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En RD Congo, depuis l’indépendance, nous assistons à une prolifération des partis politiques. Les uns et les autres semblent être à la quête d’un environnement socioéconomique stable pour le peuple. Ce qui motive les citoyens congolais à y adhérer massivement. Mais jusqu’à présent, le vécu quotidien de la population s’empire, l’analphabétisme gagne du terrain, les routes se dégradent, les villages se vident, alors que les dirigeants politiques vivent dans une insolente opulence. Dans ces conditions, quel crédit peut-on accorder aux partis politiques congolais ? Que peut-on attendre de leur démarche vers cette vie idyllique qu’ils veulent vendre à leurs membres ainsi qu’au peuple congolais ? Un changement de paradigme et le changement de mentalités s’imposent pour une réelle démocratie basée sur des vertus éthiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the ethics of artificial intelligence, examining its power connection and how AI influences society. It argues that a comprehensive ethical approach should consider the socio-economic and political implications of AI deployment. Furthermore, it discusses the influence of the digital economy on human behavior, including issues related to data management and human-machine interactions.

Background: Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is done because of medical conditions concerning the fetus - i.e. cardiac pathology, central nervous system malformation, genetic disorders. . .- or the mother, without any delay of restriction. In 2019, 6 848 MTP were performed in France. Prenatal diagnosis organization:MTP is part of a process initially of screening and then of prenatal diagnosis through an obstetric ultrasound. Amedical framework is necessary in order to respect all the different stages allowing a global approach for parents. Given its complexity and in order to avoid any drift, MTP is regulated by a legislative framework which has evolved over time. Deciding factors and prenatal diagnosis limits:MTP decision supposes a progressive way starting by the announcement of fetal malformation or severe maternal pathology. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors will have an impact on the patient's reflecting process and will raise many questions concerning prenatal diagnosis limits. Limits concern both the patient and the medical team. They can be due to ethical or eugenic considerations. Other factors such as the understanding of the language, the socioeducational level, the different socio-economic evolutions or even the religion will have a direct impact on the ability of the patient to decide in full awareness of the outcome of the pregnancy. Finally, another limitation relates to the sometimes fine line between voluntary termination and medical termination of pregnancy. Conclusions: MTP is a complex process which leads to wonder about life and death rights both by the request of the couple and by the acceptance of the multidisciplinary team. MTP is legally regulated in a non-exhaustive way, leaving room for the evolution of medicine, thus making it possible to adapt to each situation. MTP is and must remain a last resort for patient management. MTP must constantly be at the center of ethical debates with a continuous questioning to avoid falling in eugenic practices. Hence the importance to maintain a degree of liberty with a rigid framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nachtigal hydroelectric dam project is part of Cameroon structuring projects whose implementation in the medium term will boost the country's economic growth and contribute to its emergence in 2035. However, as many projects of this scale, its achievement will involve the involuntary movement of people and goods. The aim of this action is huge and multiple socio-economic consequences. This study aims to study the socio-economic indicators of populations impacted to analyze the socio-economic impacts of involuntary displacement envisaged following the construction of the hydroelectric dam Nachtigal. The various readings and surveys and field observations, as well as interviews with various actors in planning show that socioeconomic consequences of these operations are real, and can be serious if consistent and relevant measures are not taken to counteract them. Furthermore, various investigations show that the project will directly affect three departments and will impact systematically assigns those goods or making use of the resources on this grip. For planners, the goal is that the commissioning of this work ranges between 2020 and 2021 while donors specify that neat measures should be considered and applied so that the living standards of impacted populations or improved or at least kept to that before the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cette étude porte sur la précarité de l'environnement socioéconomique et la représentation de l'école par les élèves du Lycée Sainte Germaine à Kinshasa. Concrètement, l'enquête a cherché à répondre à la question de savoir si l'école représente encore à ce jour un modèle d'identification et de référence pour les enfants qui vivent dans un environnement socioéconomique précaire. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous avons soumis 154 élèves à un questionnaire. Après l'analyse et l'interprétation de nos résultats, nous sommes parvenus à cette conclusion : la précarité des conditions de vie familiale des enfants a une influence sur l'image de l'école ou de l'éducation. Cette dernière n'apparaît pas pour eux comme un droit, mais serait une faveur que les parents peuvent donner à leurs enfants. La plupart de ces enfants ne considèrent pas l'enseignement comme un droit et une obligation. Ils ne s'imagineraient pas qu'il peut être gratuit. En plus, ils vivent l'école comme un milieu rongé non seulement par la crise matérielle, mais aussi par la crise éthique et de compétence. C'est comme si l'école actuelle ne représente pas nécessairement pour eux un « milieu modèle » pour préparer leur vie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their recent book, economists Ali Douai and Gaël Plumecocq consider the absence of value theory as a major lack, both political and scientific, of current ecological social economics. The author disagrees with this position and explains the reasons why. He suggests to found the interdisciplinary conversation in "ecological social economics" on the absence of any a priori definition of value, to enable researchers to fully take into account the plurality of ways people attribute a value to their environment or to natural entities. In order to illustrate the interest of this methodological twist, the article highlights two complementary approaches: the "conventionalist" stream in sociological economics and the work of Joan Martinez-Alier on the environmentalism of the Poor. They provide precious tools to help researchers study the social processes of valuing nature and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the critical reading and cross-comparison of three recent books published in the field of social ecological economics. We first start by briefly presenting the general architecture and main goals of the three books. We then highlight the main differences in the approaches developed by new resource economists, new environmental pragmatists and social ecological economists. Finally, we present in greater detail the perspective developed by social ecological economists, from an ontological, epistemological and methodological viewpoint. This perspective involves several topics that structure the debates and currently ongoing controversies in the field of ecological economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tablao is a club where flamenco dance and music shows are offered. This paper demonstrates how the different elements of the tablao work together following a hetero-patriarchal logic and how this logic is reproduced using certain socio-economic and psychological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weaning establishes a phase at high risk in the life of the infants in the world, because badly led, the weaning raises the malnutrition energy protéino to the rank of the crucial problems of health at the infants. AIMS: the purpose is to estimate the knowledge and the practices of the mothers concerning the conduct of the food weaning of their old children from 6 to 18 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we realized a descriptive transverse survey to the general hospital of Marcory in Abidjan-CI on a sample of 100 couples mothers children come consult. RESULTS: it emerges from this survey that: The mothers are young because 94 % of the mothers were less than 35 ans. 88 % of the mothers were of a low socioeconomic level. Dietary restrictions remained another real obstacle to a better practice of the weaning. The great majority of the moms (74 %) underestimate the notion of weaning and 40 % of them arranged no information. The food weaning was not conventional with an early weaning from 1 to 6 months in 38 % of the cases and the late weaning (30 %) beyond 13 months. CONCLUSION: it is necessary to set up a program centred on the adequate conduct (driving) of the weaning of the infants to improve the knowledge and the practices of the mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les schistosomiases sont sans doute l’une des maladies hydriques à qui profitent le plus les modifications environnementales et comportementales induites par la mobilisation des ressources en eau superficielle dans les pays sahéliens, comme le Burkina Faso. Des études ont établi l’existence des schistosomiases humaines à la vallée du Kou, l’un des plus anciens hydro-aménagements du pays. Cependant, le rôle des comportements de la population dans le schéma de transmission de cette pathologie et son impact socioéconomique dans cette vallée sont peu connus. C’est pour répondre à ces questions que cette étude a été entreprise. Elle avait pour objectifs de recenser les activités qui exposaient le plus la population de la vallée à l’infection bilharzienne, et contribuer à l’amélioration des connaissances disponibles sur les conséquences de cette pathologie. L’étude s’est déroulée en saison sèche froide dans la vallée du Kou, située dans le domaine sud-soudanien du Burkina Faso. Elle a adopté la stratégie de l’observation directe pour l’examen des rapports hôtes–parasites. L’étude des conséquences socioéconomiques de la parasitose a consisté d’abord en l’identification de sujets effectivement porteurs du parasite par un dépistage systématique de la population par la méthode Kato–Katz. Ces derniers ont ensuite été soumis à un questionnaire. Les données ont été analysées à l’aide du logiciel Epi Infos 6.04. Ce travail a révélé six activités présentant des risques d’infection pour les résidents de la vallée, avec un facteur de risque accru pour la riziculture, les activités domestiques et la baignade. Au regard de ces activités, les femmes et les jeunes semblent être les groupes les plus exposés à l’infection. Cette pathologie induit d’importantes pertes économiques en fonction des catégories socioprofessionnelles des personnes infectées. Des efforts devraient être orientés vers des études sur les contacts hôtes–parasites couvrant toute l’année, afin d’établir une liste exhaustive des activités à risque, les périodes de transmission potentielle et les groupes à haut risque d’infection dans les foyers bilharziens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The difficult economic context of Western countries and sociocultural changes in family structure are increasing the complexity and diversity of parental roles in the accomplishment of everyday tasks. This phenomenon is especially marked in socially and economically disadvantaged areas, which are particularly destabilised by environmental problems. Studies in this field have suggested that parental attitudes and educational practices play a key role in the development of the child. However, these practices remain malleable, and they may oscillate between being risk factors and protective factors. Exploiting this theoretical framework with the goal of reducing the socio-affective and educational risks to children, preventive interventions can be implemented, with the aim of helping parents in their role as educators. The development of parental support programmes, involving efforts to improve parental attitudes and educational practices in a qualitative manner, can thus mediate between disadvantaged socio-economic environment and the behavioural, cognitive and affective development of the child. This article presents exploratory research on this theme, evaluating changes in the attitudes and educational skills of the parents of young children from disadvantaged socio-economic environments following their participation or non-participation in a parental education programme. Fifteen mothers from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds took part in a parental education programme entitled “Being the parent of young children” (EPJE; Terrisse and Pithon, 2008), which used a series of cartoons to address the management of educational problems. This group was compared with a control group of 10 mothers from the same socio-economic environment, matched for age and education level. All the families selected received educational assistance at home (AED) or attended clinics (Service de protection maternelle et infantile; PMI) for children under the age of six years. The two groups were evaluated with the Échelle des Compétences Éducatives Parentales (ECEP; the Parental Educative Skills Scale; Terrisse and Larose, 1999), which explores (a) the “rigidity/flexibility”, “wariness/confidence” dimensions of educational attitudes; (b) “normative/elaborative” and “severity/liberalism” aspects of parental behaviour; (c) the feeling of parental “control” according to an “internality/externality” axis. The experimental group was also evaluated to assess the acquisition of knowledge about child education and degree of satisfaction with the programme. We found that the educational attitudes of the mothers in the experimental group changed significantly more towards greater flexibility than those in the control group and, in general, their educational style evolved more favourably than that of the control group (more elaborative practices, more internalised feelings of control). Similarly, the significant difference in results in tests of knowledge before and after the programme reveals an improvement in the identification and appropriation of educational practices by parents. All the mothers of the experimental group declared that their confidence in their ability to manage the difficulties of their child had definitively increased following the programme. This exploratory study demonstrates the beneficial effects of a parental support programme, although the small size of the sample currently precludes the generalisation of these results. Nevertheless, this preliminary study improves our understanding of the processes occurring within these educational groups, the objective being to develop a feeling of competence in parents, by giving them the means to provide an educational structure favouring a better outcome for their child. This research also opens up new possibilities for considering the cultural characteristics of parents from disadvantaged environments, who often come from very different communities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives: To describe a validated and multifactorial deprivation score to study the relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and perinatal risks. Patients and methods: The index of deprivation EPICES (Evaluation of Precarity and Inequalities in Health Examination Centers) was used to characterize the deprivation status of 234 women in post-partum in comparison with perinatal morbidity. The cutoff value of 30.7 was the threshold to define deprivation. Results: Two hundred and eight patients were included in this retrospective study from whom 48 (23%) had a score of deprivation higher than 30.7. Maternofetal morbidity was more severe in deprived patients. Discussion and conclusion: The current results show that the EPICES score could be a useful obstetrical tool for the identification of deprived women during pregnancy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Eight years after the enlargement of the EU to 10 new Member States, in 2004, the balance sheet of this event is positive. In spite of the economic crisis in the EU, the economic and social situation of many of the new Member States is rather encouraging regarding other States in the Union. During four years after the accession they had a significant growth, they are fully integrated in the European trade, till 2009, FDI inflows have been in constant growth, there are not important migration flows after the opening of boundaries, students are migrating through countries, agriculture is adjusting with the market, tourism exchange is increasing, there are improvements in social matters. But after 4 years, banking then, Eurozone crisis were there. Some countries have been affected. After Ireland, Portugal and Greece, Spain and Italy are infected, some of the new Member States also. If Poland is the only European country to have always known growth of its GDP, some other new Member States are not in the same situation. Flows of FDI slow down in many countries. The socio economic situation is not better, in the Balkan area and in the countries of the Eastern partnership. Turkey is one of the few countries to emerge. European external boundaries have been pushed away to the east, enlarging the stability zone, but also increasing sensitiveness of Eastern economies to the fluctuations of the Eurozone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of urban riots reappeared in France in the late 1970s, it took root in the 1990s, and in 2005 it experienced an unprecedent generalization. It continues locally since then. With few exceptions, it is always triggered by the death of young people in connection with a police operation. This article provides a summary of research on urban riots conducted in France in recent years and aims at drawing a comprehensive framework for the analysis of this phenomenon by articulating its economic, social and political dimensions. It highlights the process of ghettoization, the failures of state regulation and the lack of political representation of slum dwellers. It finally analyzes the riots as a «basic form of political protest.» [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to present the dimensions of urban migration alongside its socio-economic effects on Moldova's society in the first half of the nineteenth century. Thus, the migration was a sociogenesis phenomenon, maybe one of the most important ones in the history of the Principalities in the nineteenth century. Apart from the economic impact of immigration, which is hard to define, in this moment it is well-known that the extraordinary expansion of towns in that period was mainly due to immigration. The population of Moldova grew at a much faster rhythm than that of the neighboring countries, especially in the urban areas. Not only do new towns appear (at one point at the speed of two per year!), but we also see a growth in occupations and economic activities. Urban migration is a part of the general urban dynamics. The most important fact is the birth of a new urban society, a multi-cultural and relatively opened one. Economically this new world depends on immigrants. The role they play explains the absence, at least for the moment, of any discussions about radical exclusion and functional discrimination of the newcomers. At the same time it is difficult to compare the evolution of urban communities from Eastern Europe with what happened in the West. In Central and Western Europe, the spread of urbanization was based on industrialization and internal mobility. In Moldova, at least in the period we are discussing, urbanization depended on migration tides while immigration was foreign, civilly but also culturally. Many of the new towns apparently under the influence of a new wave of migrants were just transit towns. There were maximum five destination cities, which can be considered the towns of a gravitational migration: Jassy, Galaţi, Bacău, Botoşani and Roman. This fact, along with the persistence of the medieval guilds, probably stopped the birth of what could be called urban 'middle classes" and lead to a difficulty in creating an individual urban ethos. Thus the town could not become an autonomous political place. The town grew chaotically, lacking adequate public policies and discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes the changes in extreme events in the Ouémé River basin and their impact on the socio-economic populations Basin to Ouémé Bonou. The methodology used consists of technical statistical data of the rainfall series 1951-2000. On this series, the maximum depth of precipitation in 24 hours was determined by the theory of large numbers. From the series of maximum depth rainfall indices such as average and the deviation from the mean were determined. Moreover, the vulnerability of human settlements to the maximum rainfall was assessed as a result of field investigations and use of the matrix of Leopold et al, 1971. Analysis of these data shows that the watershed of the river Ouémé had on the series 1951-2000 rainfall variability, marked by a high occurrence of extreme events. This situation leads to increased frequency of floods that cause major damage like ecosystem degradation, loss of crops and the decimation of livestock products box (poultry, goats, pigs). This weakens the economic fabric of the basin and therefore creates a context of food insecurity. In situations of extreme rainfall, people adopt proactive strategies and reactive, like early harvests, temporary migration of the crops to non-flooded plateaus and summary accommodations for the crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sucession of political regimes after the events of 1848-1849--neo-absolutist (1849-1860), liberal (1860-1867) and Austro-Hungarian dualist (1867-1918)--did not alter the modernizing agenda of the revolution, especially in what concerns the economy. This agenda was gradually and unevenly implemented, generating a dominantly agrarian society on the fringes of the imperial and Central-European social-economic structures, in a combination of tradition and modernity, of economic progress and ethnic discrimination and inequality. The dynastic loyalty which had long ensured the cohesion of the empire was overshadowed by emerging nationalisms. After the union between Transylvania and Romania, the province entered a new modernization phase, in the new framework of the Romanian nation state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduced in the new German states in 1990, the Federal government's rural planning policy aims at improving the socioeconomic situation in areas severely hit by the transition to the market economy. Public interventions for diversifying local economic activities provide incentives for endogenous initiatives and for the development of new rural resources, in particular tourism. However, the endogenous model of local development is advancing selectively in the formerly collectivized countryside. The geography of ‘project areas’ depends on how local communities are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drop in the population owing to migrations out of eastern Germany has caused significant regional differences that raise new issues for regional planning and development. Regions contrast: population growth versus a sharp decline, not to forget in-between areas with uncertain prospects. The balance of migrations in favor of western Germany and the few poles of growth that exist in the east are factors contributing to the ageing of the population and an imbalance in the sex ratio in areas of emigration. Contrary to expectations, suburbanization is waning while downtown neighborhoods in certain towns are gaining population thanks to the economic upturn, a diversified supply of services and modified patterns of social behavior. Geographical contrasts in demography lead us to ask questions about the current reorientation of policies for providing basic facilities, amenities and services to the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The territorial changes under way in the countryside of eastern Germany result from the conjunction of three major trends. The rupture owing to decollectivization fifteen years ago combined with a slower process of diversifying socioeconomic activities in line with a change in public policy objectives. The deep recession in rural areas in the new German Länder draws attention to issues having to do with the redefinition of rural life and new types of governance. This introduction presents the eight articles in this special issue devoted to local development in Germany and to the transfer of a model of planning and development to the new German states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le questionnement sur les relations entre l'archéologie et son rôle social contemporain a très récemment fait l'objet d'un nombre remarquable d'essais qui mettent l'accent sur l'importance du patrimoine archéologique dans la construction des identités nationales et sur les façons divergentes de saisir et présenter le passé.2 Une variété de facteurs a contribué à ce développement.3 L'intérêt croissant porté aux responsabilités morales des archéologues qui ont manipulé les traces du passé au service des idéologies politiques est à cet égard fondamental.4 Dans le cas de l'histoire italienne ce constat prend un sens particulier car il s'agit d'une terre de colonisations anciennes, ayant à la fois une histoire grecque, romaine, étrusque, dont chacune a investi différentes régions du pays. Si en Allemagne par exemple, à côté de la préhistoire et la protohistoire germanique, l'Antiquité grecque fournit un réservoir pour la construction de l'identité nationale, et cela dès le début du XIXème siècle, en Italie les relations avec l'Antiquité sont dès le départ plus complexes. Summary: During the second half of the nineteenth century, the agrarian crisis and increasing emigration led to a social question in many other European countries. These developments, however, acquired specific features in Italy, where they coincided with the 'agrarian question' and also with the 'questione meridionale'. From the end of the nineteenth century onwards, intellectuals, scholars and politicians set out to analyse and reveal the economic and social conditions of southern Italy. This movement was called Meridionalismo. The work of the Meridionalisti in Greek archaeology, as manifested in the founding of the Società Magna Grecia and the Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, shows the link between archaeology and civic commitment. The example of the ancient Greek city Sybaris, whose famous wealth consisted of land, raises many questions and can be used to appraise the issues involved with regard to the Meridionalisti. The search for the original site of the city was also essential for identifying problems in contemporary archaeology, such as the question of the territory of the Greek city-state and the nature of cultural contacts with the local populations. Study of the initial research on Sybaris may help us to understand the premises underlying the archaeology of Magna Grecia, which from the 1960s onwards asserted itself as a field of its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

À l'aide d'une approche multidisciplinaire, on a, dans le présent article, analysé brièvement les répercussions socioéconomiques des projections démographiques de Statistique Canada pour le Canada en 2017. Cette analyse est suivie d'un exposé abordant trois défis auxquels sera confronté le pays au cours de la prochaine décennie : le défi démographique, le défi du capital humain et le défi de la citoyenneté et de la question identitaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To describe the characteristics of the children of parents who did not respond to a follow-up questionnaire in a cohort of very preterm infants (EPIPAGE study) and to explore the reasons why they did not complete the questionnaires. Methods: The non-respondents (N =176) were the parents who did not return the questionnaires at 1 and 2 years. Contacts were organised by telephone calls and at home visits. Results: The families of the non-respondents presented more socioeconomic difficulties and their children were born more preterm than those followed up without difficulties. The efforts made to contact the non-respondents revealed that their families were often confronted with major adverse socioeconomic difficulties, had severe illnesses and psychological troubles. Half of the children of the non-respondents were finally examined at the 5-year assessment. They showed lower performances at the cognitive development test and a poorer health status than the children of the respondents. Conclusion: When the follow-up does not include the initial population in its totality, the socioeconomic difficulties are underestimated and probably also the rate of sequelae associated with very preterm delivery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

What are the relations between borders and international immigration in the context of the bigger European Union? By focusing on movements toward Romania, it is shown that, even as classical borders are gradually disappearing under certain conditions, they are cropping up in new places and with new characteristics. The contemporary reshaping of borders can be seen in the ways they are put to use. The many ways of crossing a border, specifically by Moldavian migrants into Romania, are examined. These migrants from a neighboring land increasingly tend to settle since the border between the two countries has been gradually closed. Given the socioeconomic importance of migration for inhabitants on both sides of the border, EU authorities have drawn up new regional cooperation policies for taking into account crossborder movements. What new forms are borders taking? A border is not just a line demarcating a national territory. It is also a set of centers that, set up for asylum seekers and undocumented migrants, control entry into the territory. A border is also a network, since Romanian immigration policy is being integrated in the EU's. The non-EU countries crossed by immigrants are increasingly affected by intra-EU trends in immigration policy. Far from vanishing, borders remain a meaningful boundary for territories and social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of mutual health insurance systems is one of the priorities of the Rwandan government. Pilot studies have been conducted in three districts of the country. Nonetheless, after 4 years of implementation (1999–2003), the population coverage by these insurance systems remains relatively low. A cross-sectional study of 1042 households in the Kabutare health district allowed for a comparison of socio-economic and demographic variables, and the medical, surgical, gynaecological, and obstetrical history of health insurance scheme members and non-members. The results of the study demonstrate that the distribution of members and non-members is similar in terms of sex, marital status, professional status and medical history. However, larger households (more than five members) and those having a relatively higher income (more than US$230 per annum) are more likely to be insured than other households. Members of the mutual health insurance use more the health services than non-members, spend less on health care and increasingly maintain membership. The study emphasizes the relevance to further promote mutual health insurance, but also points to the need for mechanisms to ensure financial access for the poor rural population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of the cardiovascular risk and treatment of menopause, only one instruction can be currently given to the prescribers: caution. Since the publication of heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study, the dogma of the cardioprotection induced by hormonal replacement therapy began to crumble. This paradigm had set up with observational studies, which for the majority had neglected in their retrospective analysis the socio-economic factor. Since shock caused by HERS, nine randomized studies are accumulated. All are negative, except for EPAT. At present, all confirms the prophetic recommendation of J.E. Rossow, in 1996: “Putting the brakes on the bandwagon”. The last guidelines formally prohibit HRT in coronary women or with the aim of primary prevention of chronic conditions in healthy postmenauposal women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Family ecology aims at studying the relationship between Man and his immediate environmental surroundings, together with the domestic activities taking place within the family ecosphere, ecological space in all its differing dimensions and then aims at relating these factors to considerations and actions of our future of our ecosystems. For biosocial reasons, the family represents a fundamental ecological unit: genetic and affective links between family members, shared cultural background, social structure, a place where decisions are taken, a place for handing down knowledge and helping young family members to grow... characterised by shifting structures and functions of varying complexity. The family ecosphere is a place in which immediate environmental surroundings and converted habitation spaces are almost permanently created or modified. The family ecosphere is also a cause of larger scale environmental changes. As a part of human ecology, family ecology is a closely linked complement to Industrial ecology. A large range of applications of this knowledge can be envisaged by the numerous socio-economic partners concerned by the family unit in general. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Immediately after the Second World War, Christian Democracy became the most important political expression of Christianity (especially Catholicism) in western Europe. It found a favourable breeding-ground in the religious revival and the increased prestige of the Christian churches. It was able, after the defeat and discredit of fascism, to integrate in its ranks most of the political right. Its position of power was henceforth dependent on its ability to keep the right tied to it. In most countries, this turned out to be an impossible task. Moreover, from the 1960s onwards, Christian churches (including the Catholic Church) began to change their socio-political orientation, concentrating their attention on “civil'' rather than on “political'' society. Consequently, Christian Democracy declined in the last decades of the 20th century. Nevertheless, it has exerted a great influence on western European society, in political, socio-economic and socio-cultural life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE MIGRATIONS of the moulders coming from the St. Maurice Forges must be situated in a context of labour market segmentation under the dual pressure of the industry's growth and geographical expansion, and the development of unionism. Because of the blast furnaces decline and the concomitant blossoming of urban foundries, these workers went to Montréal and other Québec cities. They also gradually moved to the industry's geographical center, attracted by better working conditions: the cities of south Ontario and the north-east of the United States. The community migratory network was an important tool for their travels. But many moulders also joined the Iron Moulders International Union, and used the union's migratory network, to get into the section of the labour market under the organization's control. These types of movements reveal the constraints, but also the ingenuity of workers, in a context of important socio-economical transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passage of centuries has not effaced the devilish aura that has persistently surrounded the Jew. He has appeared as an impure creature, working in league with Satan for the downfall of Christendom, a pernicious and corrupting figure, cynically auctioning away the values that tradition has hallowed. The author seeks to explain how such a myth has survived the cultural, social, economic and political upheavals the western world has known alter the middle ages. He gives his answer through a study that is directed firstly to the medieval gargoyle of a church in Alsace, then to the diabolical role attributed to the Jew by the rumours of white slavery circulating in Orleans, Amiens and Strasbourg. Three revealing approaches emerge. From a socio-economic standpoint, the Satanic image of the Jew is seen as a tendentious interpretation of the role he has actually played in western economics, resulting in his becoming, today, the sinister symbol of the "success at any price" life style. A cultural standpoint analyzes the secularization of the myth created by medieval theology, that presented this contemptible outcast o[ society as the privileged eye-witness of Christ's martyrdom and triumph. In Hitler's version, the Jew achieves his dominant position over other peoples by propagating subversive political ideas among them, and undermining their religious and moral foundations. In a psycho-sociological perspective, the identification of Jew with devil is placed within the wider dialectic relating man with the Other. The Jew repeatedly incarnates the stranger in his nearness, his radical difference, and his irreducible otherness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Quality approach intends to produce the best care for the lowest cost and the best efficiency for patient in our actual sanitary and socio-economical context. Recommandations give criteria, referentials and procedures for improving care, but also professional formation, quality of informations and a better communication between clinicians. EPP and FMC are now the proper methods for DPC in France, following the law of 2012/Dec/30th. A pluridisciplinary and pluriprofessional participative method combined with an evaluative formation appears to be the only way for improving care on the basis of experience feedback, evaluation by peers, considering EBM, and professional consensus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There are consequences of socio-economic inequalities not only in the occurrence of cancer, but also in the access to healthcare for its patients, from the point of diagnosis all the way through treatment to their reintegration into everyday life after treatment has ended. Solutions to these problems are difficult to implement; however, the fact that healthcare providers are aware of the problem is of huge significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]