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Résumé La pandémie de COVID-19 impose une réorganisation majeure de l’ensemble de notre système de soins. En France, des règles générales ont été diffusées au niveau national et sont déclinées par chaque établissement, public comme privé, sur l’ensemble du territoire. Ces recommandations, rédigées par un groupe d’experts sous l’égide de l’Association francophone de chirurgie endocrinienne (AFCE), ont pour objectif de proposer des principes spécifiques de prise en charge chirurgicale au cours et au décours de l’épidémie de COVID- 19, pour les pathologies chirurgicales de la thyroïde, des parathyroïdes, du pancréas endocrine, et des surrénales.

Contexte : depuis la mise en place du dépistage organisé du Cancer Colorectal en France, le taux de participation de la population reste inférieur à l’objectif européen fixé. Le médecin généraliste a une place centrale au sein du dispositif. L’arrivée récente du test immunologique est l’occasion de relancer des travaux de recherche.Objectif : évaluer les outils de communication manquant aux médecins généralistes pour mieux comprendre les motivations de leurs patients vis-à-vis du dépistage du Cancer Colorectal, dans le but d’augmenter le taux de participation.Méthode : étude qualitative par entretiens individuels semi dirigés auprès de 15 médecins généralistes d’Ille et Vilaine.Principaux résultats : huit grands axes de réponse sont ressortis de l’étude : le ressenti des patients vis-à-vis du test, les freins au dépistage, la communication avec le patient, l’échange centré sur la prévention, la communication de masse, la communication entre professionnels, les outils de traçabilité et l’évaluation du nouveau test de dépistage. Les médecins généralistes notaient une meilleure adhésion au dépistage depuis l’arrivée du test immunologique. Ils ont cité divers outils de communication qu’ils utilisaient déjà pour promouvoir le dépistage ainsi que des outils extérieurs comme les médias ou les relances de l’ADECI. Ils ont proposé de nouveaux outils comme une consultation dédiée au dépistage, créer des contrôles par l’ADECI, avoir un listing d’arguments préétablis, élaborer un test sans manipulation de selles ou encore simplifier le courrier envoyé aux patients.Conclusion : l’augmentation de participation au dépistage doit être un enjeu prioritaire si l’on veut diminuer la mortalité du cancer colorectal. Les différents outils de communication cités par les médecins généralistes pourraient constituer des pistes pour développer des stratégies de communication auprès des médecins et des patients afin d’augmenter le taux de participation à ce dépistage.

International audience; In order to make the public aware of the location and scale of the Earth in the Milky Way, new-generation planetariums offer three-dimensional visualizations of the galaxy. These visualizations are produced using computer graphics, and allow views from inside and outside of the galaxy, at different scales. They are based on low-resolution astrophysical simulations, and respect the overall spiral structure of the galaxy. However, details, such as the structure of dust clouds, are missing. These clouds are an important structural element of the galaxy, and give images more dynamism.We are therefore interested in this report in modeling the structure of these dust clouds in spiral galaxies at different scales. The size and the multi-scale structure of the clouds do not allow an explicit modeling, thus we turn to a procedural approach. Our approach is based on a spiral parametrization, as well as on a fractal procedural noise. The approach presented in this report is 2D, but relieson operations that can be consistently generalized to a 3D approach.; Afin de faire prendre conscience au grand public de la place de la Terre dans la Voie Lactée, des planétariums de nouvelle génération proposent des visualisations tridimensionnelles de la galaxie. Ces visualisations sont produites grâce à l’informatique graphique, et permettent des vues intérieures et extérieures de la galaxie, à différentes échelles. Elles sontbasées sur des simulations astrophysiques basse résolution, et respectent la structure générale en spirale de la galaxie, mais des détails tels que la structure des nuages de poussière y sont manquants. Or, ces nuages de poussière apportent du relief aux images de galaxies de la NASA, connues du grand public. Nous nous intéressons donc dans ce rapport à la modélisation de la structure de ces nuages de poussière dans les galaxies spirales, à différentes échelles. La taille et la structure multi-échelle des nuages ne permettant pas une modélisation explicite, nous nous tournons donc vers une approche procédurale. Notre approche s’appuie sur une paramétrisation de spirale, ainsi que sur un bruit procédural fractal. L’approche présentée dans ce rapport est 2D, mais s’appuie sur des opérations généralisables de manière cohérente en 3D.

The development of day surgery requires the hospital system to be restructured in order for real savings to be made. The hospital must therefore modify its organisational set-up to reap the benefits of the efficiency gains resulting from the development of day surgery.

In France, patients over 50 years represent more than 23.6% of all registered cases in the French Hospital Database for HIV (FHDH), and 18% of newly HIV-diagnosed patients.To describe the long-term evolution after 4 years of a cohort of HIV infected patients older than 60 years recruited in COREVIH Île-de-France Ouest.One hundred and forty-nine participants, 115 men (77%) and 34 women (23%), were included in the cohort analysis in 2004, and baseline characteristics were: median age 65.4 years (60.3-86.3), CDC stage C: 36%, HBV and HCV co-infections: four (2.7%) and eight (5.4%) patients, median time from first HIV infection diagnosis: 8.5 years (0.25-19.5), ongoing HAART regimen: 88%, median duration of ARV treatment: 7.5 years (0.2-15.5), baseline CD4 cells count: 372/mm(3) (18-1860), HIV viral load less than 200 c/ml: 104 (70%). After a 4-year follow-up, 111 patients were alive, all but one treated with HAART, 17/149 (11.5%) were lost for follow-up, and 21/149 were deceased (14%). Causes of death were acute cardiovascular disease (4/21), neoplasia (11/21), neurological disease 1/21, end stage liver disease 3/21, unknown 2/21. The prevalence of co-morbidities after 4 years of follow-up were: arterial hypertension 40/111 (36%), hypercholesterolemia 48/111 (43%), diabetes 23/111 (21%), kidney disease with renal insufficiency (creatinine clairance60 ml/min): 36/111 (32%). At the end of follow-up, median CD4 cells count was 494/mm(3), and viral load was undetectable less than 200 c/ml in 107/111 patients (96%). No new opportunistic infection occurred during the 4-year follow-up, but 24 patients had a new diagnosis of neoplasia (incidence 40/1000 person-year). Cancer was the cause of death in 11/24.Clinical and immunological improvement was continuous under HAART in these aged HIV infected patients, but co-morbidities are frequently observed in this population, with high incidence of cardiovascular disease and neoplasia, and related mortality. A multidisciplinary approach, with preventive consultations, oncology and cardiovascular screening, as done in geriatrics, is warranted in the aging HIV population.

The rate of occurrence of intrathyroidal parathyroid glands in patients treated surgically for hyperparathyroidism (HPT) varies across studies. Among 1200 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for HPT at the Lille Hospital, France, between December 1965 and July 1992, 43 (3.6%) had 47 histologically-proven intrathyroidal parathyroid glands, including 44 lower and three upper parathyroid glands. Fifteen patients had a thyroid gland abnormality. Of the 14 patients who had a preoperative ultrasound study, eight exhibited an abnormal image. Thirty-four of the 47 intrathyroidal parathyroid glands were visible at the surface of the thyroid gland, five were felt on palpation, and eight were discovered upon examination of a lobectomy specimen. A normal or abnormal parathyroid gland can be completely concealed within the thyroid gland, even in the absence of concomitant thyroid gland disease. In most cases, the ectopia affects one or both lower parathyroid glands, although in some instances the two glands on the same side are intrathyroidal. There is no fail-proof means for detecting intrathyroidal parathyroid glands preoperatively. An apparently missing fourth parathyroid gland or a fifth gland should be looked for in the thyroid gland when the cause of HPT is not found during a first cervicotomy procedure. Pre- or intra-operative ultrasonography may be the most informative imaging method for detecting intrathyroidal parathyroid glands and should be performed routinely when a repeat procedure for persistent HPT is being considered.

57 patients with cancer of the hypopharynx underwent 59 pharyngo-esophageal reconstructions with a free jejunal graft after total removal of a tumor combined with resection of the circumferential tissues. 18 patients had been previously irradiated. Median resumption of oral intake was 16 days; 40 out of 50 patients (98%) followed for more than 2 years regained normal eating habits. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 44%. The free jejunal graft should be advocated as a safe and reliable procedure for hypopharyngeal cancer.

729 consecutive patients underwent thyroidectomy in 1988 in the same institution, including 477 (68%) bilateral resections and 242 (33%) total thyroidectomies. An effort was made to see and save all 4 parathyroids and their blood supply. Early post-operative hypoparathyroidism was defined at day 5, by serum calcium less than 8 mg/dl. and serum phosphate less than 4 mg/dl or by serum calcium only if greater than 7.5 mg/dl. Patients afflicted with early hypoparathyroidism were given calcium tablets without any vit D for 1 year at most. Follow-up, checking serum Ca, P and i PIH was done on a 3 months basis during 1 year. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was defined by persistence of the above-mentioned criteria after 1 year, and eventually vit D was started. 27 patients (5.6% our of 477 bilateral thyroid resections) experienced early post-op hypoparathyroidism. Inciting factors were previous thyroid surgery (4), radioiodine treatment (2), modified neck dissection (2), sternal split with mediastinal node clearance (1), visualization of 1 parathyroid gland only (3 redo cases) and autotransplantation of more than 1 parathyroid (1 case). 1 patient was lost for follow-up. 25 others recovered a normal parathyroid function. 1 is permanently hypoparathyroid (1 redo case with other risk factors). Painstaking parathyroid dissection allows a 0% rate of permanent hypoparathyroidism after primary surgery, if vit D is not given in the early post-operative period. We suggest that avoidance of early vit D prescription in cases of early post-operative hypoparathyroidism, leading to mild sustained hypocalcemia, stimulates the spared parathyroid glands (including a possible 5th) and therefore allows full recovery of the parathyroid function.

Multiple gland enlargement (M.G.E.) in primary hyperparathyroidism (H.P.T.) is the presence of 2 or more enlarged glands weighing more than 50 mg. Conservative surgery (C.S.) consists of resecting the grossly enlarged glands without biopsying the normal glands. Some authors have suggested that C.S. might overlook minute hyperplasia, hence leading to late recurrences of H.P.T., or conversely result in the unnecessary resection of grossly enlarged, but not hyperfunctioning glands. 379 patients have been operated upon for H.P.T. 86 (22.7%) had M.G.E. including 13 (15.2%) M.E.N. cases, 8 (9.3%) familial cases and 65 (75.6%) seemingly sporadic cases (S.S.C.). 2, 3 or 4 glands (or more) were involved in 39.5%, 35% and 25.5% of cases respectively. 1 patient died post-operatively and 3--all S.S.C. with hyperplasia--had to be reoperated upon within 1 year for persistent hypercalcemia. Pathological diagnosis was: double adenomas in 5.8%, hyperplasia in 36%, adenoma associated with hyperplasia in 46.5% and a normal second gland, on light microscopy findings in 11.7%. None of 13 deaths occurring during follow-up was related to H.P.T. 78 patients (90.7%) are available for follow-up (av. 85.3 months). 85.9% are normocalcemic (2.2 less than Ca less than 2.6 mmol/l), 5.1% hypocalcemic and 9% hypercalcemic. 61 had late i. P.T.H. assay; i. P.T.H. was appropriate to serum calcium in 78.7% and appropriate to normal serum calcium levels in 90.6% of 53 normocalcemic cases.

Germond Georges, Bizard Marcel. L'architecture du tumulus A du Montiou à Sainte-Soline (Deux-Sèvres). In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 81, n°8, 1984. pp. 246-252.

Germond Georges, Bizard Marcel. Le tumulus A du Montiou à Sainte-Soline (Deux-Sèvres). In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 84, n°5, 1987. pp. 139-154.