a French adolescent psychiatry department throughout the construction of changing care conditions of anorexia in adolescents. The treatment evolved from complete separation with the family environment to a structured care without separation. The difficulties faced by teams, families and teenagers at the time of using the device of separation are analyzed. The gradual construction of a care course involving families is described and explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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8. Critique de l’utilisation des neurosciences dans les expertises psychiatriques : le cas de la responsabilité pénale.
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Gkotsi, Georgia M. and Gasser, Jacques
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Résumé Objectifs Nous souhaitons examiner la façon dont des techniques et connaissances neuroscientifiques ont été utilisées dans quelques tribunaux européens, afin de discuter leur impact sur l’évaluation de la responsabilité pénale et d’anticiper les mésusages potentiels de l’utilisation des neurosciences dans les tribunaux. Méthode Nous avons effectué une recherche jurisprudentielle et examiné deux arrêts européens, où des données neuroscientifiques ont été utilisées dans le but de prouver une responsabilité réduite ou l’irresponsabilité. Résultats À l’issue de l’examen de ces cas nous avons constaté qu’il y a des difficultés et limitations importantes techniques et/ou scientifiques, mais aussi conceptuelles et juridiques concernant l’utilisation des neurosciences pour l’évaluation de la responsabilité pénale. Discussion Les données de neurosciences, aussi précises et fiables deviendront-elles, n’auront de sens dans la quête de l’évaluation de la responsabilité pénale, qu’à la condition qu’elles soient contextualisées et complétées à des données collectées à d’autres niveaux d’analyse. Conclusion Malgré l’intérêt de l’apport des neurosciences à la pratique expertale par une compréhension plus raffinée de l’interaction complexe entre le cerveau, l’état mental et le comportement, l’utilisation des preuves neuroscientifiques ne nous dispensera pas de la nécessité de définir les limites de la responsabilité et de l’irresponsabilité des prévenus. Il s’agit d’une question d’ordre social, moral, politique et, en fin de compte, juridique. Objectives This paper sets out to examine the way in which neuroscientific knowledge and techniques have been used in some European courts, in order to assess their impact on the assessment of criminal responsibility and to anticipate potential misuse of neuroscience in the courts. Method We conducted a case-law search and examined two European cases in which neuroscientific techniques were used in order to prove the diminished responsibility or irresponsibility of the accused. Results After reviewing these cases we concluded that there were significant difficulties and limitations of technical/scientific, conceptual and legal nature, concerning the use of neuroscience for the assessment of responsibility. Discussion Neuroscientific data, no matter how accurate and reliable may become, will only make sense in the quest for the assessment of criminal responsibility if they are contextualized and supplemented with data collected from other levels of analysis. Conclusion Despite the importance of the contribution of neuroscience to forensic assessments for a more refined understanding of the complex interaction between the brain, mental states and behavior, the use of neuroscientific evidence in legal contexts will not dispense with the need to define the limits of responsibility and irresponsibility of the accused. It is a social, moral, political and, ultimately, legal question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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9. L'IMAGERIE CÉRÉBRALE ET LA CONCEPTION DE PRODUIT: VERS DE NOUVEAUX OUTILS D'ÉVALUATION.
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BARRÉ, JESSY, AFONSO-JACO, AMANDINE, BUISINE, STÉPHANIE, and AOUSSAT, AMÉZIANE
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Copyright of Travail Humain is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2015
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10. Vérité romanesque et fictions scientifiques : Philip K. Dick chez les criminologues
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Julien Larregue, William Wannyn, and Laurent Dartigues
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truth ,science fiction ,criminology ,neuroscience ,Philip K. Dick ,The Minority Report ,Social Sciences - Abstract
This paper investigates scientists’ conceptual borrowings from science fiction through the case of Philip K. Dick’s The Minority Report. In this short story, K. Dick depicts New York City as a crime-free society, thanks to the work of a police division, Precrime, whose function is to arrest criminals-to-be before they actually commit any crime. This writing has spurred academics’ attention, including criminologists and neuroscientists. While some of them propose a utopian reading of K. Dick’s ideas, other accentuate its dystopian dimension, depending on whether they are proponents or critics of the use of predictive methods in the criminal justice system. Moreover, we show that while critics tend to inscribe The Minority Report into a regime of truth that tells something about the current state of our societies, proponents tend to elaborate futuristic visions that come to complement and extend Philip K. Dick’s.
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- 2019
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11. Coscienza e alienazione. La 'politica del capitalismo' sulla soglia del sé
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Emilio Gardini
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capitalism ,self ,consciousness ,estrangement ,neuroscience ,Fine Arts ,Arts in general ,NX1-820 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Consciousness and estrangement. The politics of capitalism on the threshold of self. The turning towards the “psychic dimension” is a characteristic of late capitalism that projects a specific cultural logic on the “self” and on the "isolated individual”. It is necessary, therefore, to rethink the idea of consciousness - a prerequisite for the marxian analysis - that in past years didn't have the due attention in social studies, while it obtained in other fields (in the field of neuroscience for example). The aim of the article, therefore, is to investigate, at what level, in advanced capitalism, the attention that in fordism was oriented to the politics of the body, is oriented towards the psyche and the consciousness in late capitalism, reducing the “collective to the individual” and to the "internal resources" of the subjects. This paper moves from these assumptions to re- interpret the concept of estrangement in advanced capitalism.
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- 2019
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12. Memory, Neuroscience and Memory Enhancement
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Marcos Alonso Fernández
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memory ,memory enhancement ,narrative identity ,neuroscience ,neuroethics ,Ethics ,BJ1-1725 - Abstract
In this paper we will put forward a new and updated comprehension of memory that should also change the coordinates of the memory enhancement debate. We will argue that this new way of thinking about memory makes much less unproblematic most of the memory enhancement technologies we have or will have in the near future. To conclude, we will discuss some cases that will illustrate our previous points.
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- 2020
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13. Sign Language Interpreting in Theatre: Using the Human Body to Create Pictures of the Human Soul
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Michael Richardson
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Translation ,Theatre ,Sign language ,Deaf ,Neuroscience ,Translating and interpreting ,P306-310 - Abstract
This paper explores theatrical interpreting for Deaf spectators, a specialism that both blurs the separation between translation and interpreting, and replaces these potentials with a paradigm in which the translator's body is central to the production of the target text. Meaningful written translations of dramatic texts into sign language are not currently possible. For Deaf people to access Shakespeare or Moliere in their own language usually means attending a sign language interpreted performance, a typically disappointing experience that fails to provide accessibility or to fulfil the potential of a dynamically equivalent theatrical translation. I argue that when such interpreting events fail, significant contributory factors are the challenges involved in producing such a target text and the insufficient embodiment of that text. The second of these factors suggests that the existing conference and community models of interpreting are insufficient in describing theatrical interpreting. I propose that a model drawn from Theatre Studies, namely psychophysical acting, might be more effective for conceptualising theatrical interpreting. I also draw on theories from neurological research into the Mirror Neuron System to suggest that a highly visual and physical approach to performance (be that by actors or interpreters) is more effective in building a strong actor-spectator interaction than a performance in which meaning is conveyed by spoken words. Arguably this difference in language impact between signed and spoken is irrelevant to hearing audiences attending spoken language plays, but I suggest that for all theatre translators the implications are significant: it is not enough to create a literary translation as the target text; it is also essential to produce a text that suggests physicality. The aim should be the creation of a text which demands full expression through the body, the best picture of the human soul and the fundamental medium of theatre.
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- 2017
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14. Le Haut Potentiel Intellectuel chez l'adulte : État des lieux en psychologie et problèmes épistémologiques associés
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Vion-Dury, Jean, Mougin, Gaëlle, Chamouilli, Déborah, Perception, Représentations, Image, Son, Musique (PRISM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Phénoménologie Expérientielle (IPHEX)
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neuroscience ,quotient intellectuel ,high intellectual potential ,neurosciences Intelligence ,Mots clé. Intelligence quotient intellectuel haut potentiel intellectuel sciences cognitives neurosciences Intelligence intelligence quotient high intellectual potential cognitive science neuroscience ,cognitive science ,[SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy ,sciences cognitives ,[SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology ,Mots clé. Intelligence ,intelligence quotient ,haut potentiel intellectuel - Abstract
International audience; In this paper we review the current problematic of high intelligence quotient (HQI) individuals as it is developed both in the paradigm of cognitive psychology and in that of clinical psychology. The evolution of the HQI concept as well as that of intelligence models is presented. We insist on the limits of the cognitive approach alone, whereas clinical psychology highlights the particularities of these people which oblige us to widen the framework of HQI to prefer the notion of High Potential, thus underlining that the processes involved are not only cognitive but global, also emotional, affective and creative. The comparison of the two paradigmatic approaches (cognitive psychology and clinical psychology) shows, particularly on this theme, very different epistemological conceptions of intelligence. It also highlights the limits of neuropsychological tests in the face of the living, subtle and embodied actuality of differential psychology. These two approaches are both necessary and complementary.; Dans ce texte nous tentons de faire une revue de la problématique actuelle des personnes à haut quotient intellectuel (HQI) telle qu'elle est développée à la fois dans le paradigme de la psychologie cognitive mais aussi dans celui de la psychologie clinique. L'évolution du concept de HQI ainsi que celle des modèles d'intelligence sont présentées. Nous insistons sur les limites de la seule approche cognitive, alors que la psychologie clinique met en évidence des particularités de ces personnes qui obligent à élargir le cadre du HQI pour lui préférer la notion de Haut Potentiel, soulignant ainsi que les processus impliqués ne sont pas seulement cognitifs mais globaux, également émotionnels, affectifs et créatifs. La mise en regard des deux approches paradigmatiques (psychologie cognitive et psychologie clinique) montre, en particulier sur cette thématique, des conceptions épistémologiques très différentes quant à l'intelligence. Elle met également en évidence la limite des tests neuropsychologiques face à l'actualité vivante, subtile et incarnée de la psychologie différentielle. Ces deux approches sont à la fois nécessaires et complémentaires. 1
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- 2022
15. Movement: A Language for Growing.
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CAÑABATE, DOLORS, COLOMER, JORDI, and OLIVERA, JAVIER
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- 2018
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16. RECASTING THE NATURALISM–NORMATIVITY DEBATE: NEUROSCIENCE, NEUROPHILOSOPHY, NEUROETHICS
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Nythamar de Oliveira
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Neurophilosophy ,Neuroscience ,Naturalism ,Normativety ,Neuroethics ,Epistemology. Theory of knowledge ,BD143-237 ,Metaphysics ,BD95-131 ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Assuming that there is a "neuroscientific turn" in moral philosophy, I will be discussing in this paper how neurophilosophy could shed light on the normative problems raised by a naturalistic project of ethical and social research, particularly related to the question of the articulation between the biological evolution of human species and the social and historical evolution of society and social groups. Taking a critical approach to naturalism and normative theories, I argue that there is a neurophenomenological deficit in naturalism (particularly in the versions of naturalism that follow the program of a naturalized epistemology) and in the normative theories (particularly in the critical theory) and I put forward a version of social constructivism that combines the neuroscientific and neurophilosophical models of Antonio Damasio and Jesse Prinz.
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- 2015
17. The Pathological Paradigm of Neuroeconomics
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Nicolas Vallois
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neuroeconomics ,neuroscience ,behavioral economics ,addictions ,welfare economics ,pathology ,Social Sciences - Abstract
This paper focuses mainly on the neuroeconomics of reward-processing behaviors, which is also known as “neurocellular economics” (Ross, 2008). It aims to demonstrate that neuroeconomists are implicitly influenced by medical concerns. On the basis of the thesis developed by Georges Canguilhem in The Normal and the Pathological, I will try to interpret the methodology of neuroeconomics as a pathological paradigm. My claim is that the clinical diagnosis of addiction is taken in neuroeconomic experiments as a proxy for a normative definition of irrationality. Such an approach is negative, in the sense that it focuses on the different ways people should not behave in order to deduce the way they should behave. However, it allows neuronal models of decision-making to be both descriptive and normative. Addictions are conceptualized in this framework as pathologies of decision-making. It is because these pathologies need to be treated that neurophysiology is of interest not only to positive economics, but also to economic policy-making. Neuroeconomics thus illustrates the rise of medical semantics in welfare analysis.
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- 2011
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18. Les images des passions adolescentes
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Gumy, Christel
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adolescencia ,émotion ,photographie ,emotion ,expression faciale ,emoción ,fotografía ,neuroscience ,genre ,expresión facial ,picture ,gender ,adolescence ,escáner ,facial affect ,scans ,neurociencia ,género - Abstract
Les recherches en neurosciences utilisant des sets de photographies d’expression faciale afin de tester, à l’aide des techniques d’imageries, les réactions émotionnelles des adolescent-e-s ont participé à établir un modèle neurobiologique de l’adolescence. Ce modèle, qui postule que la configuration cérébrale particulière à cette période de la vie soumet les jeunes personnes à un déficit de contrôle émotionnel, tend à s’imposer dans le domaine des sciences de l’adolescence, particulièrement en lien avec la question des prises de risque. Cet article propose d’investiguer le processus par lequel les neurosciences cognitives ont produit, à partir de portraits photographiques d’acteurs mimant des émotions, des stimuli valides qui permettent de rendre visible par le biais de l’IRMf une différence cérébrale discriminant d’une part les adolescent-e-s et les adultes et d’autre part les jeunes filles et les jeunes garçons dans la gestion de l’information émotionnelle. En effet, le cerveau émotionnel adolescent est construit selon deux hiérarchies enchâssées : si la différence d’âge fait figure de hiérarchie fondatrice, celle de sexe constitue un élément tantôt moteur tantôt modérateur à l’intérieur de celle-ci. Neuroscience research using sets of pictures of facial affect to test the emotional reactions of teenagers with fMRI has participated to construct a neurobiological model of adolescence. This model postulates that the particular brain configuration of young people indicates a lack of emotional control. This model tends to prevail in the sciences of adolescence, particularly in connection with the issue of risk taking. This paper investigates the process by which cognitive neuroscience, by using photographic portraits of actors mimicking emotions in fMRI studies, has produced valid stimuli that help to make visible a cerebral difference between adolescents and adults, as well as between girls and boys, in the management of emotional information. In effect, the adolescent emotional brain is constructed along two embedded hierarchies: if the age difference is the founding hierarchy, within that, sex at times act as a driving factor and at times as a moderating one. Las investigaciones en neurociencias que utilizan sets de fotografías de expresión facial a fin de verificar, con la ayuda de técnicas de imaginología, las reacciones emocionales de adolescentes contribuyeron a establecer un modelo neurobiológico del adolescente. Ese modelo que postula que la configuración cerebral particular a ese período de vida somete a las personas jóvenes a un déficit de control emocional, tiende a imponerse en el ámbito de las ciencias del adolescente, particularmente en relación con el aspecto de tomas de riesgo. Este artículo propone investigar el proceso por el cual las neurociencias cognoscitivas elaboraron a partir de retratos fotográficos de actores imitando emociones, estímulos válidos que permitirán de hacer visible por intermedio de IRMs una diferencia del cerebro, discriminando de una parte los adolescentes de los adultos y de otra parte las chicas de los varones en la gestión de la información emocional. En consecuencia, el cerebro emocional adolescente se construye según dos jerarquías encastradas, si la diferencia de edad es la figura de jerarquía fundamental, la del sexo constituye un elemento a veces moderador dentro de la jerarquía fundamental.
- Published
- 2020
19. Repolitisations féministes et queer du cerveau
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Anelis Kaiser and Isabelle Dussauge
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feminism ,Sociology and Political Science ,brain ,300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology ,Education ,neuroscience ,History and Philosophy of Science ,feminismo ,féminisme ,études féministes ,queer ,political activism ,Biological sciences ,neurociencia ,estudios feministas ,Philosophy ,activismo político ,cerebro ,Feminist Studies ,Anthropology ,activisme politique ,Political activism ,Queer ,cerveau ,Humanities ,feminist studies - Abstract
L’histoire des relations entre biologie et politique féministe est tendue et contradictoire. Cela paraît d’autant plus flagrant aujourd’hui à l’âge d’or des neurosciences qui ramènent les arguments de supériorité masculine, le caractère inéluctable des différences de genre et la prédominance de l’hétérosexualité à une affaire de cerveau. Dans cet article, nous analysons les points d’intersection propres aux sciences du cerveau et du féminisme. Ces deux champs de recherche entretiennent selon nous des rapports conflictuels mais parfois aussi productifs, y compris dans leurs rapports à l’activisme politique. Ces rapports peuvent être caractérisés en référence à trois directions de recherche principales : des « déstabilisations », des « reconstructions » et des « recontextualisations ». En guise de conclusion, nous terminons par quelques réflexions sur les conditions sociologiques de l’engagement dans une économie politique des neurosciences.[1] [1]Traduit de l’anglais par Marc Gagnepain. Pour une brève présentation de l’article et du dossier thématique dans lequel il s’inscrit, nous renvoyons le/la lecteur/trice à l’article introductif de Bovet, Kraus, Panese, Pidoux et Stücklin, « Les neurosciences à l’épreuve de la clinique et des sciences sociales. Regards croisés »., The historical relationship between biology and feminist politics is one of tensions and contradictions. Today, this is especially flagrant in the present golden age of neuroscience, when the older arguments of superiority of masculinity over femininity, the inevitability of sexual difference, and the dominance of heterosexuality, are formulated in terms of the brain. In this paper, we examine the specific entanglements of brain sciences and feminism and detect three main directions of this endeavour. “Destabilizations”, “reconstructions”, and “recontextualizations” are the conflictive but also sometimes productive ways these two very different fields of research and political activism interact with each other, we argue. We conclude this article by thinking about sociological configurations of involvements in the political economy of neuroscience.
- Published
- 2020
20. Philosophie de la conscience : libre arbitre, improvisation musicale et neurosciences
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Noël-Guéry, Alix and Laurier, Daniel
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neuroscience ,créativité ,Libre-arbitre ,philosophy ,improvisation ,Libet ,philosophie ,conscience ,music ,Free-will ,musique ,consciousness ,creativity - Abstract
L'art est une des activités humaines les plus créatives et l'improvisation est une des formes d'art où la liberté de l'exécutant est à son paroxysme. Grinberg-Zylberbaum affirmait que pour comprendre des concepts associés à la conscience, il faut commencer par étudier les états de conscience les concernant. Ainsi, afin de comprendre le libre arbitre et la créativité dans un contexte naturaliste, ce mémoire étudie les états de conscience durant les activités artistiques et celles d’improvisation. Les neurosciences et les sciences cognitives tentent, aujourd’hui, d’étudier le libre arbitre. Nous voyons en quoi le libre arbitre incompatibiliste libertarien est compatible avec la science actuelle en analysant en quoi les expériences de Libet et de Soon et al. ne prouvent pas qu’il soit faux et en quoi celles de Limb, d’Atasoy et la théorie des deux systèmes de Kahneman peuvent aider à l’expliquer. Les différentes étapes du processus créatif font état d’une phase d’incubation où l’inconscient procède à la création de manière indéterminée, succédant à une phase consciente d’entraînement et précédant celle de réalisation. Nous établissons un modèle d’agent double, s’inspirant des systèmes de Kahneman, où l’inconscient et le conscient peuvent agir de deux manières spontanées différentes, comme un orchestre et son ou sa chef. Le modèle décrit le libre arbitre libertarien incompatibiliste où automatisme et spontanéité se côtoient. Les états de conscience de la méditation et du sommeil, la criticalité et la fréquence de leurs ondes cérébrales sont comparés à ceux de l’improvisation par Limb et Atasoy. Ceci nous permet aussi de comprendre que ces états et leur fréquence contribuent à la créativité et au libre arbitre., Art is one of the most creative human activities and improvisation is an art form where freedom is maximal. Grinberg-Zylberbaum said that to understand concepts that are associated to consciousness we should start by analyzing the states of consciousness concerning them. Hence, to understand free-will and creativity in a naturalist context, we study the states of consciousness during artistic and improvisational activities, in this paper. Morevover, neuroscience and cognitive science are trying today to study free will. We will see how libertarian incompatibilist free will is compatible with science by showing how the experiments of Libet and Soon et al. do not prove that it is false and by showing how the experiments of Limb, Atasoy and the two-system theory of Kanheman can help us understand it. The different steps of the creative process are composed of an incubation phase where the unconscious mind creates the new information in an indeterministic way, preceded by a phase where the conscious mind (system 2) trains the unconscious mind and followed by a last phase where the conscious mind applies the creative solutions. We establish a Double-Agent model where the unconscious and the conscious minds can act in a two different spontaneous ways, like an orchestra and its maestro. The model describes an incompatibilist libertarian free-will where automatism and spontaneity both participate. Limb and Atasoy compare the brain states, their criticality and brain waves, during altered states of consciousness (like the ones during meditation or sleep) to the ones of improvisation. This also helps us to understand that these brainwaves and their frequency participate to creativity and free-will.
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- 2018
21. L’essor des sciences du neurone au xxe siècle: Seconde partie : des nouvelles sciences du neurone à la neuroscience (1940–1980)
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Barbara, J. -G.
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- 2011
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22. « Big Data » et industrialisation des neurosciences : une feuille de route raisonnable pour la compréhension du Cerveau ?
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Yves Frégnac
- Subjects
Neuronal simulation ,neuroscience ,imagery ,Big Data ,computational models ,economy of promises ,transhumanism ,artificial intelligence ,emulation ,cognition ,Theory of Mind ,animal models ,Philosophy ,Cerveau ,économie de promesses ,simulation neuronale ,imagerie ,modèles computationnels ,modèles animaux ,théorie de l'esprit ,émulation ,intelligence artificielle ,transhumanisme ,General Medicine ,Humanities - Abstract
“Big Data” and Industrialisation of Neurosciences: a Safe Roadmap for Understanding the Brain? New technologies in neuroscience generate reams of data increasing at an exponential pace and spur the design of very-large data-mining initiatives. Their development has triggered the emergence of coordinated research of unprecedented scale and constitution of massive databases concerning the structure and function of the Brain. In particular, among recent supranational ventures, the European “The Human Brain Project” (HBP), the US consortia (“B. R. A. I. N.” and “The Human Connectome”), the “MindScope” privately-owned Allen Institute, all participate to this worldwide effort. With the help of the GAFAM giants of the Web industry, all flirt with the possibility to achieve, within the next decade(s), full simulation of the Human Brain. This objective, which was considered, up to now, as out of reach, could soon become reality. The epistemological question that I address here focuses on the scientific, strategic and societal underpinnings of this runaway enthusiasm for industrial-scale projects of a novel kind and ambition, at the interface between “wet” (Biology) and “hard” (Statistical Physics, Micro-electronics and Computer Science) sciences. Rather than presenting the achievements and hopes fueled by big-data-driven strategies – already covered in depth in special issues of leading journals -,I deliberately chose to focus on three major issues: 1) is the industrialization of neuroscience the soundest way to achieve significant progress in Brain knowledge? 2) do we have a safe “roadmap”, based on consensual scientific grounds and reasonable expectations? and 3) do these large-scale approaches guarantee reaching a better understanding of the Brain and the relation between neural activity and the emergence of cognition? This “opinion” paper emphasizes the contrast between the accelerating technological development – amplified by the progresses of artificial intelligence – and the relative lack of progress in conceptual and theoretical understanding of the biological Brain. It underlines the risks of building a “techno-science” bubble – driven by uncertain political and economical promises – at the expense of more incremental approaches in fundamental research based on the parallel exploration of a diversity of roadmaps and theory-driven hypotheses. I conclude to: 1) the necessity of identifying current bottlenecks with appropriate sharpness – before launching any form of neuroscience industrialization – and 2) developing novel interdisciplinary tools and strategies specifically designed to handle the complexity of The Brain and increase our knowledge of the biological foundations of mind processes., Les nouvelles technologies en neurosciences génèrent des quantités de données qui croissent à un rythme exponentiel et leur développement a suscité au cours des dernières années la mise en place de recherches coordonnées à très grande échelle et la constitution de bases de données massives sur le Cerveau. Parmi les entreprises de plus grande visibilité au niveau international, le projet européen « The Human Brain Project » (HBP), les consortia américains « B. R. A. I. N. » et « The Human Connectome », le « MindScope » du Allen Institute participent à un effort distribué. Avec l’aide des géants GAFAM de l'industrie du Web, ces initiatives espèrent résoudre les problèmes complexes posés par une simulation complète du Cerveau Humain. Cet objectif, encore considéré comme inaccessible il y a quelques années, pourrait être atteint d'ici une dizaine d'années. La question épistémologique que je souhaite traiter est celle des fondements scientifiques, stratégiques et sociétaux liés à cet enthousiasme effréné pour des projets de recherche d’échelle industrielle sur le Cerveau. La nature de ces initiatives grande échelle est caractérisée par un niveau élevé d'interdisciplinarité, à l'interface entre les sciences conceptuellement « molles » (biologie, neuroscience, psychologie) et les sciences « dures » (physique statistique, microélectronique, informatique et intelligence artificielle), plus contraintes par la reproductibilité de l'expérimentation et le pouvoir prédicteur des théories. Plutôt que de présenter les avancées et les espoirs suscités par une stratégie d'exploration axée sur les « Big Data » – qui fait déjà l’objet d’une couverture intense, aussi bien dans les médias grand public que spécialisées – je centrerai ma revue critique sur trois interrogations principales : 1) L’industrialisation des neurosciences est-elle le moyen le plus raisonnable pour faire progresser de façon substantielle la connaissance du Cerveau ? 2) Avons-nous une « feuille de route » sûre, établie sur un consensus scientifique indiscutable ? 3) La taille industrielle de ces entreprises technico-scientifiques apporte-t-elle la garantie de mieux comprendre la nature de la pensée humaine et la genèse des processus cognitifs par l'activité neuronale ? Cet article d'opinion souligne le contraste entre l'accélération des avancées technologiques amplifiées par les progrès de l'intelligence artificielle et le manque relatif de progrès dans la compréhension conceptuelle et théorique du Cerveau biologique. Il souligne le risque que le développement scientifique subisse les effets pervers d'une « bulle technologique » alimentée par des promesses politiques et économiques de valeur scientifique incertaine, aux dépens d'approches plus progressives en recherche fondamentale, basées sur l'exploration parallèle et non exclusive d'une diversité de feuilles de route et d'hypothèses théoriques. Je conclus à la nécessité d'identifier les points de blocage dans l'industrialisation des neurosciences avec une acuité suffisante avant de développer des outils innovants et des stratégies interdisciplinaires à grande échelle spécifiquement adaptés à l'étude de la complexité du Cerveau et la compréhension des fondements biologiques des processus mentaux., Fregnac Yves. « Big Data » et industrialisation des neurosciences : une feuille de route raisonnable pour la compréhension du Cerveau ?. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°69, 2018/1-2. Les Neurosciences au sein des Sciences de la Cognition entre Neuroenthousiasme et Neuroscepticisme. pp. 201-236.
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- 2018
23. « Le développement de l’intelligence est-il en raison du volume de la tête » ? L’aliéniste Parchappe et la céphalométrie revisités par Alfred Binet
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Carbonel, F.
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- 2009
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24. Spécificité des dilemmes éthiques résultant des travaux développés en neurosciences: émergence d’une neuroéthique
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Chneiweiss, Hervé
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- 2005
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25. La dimension psychique de la douleur chronique: modèles étiopathogéniques
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Radat, F.
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- 2003
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26. L’épigénétique environnementale et le risque suicidaire : Reconsidérer la notion de contexte dans un style de raisonnement émergent
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Stephanie Lloyd and Eugene Raikhel
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risk ,neuroscience ,suicide ,style of reasoning ,genetics ,genomics ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 - Abstract
The rapidly growing and contested area of biological research known as “environmental epigenetics” studies the potential effects of environmental conditions on gene expression through a set of molecular mechanisms. Hailed by some social scientists as a paradigmatic overturning of received wisdoms about evolution, heredity, and as a sign of an emergent domain of biosocial research, environmental epigenetics has also been met with scepticism by those who see environment and social contexts – as well as potential interventions – being reduced to the scale of molecular mechanisms. In this paper, we explore these issues in light of our ethnographic work in as part of a multidisciplinary group of researchers studying suicidal behaviour. We argue that while a distinct “style of reasoning” emerging from this work does indeed molecularize a range of environmental factors and locate them in the brain, this reflects a "pragmatic reductionism" on the part of the scientists themselves rather than a commitment to a narrow view of suicide. As such, more complex understandings of suicide risk – integrating ever more interdisciplinary researchers – remain possible limited not by interest but by technique, raw materials, and novel research practices.
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