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Amazonian states, departments and provinces have always been on the fringes of their nation-states in terms of legal and institutional integration. When institutions and laws reach these borders, the former are generally very weak and the latter inadequate to deal with local problems. What they have in common is that they are not based on local forms of representation. Over the centuries, this situation has generated numerous tensions between local and national power structures, with legitimacy generally prevailing over legality. Social exchange networks reflect these fluctuating choices and also include local illicit activities. While transnational cocaine trafficking routes, integrated with local trade routes, have traversed the Amazon for decades, factions in southern Brazil (Comando Vermelho, CV [Red Commando], Primeiro Comando da Capital, PCC [First Capital Commando]) have recently gained control over the management of illegal trade activities. I am interested in the causes, forms, and effects of the proliferation of consolidated criminal organizations, commonly referred to as factions, in Amazonia. What are the relationships between these factions, the security apparatus, and the dominant traditional power structures? How do the state and society react to territorial takeovers? Do the factions have the capacity to intimidate already weak Amazonian state institutions and further impede environmental governance by supporting criminal governance programs? Based on an in-depth analysis of the literature on the subject and qualitative interviews, I conclude that factions, due to their strong organizational evolution, pose an unpredictable threat to the power arrangements that preceded them and, consequently, to any form of governance.

This article examines some of the transformations in the ritual and religious life of indigenous societies over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries who lived in the Eastern Amazon. At the heart of these changes was the complex and multivalent character of shamanic work. Influenced by changing political and religious contexts, shamanism evolved in the colonial world to be associated with healing certain kinds of ailments and afflictions. In this sense, shamanism was crafted by the people who worked as shamans and those who required their services, which grew to include Portuguese elite landowners, soldiers and administrators. Shamans gave a novel voice to people’s uneasy experiences and dilemmas of this new riverworld. In this way, men and women shamans played a key role in Amazonian history, as has been noted in other contexts. Few other areas of Brazilian Amazonian cultural and social life express so distinctly the encompassing quality of these new riverine societies than shamanism.

The United States, the world’s leading economic power and second-largest trading power, enjoys considerable advantages in the globalization process, including the strength of its transportation system and its strategic positioning in global supply and distribution chains. The U.S. territory is open to globalization via its dynamic maritime façades (Pacific, Northeast, Gulf of Mexico and Great Lakes). Huge logistics platforms, often multimodal, have been developed around these interfaces, the recent pandemic has further strengthened them. The balances (port and airport hierarchies, for example) that are taking shape at the start of 2023 bear witness to the fairly limited structural effects of this succession of crises since 2020. The Amazon case study bears witness to this "logistics turnaround" in the US economy, and to the resilience of the US transportation system.

Understanding the reality of Socio-Territorial Movements and the process of struggle for land in the Amazon involves a deeper analysis of the cruelty and specialized extermination of certain stakeholders and organizations that lead the struggle and resistance. Our objective in this work is to discuss the total lack of interest and the necropolitics created on different profiles (peasants, leaders, unionists, landless, squatters, settlers, and other stakeholders), in addition to the way in which the extermination process manifests itself as part of the reality of the agricultural frontier in the Amazon. After an extensive and dedicated analysis of data by the Pastoral Land Commission (CPT), including interviews, mapping and analysis of journalistic material, we were able to conclude that the main way to promote the real preservation of the Amazon and its territories is through policies that care for the safety of living people. After all, the scenario presented in recent decades is that there is a permanent and systematic process that points to the specialization of murders of less favoured class leaders as a way of investing in obtaining land and illegal property in the Amazonian region of the state of Pará.

El comercio electrónico se aceleró durante la pandemia, a medida que más consumidores compraban en línea. Empresas como Amazon y MercadoLibre se transformaron en líderes mundiales, convirtiendo la actividad logística en un pilar fundamental para el desarrollo de su negocio, mientras que la gestión de sus relaciones laborales ha sido objeto de debate. Este artículo estudia esa dinámica en perspectiva comparada, observando el papel de los modelos de regulación de las condiciones laborales y posibilidades de organización colectiva de los trabajadores de la actividad logística de Amazon (en Alemania y los Estados Unidos) y de MercadoLibre (en la Argentina). Los resultados indican que la dinámica de las relaciones laborales de estas compañías responde tanto a las particularidades del modelo de regulación vigente en cada país, como a las posibilidades de organización y correlación de fuerzas de los actores intervinientes.

Abstract This paper aims to systematize and analyse the expansion of Chinese agribusiness business towards the Brazilian Amazon. A scenario of possible natural resources to be exploited in the South American Amazon is presented, followed by a discussion of the changes in the conduct of economic exploitation in the Brazilian Amazon since the Bolsonaro government came into power. We opted for this cut due to the increase in the soy trade flow from Brazil to China, in addition to the direct foreign investments of Chinese companies in this sector to be concentrated in Brazil, as well as investments in infrastructure for transporting soy grain from the Amazon.

The supply and demand of vibrant places are often considered a luxurious goal for cities rather than an essential engine for business and talent attraction. With the ongoing development of Amazon HQ in Arlington and the potential jobs that will originate, the city must be prepared to fulfill the expectations of residents, workers, and investors. Through a qualitative analysis and interviews with relevant practitioners, this paper studies the potential gap between the current creative ecosystem by discussing the supply of cultural goods and services, Arlington’s proposal, and the benefits and risks of achieving the targets, based on lessons from Seattle. To maximize what is expected, it will be imperative to foster a coordinated and creative environment while celebrating the unique essence of Arlington’s communities and the potential risks these changes may bring.

In the Brazilian Amazon, forest conservation has relied on the presence of 'traditional communities' and Indigenous peoples to secure legally demarcated protected areas from deforestation and biodiversity degradation. Facing pressures for land-use change from a rapidly encroaching frontier of resource extraction and commodity production, there is no guarantee that Indigenous peoples or traditional communities will continue to occupy these forests or continue to fulfill the role of forest protectors except under certain conditions. In this article, we detail the case of the extractive reserves of the Terra do Meio and consider what conditions would be needed for traditional communities to continue to occupy and protect protected areas. Employing an agrarian political ecology approach, we draw on years of ethnographic research in this area to argue that forest peasant livelihoods, which revolve around the forest areas of use, produce both ecological and cultural diversity in the forest. We term this socio-ecological arrangement the productive system of the colocação, the system and geographies of forest peasant livelihoods that upholds and is upheld by diverse socio-ecological relationships. Contemporary forest conservation regimes, however, have largely failed to incentivize and value these forest peasant livelihoods in ways that would sustain them in the face of commoditizing frontier pressures. Any mechanisms that pay for forest conservation should remunerate communities for their entire socio-ecological relationships, those relationships that are upheld through forest peasant livelihoods, not simply their products. We propose an approach to valuing forest communities' socio-environmental services, and we argue that such valuation would be more effective for conservation and cultural/ecological diversity than existing proposals for payments for ecosystem services (PES).

The quilombola community São Vicente Island is located in the municipality of Araguatins, state of Tocantins, in Brazil. It was recognized by the Palmares Cultural Foundation (FCP) in 2010. In this work, we intend to analyze the socio-historical processes that formed the remaining quilombo communities, from slavery to community organization on São Vicente Island, their means of collective production in their territory and the contemporary challenges they face. It is a horizontal analysis of the molecular processes that configure the territory and territorialities of the quilombola community.

The article analyzes what underpinned, in the first two decades of the 21st century, the economic growth of the Amazon region of Carajás, far above what occurred in other Brazilian regions. It demonstrates that such growth resulted from the previous existence of an export structure, equipped with a sector with very high labor productivity and infrastructure that enabled it to overcome spatial barriers, a configuration that allowed a rapid response to the growing global demand for commodities. It reveals that, despite the extremely high regional economic growth, there was a deepening of the primary exporting character of the economy and a strengthening of environmentally harmful dynamics. A context in which, regionally, extreme poverty declined more slowly than at the national level, with, however, an increase in the intensity and severity of poverty and the number of poor people in the region.

This study addresses the social and environmental repercussions on Amazonian communities due to gold mining following the conclusion of official concessions. Framed within the literature on natural resource extraction, sustainability, and social impacts in developing countries, the work employs qualitative methods, including interviews with residents and field observations in the community of Yutzupino in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It reveals that post-concession mining, often informal and illegal, sharply triggers social and environmental degradation. The research emphasises the need to incorporate sustainability principles into mining concessions to prevent such effects. This analysis enhances understanding of the complex socio-ecological aftermath of mining in vulnerable environments. It proposes recommendations for mitigation, underlining the importance of dialogue between communities, governments, and mining companies.

Abstract The socio-political complexity and consequent transactional and institutional costs of infrastructure projects are magnified in the Brazilian Amazon, a rich-resource region with social and environmental fragilities, thus posing challenges for project management. One of the main drivers of the Brazilian development strategy is infrastructure projects. However, these projects struggle to meet results in terms of local development, overloading social services, changing livelihoods, violating human rights, and exacerbating social vulnerabilities, environmental degradation, and deforestation. Despite greater scrutiny in environmental licensing, the process remains insufficient to mitigate impacts, and social participation is limited. The decision-making process remains technocratic and isolated from civil society, ignoring its inherently political character. Territorially blind and socially deaf projects lead to contestations by civil society and poor anticipation of demands, making territories mere receptacles of investments. Consequences for project management include delays, processes in courts, reputational damages, and missed opportunities for sustainable territorial development. Through semi-structured interviews and documental analysis of the case study of the Belo Monte Hydropower Plant, we investigate how a territorial approach to infrastructure governance can affect project management. Analysis shows that territories are actively influencing and influenced by infrastructure delivery, which corroborates the idea that contextual specificities to infrastructure delivery require specific ways of planning and managing projects. Adopting a context-specific territorial approach could anticipate some of the challenges and complexities of infrastructure management in developing and emerging economies. Also, results oriented toward development goals, such as the SDGs, can be more efficient both for territories and project delivery.

How have environmental and land policies evolved in the northern Brazilian Amazon to accommodate soybean expansion? In this article, we focus on the case of Roraima, where soybean acreage increased by 257 % between 2018 and 2021. We analyze to what extent this acceleration can be attributed to J. Bolsonaro's rise to power. We use an interdisciplinary method to identify the spaces, actors, and economic and legal mechanisms involved in this process. Data come from field research (observations and interviews), official documents, analysis of satellite images, and geoprocessing. Soybean cultivation began in 2000. Since 2009, a state system of simplified environmental licensing has facilitated the installation of companies. Soybean-livestock integration promotes land concentration and land valuation in forest areas but is limited by the 80 % Legal Reserve requirement and the lack of land regularization, especially in the frontier area. Since 2018, the federal government, in partnership with the state government, has simplified land title regularization and unlocked the reduction of the Legal Reserve in forest areas in 2022 (from 80 % to 50 %). These reforms represent an increase of 1.6 million hectares of forest subject to legal deforestation in the state. It is the beginning of a new phase of agro-extractive expansion in the north of the Brazilian Amazon, in the heart of the forest, and not just on its edges, as in the past.

The main argument presented in this paper is that the environmental-climate conspiracy theories propagated at the beginning of the Bolsonaro administration helped to foster a populist ideology – that is, the idea that there is a moral struggle between the 'good people' against 'corrupt elites' and that the populist leader is the only legitimate representative of this people because he represents their moral values. To support this argument, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of 36 conspiratorial speeches around the environmental-climate issue delivered by five actors from the Bolsonaro administration top positions (Jair Bolsonaro, Eduardo Bolsonaro, Ernesto Araújo, Filipe Martins and Olavo de Carvalho) between 2018 and 2020. From this qualitative analysis, we evidenced a conspiratorial structure as follows: global, intellectual, technocratic, and left-wing elites seek to instrumentalize the environmental-climate agenda – in particular by ideological indoctrination and alarmism – to justify widespread control over the nations sovereignties and the individuals freedoms. It was found that unmasking and resisting environmentalism were the two main moral messages that this conspiratorial structure emanates. In the face of this moral struggle between truth and freedom, in which climate change and the Amazon are embedded, Bolsonaro is presented as a patriotic leader who defends sovereignty, development, and the interests of the people and the nation.

The main argument presented in this paper is that the environmental-climate conspiracy theories propagated at the beginning of the Bolsonaro government helped to foster a populist ideology – that is, the idea that there is a moral struggle between the 'good people' against 'corrupt elites' and that the populist leader is the only legitimate representative of this people because he represents their moral values. To support this argument, we conducted a qualitative content analysis of 36 conspiratorial speeches around the environmental-climate issue delivered by five actors from the Bolsonaro government's top positions (Jair Bolsonaro, Eduardo Bolsonaro, Ernesto Araújo, Filipe Martins and Olavo de Carvalho) between 2018 and 2020. From this qualitative analysis, we evidenced a conspiratorial structure as follows: global, intellectual, technocratic, and left-wing elites seek to instrumentalize the environmental-climate agenda – in particular by ideological indoctrination and alarmism – to justify widespread control over the nations sovereignties and the individuals freedoms. It was found that unmasking and resisting environmentalism were the two main moral messages that this conspiratorial structure emanates. In the face of this moral struggle between truth and freedom, in which climate change and the Amazon are embedded, Bolsonaro is presented as a patriotic leader who defends sovereignty, development, and the interests of the people and the nation.

During Jair Bolsonaro’s administration (2019-2022), there was a push to diversify the positions of agribusiness actors on socio-environmental issues. This movement was related to the advancement of anti-environmental and anti-indigenous agendas, on the one hand, and the criticism levelled against them, on the other hand. Focusing on the four-year presidency of the ultra-right leader in Brazil, this article historicizes and analyzes the political actions of different agribusiness currents in relation to these issues. The research is based on documents and public statements, participant observation at agribusiness forums and in the National Congress, and interviews with business and political leaders. The results indicate that the diversification of positions did not, however, imply significant ruptures among the currents in the main political decision-making spaces related to agribusiness in Brazil.

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In Brazil, Bem Viver recently arrived as a compelling counter-narrative to development's vision of land and labor as resources to be exploited. Bem Viver challenges the reductionism of land-as-resource, reinforces community autonomy, and entails reciprocity in relations with the nonhuman world. The purpose of this article is to extend conversations surrounding Bem Viver to the Brazilian Amazon state of Pará, primarily through asking whether the relational ethics of Bem Viver are active within current resistance movements focused on opposing neoliberal capitalism and racially-motivated dispossession. These resistance movements struggle for the maintenance of traditional relations while safeguarding socioecologies through territory. The cases we discuss draw upon our ethnographic work conducted within an Indigenous community in the Tapajós Basin and the Afro-Brazilian market Porto da Palha in urban Belém. We also consider whether Bem Viver opens the possibility of a post-political ecology framing of contestation over natural resources and place. Bem Viver is fundamentally relational and creates territorialities conflicting with market logics centered on financialization, individual accumulation, and private property. On the ground, Bem Viver as praxis shapes everyday practices sustaining place-based lifeways and determining material realities for the Indigenous and Black communities of the Tapajós and Belém regions of Pará.

Abstract In discussions of the Amazon’s lengthy indigenous history, the narrative that considers temporal landmarks generally remains tied to Western chronology. In other words, although most researchers consider indigenous history to be an important reality, the very epistemological scope of the human sciences forces indigenous temporalities to fit into the chronological paradigms of the west. To avoid this epistemological pitfall, historical time must be narrated according to the emergence and duration of events, going beyond their pristine origins and seeking their devenir instead of manifestations of these events. Based on the work of authors such as Bergson, Deleuze and Braudel, in this essay we propose that indigenous history in the Amazon unfolds along two structuring processes that evolved over time according to the persistence and resilience of this history in the proper place for Amerindian social and cultural experiences.

The state of Pará has the largest deforested and degraded area in the Amazon, a result from the expansion of extensive livestock, the projects of rural settlement in the Agrarian Reform, mining, timber extraction, hydroelectric power plants and the pressure from large urban centers for food. Reversing the deforestation and soil degradation can thrive with the adoption of appropriate technologies in systems of higher productivity and bioeconomic efficiency, higher social inclusion, and less impact on the environment. The Agroforestry System, formed by the combination of acai, cocoa and black pepper crops, and African mahogany as a forest species, can be one of the alternatives to recover degraded areas and meet the objectives of sustainable development. According to the bioeconomic criteria of viability, this agroforestry system presented a competitive advantage in relation to monocultures of acai, cocoa, and black pepper; due having a higher net present value of US$ 6,508.94/ha; internal rate of return 13.93%; cost-benefit ratio of 1.104; uniform present value of US$ 764.54/ha; occupy more labor and mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases; reduce erosion, recovers water quality and interaction with biodiversity. The inclusion of the opportunity cost of natural assets such as land, water, and forest, and of the benefits with the green certification in the price of products, contributes to the use of good practices in the production, commercialization and preservation of natural resources.

This is a brief private exposition of a research trail that brings together a bibliographic review, exploratory fieldwork and semi-structured interviews carried out in Parauapebas, southeast of the Pará state, with an interval of 15 years between them. The report exposes impressions and reflections that were developed based on theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence of this portion of the Amazonian geographic space, heavily influenced by mining in Serra dos Carajás.

The objective of this study was to analyse the profile of teachers and the aspects of the environmental education in rural schools in the municipality of São Caetano de Odivelas, state of Pará, Brazil. To achieve this objective, an online questionnaire was digitized and made available to teachers who work in schools in the countryside of the municipality. The research was qualitative-quantitative, it took place between the years 2020 to 2021, carried out with 20 teachers from 10 schools in the field. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. We identified that the majority (60%) of teachers are women with age between 21 and 30 years (65%). We noticed that they have Degree in Portuguese language and Geography (50%), with Lato Sensu Post-graduation (75%). We observed that they have on average of 4 years of experience in rural education and teach more than one curricular component, in up to two schools (50%). We detected that the main pedagogical material used for teaching environmental education is the textbook (60%). We emphasize to they work the environmental education in a minimal and isolated way to diversify classes. They also confirm that the methodology used with the students is the bibliographic research. In conclusion, there is a deficit of dissemination of environmental education by teachers in rural schools of state of Pará, Brazil.

A revolução digital teve, e continua tendo, um impacto dramático em muitos setores da mídia e indústria criativa, mas qual é seu impacto na nossa mais antiga indústria midiática – o mercado editorial? No início dos anos 2000, muitos observadores ponderaram que o livro impresso seria eclipsado por livros eletrônicos e outras formas de entrega de conteúdo digital, assim como o vinil fora substituído pelo download digital e serviços de streaming. Thompson, no entanto, mostra que o livro impresso provou ser mais resiliente do que muitos comentadores assumiram, argumentando que as consequências mais importantes da revolução digital para o mercado editorial devem ser buscadas alhures.

The unexpected fall of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in 2022 has shown that deforestation phenomena are complex and that for many observers it is difficult to find their way in statistics and geospatial databases that are produced using different methodologies and distinct definitions of what deforestation is and considering in diverging ways various types of environmental damages. In this context, this paper attempts to replace recent figures in a broader context spatially (considering the whole Amazon region beyond Brazil), temporally (looking at the phenomena since the 1980s) and thematically (presenting several sources of data). To do so, we first present the data that are available to the public about deforestation, distinguishing their (sometimes apparently contradictory) characteristics and underlining the Amazon’s inherent ecological and geographical complexity. In a second part, we describe the history of deforestation since 1985, first at the level of the whole basin (or pan-Amazonia) and then focusing on the Brazilian Amazon. Last, as to complete our panorama of the question of deforestation, we present quickly the causes of deforestation and the principal policies of the governments to face it, as well as the consequences of deforestation at the local, regional and global scales.

This article focuses on the work of Maximiano José Roberto, a descendant of a prestigious Tariana lineage, a collaborator of the academic elite of Manaus and an unknown pioneer of Amazonian anthropology. His main work, the legend of Yuruparí, is an important document for the study of the history of the Upper Rio Negro region in the nineteenth century. Pervasive in the narrative, the question of the status of women in indigenous societies is presented under the form of a bloody struggle. However, alongside the ruthless repression of women's fights against the establishment of a hegemonic male power, a form of gender violence hitherto absent from the mythologies of the Upper Río Negro appears: the symbolic confinement of indigenous women. Our hypothesis is that this transformation of gender violence results from the encounter of Maximiano José Roberto's literary and political project with the expectations and assumptions of the male and colonial intellectual elite of the Brazilian Amazon at the end of the nineteenth century. Therefore, the legend reflects through the work of Roberto the profound transformations of Brazilian national society in its relationship with indigenous communities.

There is an extensive literature on environmental governance, which refers to multi-stakeholder processes to arrive at collective decisions about how natural resources will be managed. Recent work on environmental governance has focused on outcomes in terms of social-environmental sustainability. However, questions remain about the effectiveness of environmental governance in practice for yielding sustainable social or environmental outcomes. In cases where environmental governance processes prove ineffective, political ecology offers analytical approaches involving explanations that can account for unsustainable outcomes. In addition, an emergent literature on environmental governance provides frameworks to evaluate its effectiveness by unpacking it with regard to diverse criteria. These two literatures together permit analysis of how political ecology and other potential explanations can account for ineffective environmental governance in terms of specific unmet criteria. Analysis of ineffective environmental governance is likely to be especially valuable in a comparative perspective, in which multi-case studies can reveal the extent to which political ecology explanations predominate across cases. We focus on the Amazon, a large region with high social and biological diversity and where competing stakeholders engage in conflict over governance of natural resources. We pursue a comparative analysis of five cases where environmental governance has been ineffective in terms of sustainable outcomes. In each case, we identified five key explanations for ineffective environmental governance. We then coded those explanations with regard to whether they invoke issues highlighted by political ecology. We also coded them considering environmental governance evaluation frameworks to identify the unmet criteria for environmental governance to be effective. We then pursued a comparative analysis of similarities and differences across the cases. The findings indicate that political ecology issues are predominant among explanations for ineffective environmental governance across all five cases. The results also reveal which environmental governance evaluation criteria are most often unmet among the cases. The findings highlight the importance of political ecology for understanding ineffective environmental governance, and permit delineation of specific criteria for effective environmental governance that can be the focus of strategies to improve environmental governance for sustainability.

The research evaluated the continuity of the production of forest items among agrarian reform settlers in the Amazon, assuming the fact that there are psychosocial obstacles to this production. The population settled in the study received assistance from a federal forest management project. We used a qualitative questionnaire and semi-structured interview script, with 37 people participated. It was found that there are correlations between understanding and acceptance of the project through technical assistance and monitoring of work and that identity and common sense are incident constructs for the consolidation of environmentally responsible beliefs and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021 6(2), 1097-1116 | European Forum Insight of 29 October 2021 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. The facts of the cases. - III. The annulment of the commission's decision in the Amazon case. - IV. The court dismisses the appeals in the Engie case: The tax rulings granted by Luxembourg to Engie breached EU Law. - V. Applying an effect-based approach to State aid control is not enough to effectively tackle harmful tax competition. - VI. Conclusions. | (Abstract) The rulings of the General Court in the cases of Amazon and Engie (respectively, joined cases T-816/17 and T-318/18 Luxembourg. v Commission ECLI:EU:T:2021:252 and joined cases T-516/18 and T-525/18 Luxembourg v Commission ECLI:EU:T:2021:25) are the last two episodes of the "tax ruling saga". This Insight seeks to examine the potential innovations that these judgements could bring in the context of the application of State aid rules to unfair tax practices. Indeed, this contribution attempts to analyse the impact of the abovementioned rulings on both the notions of "State origin" and "selectivity", as well as the new effect-based approach proposed by the Commission and endorsed by the Court. To do so, both previous relevant cases of the "saga" and the current political context are taken into consideration. The Insight concludes that an outcome-based perspective is not enough to render the "Vestager doctrine" an efficient instrument in the fight against harmful tax competition.

Description of the subject. In crop-weed competition, some periods are critical because they may interfere with the crop production capacity. Therefore, knowing these periods is crucial when deciding on the best time for control and preparation of the Integrated Management Program. Objectives. To determine the Period Prior to Interference, Total Period for Interference Prevention, and the Critical Interference Period in pineapple cultivation. Method. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in 2 x 15 factorial arrangement, four replications, and two management systems: weeds control and crop-weeds coexistence; 15 increasing periods of 30 days each after planting: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, 420. In the control treatments, since planting, manual weeding (with hoe) and mechanical weeding (with brush cutter) were done during increasing periods of time, and in the coexistence treatments, the weeds lived together with pineapple plants and, at the end of each period, weeds control was made with mechanical and chemical weeding. Results. The best yields were achieved in the periods of less coexistence with weeds. The critical periods for interference prevention with 5 and 10% of yield losses were 259 and 204 days, respectively. Conclusions. The critical period for interference prevention lasted 14-259 days after planting of the pineapple offsets.

Abstract The Seis Lagos Carbonatite Complex hosts a lateritic deposit developed over a siderite carbonatite. In the 1980’s. it was estimated to contain 2.89 Bt @ 2.81 wt% Nb2O5. Recent studies have produced new data allowing re-evaluation of the area’s mineral potential. In this work. a geological model has been constructed and new estimates of grades and tonnages are presented. The volume of cavities that occur in the lateritic crust is still unknown. and it was then segmented in possible scenarios ranging from 0 to 63%. impacting estimates of tonnage. The estimations were divided into two domains that vary according to the available data. In Domain 1. it has been estimated between 10.5-28.3 Mt @ 2.97 wt% Nb2O5 and 0.71 wt% REE2O3. and in Domain 2. between 1.40-3.78 Bt @ 1.17 wt% Nb2O5 and 0.46 wt% REE2O3. High grades of Ti. Sn and W were also detected for the lateritic crust. It is estimated that sediments in the Esperança Basin contain 11.8 Mt @ 1.76 wt% REE2O3 and 2.36 wt% P2O5. whereas the siderite carbonatite shows high grades of Nb. REE. Sc and Zn. further increasing the area’s mineral potential. Soil grids on neighboring hills do not show similarly high Nb grades. but do present high grades of REE and P.

This article deals with the relationship between Catholic missionaries and Protestants in the border area of the Brazilian-Colombian Vaupés. Although the presence of Catholics began in the area in 1914, it is not negligible since about 450 religious, including priests and nuns, arrived in the region. The Protestants belonging to two organizations of American origin (New Tribes Mission and Summer Institute of Linguistics) arrived thirty years later and reached a figure of 115 members. Their relationships as well as their differential impact on the populations they missioned are a topic little developed in the mission stories, which in this text is illustrated through consultation of primary sources that detail the links or views of members of different faiths about their counter-parts. The study shows how these views changed over time.

This article exposes the partial results of the research entitled "Corporate Projects in dispute in times of pandemic and the professional practice of the Social Worker of Pará / Legal Amazon" linked to a UFPA Study Group. It presents a survey of the pertinent literature produced by Social Workers and published in periodicals. It presents data about the number of infected in the Amazon region, specifically in the State of Pará. The data are analyzed from a theoretical-critical perspective. We carry out bibliographic and documentary research. The article shows brief reflections on the socioeconomic reality in the pandemic in the Amazon Region and in the State of Pará, and main problems in terms of the absence of social rights and challenges for the Social Worker. The results show that social workers face fear, insecurity and deteriorating working conditions in the face of the pandemic.

Aquaculture is a growing agricultural activity in the Marajó Archipelago, State of Pará, Brazil. Thus, it is important to discuss the creation of aquatic organisms in technical courses in the field of agrarian sciences. Given this, the present study aimed to understand the students’ reflections in agriculture regarding the area of aquaculture, through the application of diagnostic analysis. The methodology consisted of a qualitative and explanatory field research. The study was developed with 50 students of the first year of high school of the technical course in Agriculture of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus Breves. In conclusion, the students declared that they found the subject of aquaculture important as a discipline within the technical course, although they interested in fish farming. The lack of knowledge about aquaculture ventures in Marajó may be one of also demonstrate little affinity with the area; those who have shown affinity are the factors responsible for the students' lack of interest in the area, because in the region the culture of fishing activity has been even stronger for fish generation in the Marajó archipelago.

The article seeks to analyze how the Parintintin people called Pykahu, from the Aldeia Traíra, in the Terra Indígena Nove de Janeiro, in the municipality of Humaitá – Amazonas state, establish the process of restoring health through their ethno-knowledge. For this, they build the relationship as a result of their spatial experiences since immemorial time so that they use plant and animal species, in addition to minerals, which in their conceptions have healing powers in the physical body and in the spirit. As a method, it is based on empiricism and oral reports produced by Parintintin, in addition to using the “snowball” technique to obtain results. These reflect ethno-knowledge with respective uses to obtain health and are linked to social, cultural and spiritual activities.

Nheengatu was a linguistic framework created by Jesuits to facilitate Catholic catechism in the Portuguese Amazon. This language eventually transcended the evangelization, spreading across indigenous villages, reaching Africans and their descendants who began to arrive in large numbers through the ports of São Luís and Belém in the mid-18th century. The language became commonplace in workplaces across the rainforest, enduring through centuries and persisting in Amazonian daily life after the independence of Brazil. This article discusses some aspects of this dialect’s use among subalternized populations, particularly runaway slaves in the 19th century.

Something that impacts the environment impact everyone. Deforestation in the Amazon, a current problem that affects and destroys ecosystems, accelerates global warming, threatens humanity and many other species, has grown dramatically in recent years. This research analyzes the reasons and the consequences of the Amazon deforestation growth. It addresses the Brazilian and international structures and articulations, the position andthe contribution of the Catholic Church, from the Christian spirituality, proposingan integral ecology, of the care of the «Common House». Based on bibliographical and exploratory research on Amazonian deforestation, it first seeks to identify the reasons for the growth and the consequences of felling and burning in the Amazon and then to evaluate the decisions taken at national and international levels to reduce deforestation or neutralize its effects. Finally, we will consider the importance of the appeals and the seriousness of the commitments, agreements, of the goals and the pathways for the protection of forests; in particular the position of Pope Francisco for the preservation of the Amazon and of life on the planet. The «cries of the earth» challenge Christianity to contribute to the development and integral ecological sustainability and offer the rescue of spiritualities more coherent with the God of Life.

We analyzed the fetish of sustainable development in particular the expansion of the electric sector in the Brazilian Amazon Region and the resistance of the social groups affected by the construction of hydroelectric plants. We highlight the advance of reactionary conservatism, functional to the neoliberal economic strategies that devastate the Amazon. We reaffirm the incompatibility of the logic of capitalist destruction with the way of life of any perspective that uses and defends the natural environment for survival and self-maintenance, and we seek to deepen the analysis of the critical professional culture in Social Work in its construction between the horizon of the State of Well-Being and the historical need for human emancipation, pointing out particular configurations in the contradictions in which the intervention dimension is inscribed and built in the electric sector in the Brazilian Amazon.

The Amazon is a hydroterritory and a biome that holds thousands of people, species of fauna and flora. The Dendê River in Barcarena-Pará is part of this scenario. This river is the scene of conflicts of interest between transnational corporations, the state and riverside communities. From documentary study and participant observation, we analyze these conflicts, situating them in a historical-interpretative panorama, focusing on the role of the state and the r-existence of riverside communities. The state apparatus is presented through the action of the Company of Economic Development, the State Secretariat of Environment and Sustainability and the Public Prosecutor. The voice of the communities serves as a counterpart. It can be concluded that state support is fundamental for the advancement of capital over the Dendê hydroterritory, impoverishing it and transforming the way of life of the riverside communities.

Resumo O presente trabalho traz relatos etnográficos sobre experiências com artistas, curadores, organizadores e técnicos na montagem do salão Arte Pará, entre os anos de 2012 a 2015, realizados na cidade de Belém. Parte integrante de uma pesquisa de doutorado, este recorte se baseia em premissas metodológicas sincrônicas e dialógicas, a partir de autores como Vincent Crapanzano e James Clifford, problematizados por aportes de pensamentos de Walter Mignolo, Eva Marxen, Beatriz Sarlo, Homi Bhabha e Johannes Fabian, dentre outros. Desse modo, com o intuito de expor um olhar mais crítico sobre nosso presente assimétrico, essa pesquisa visa a conferir outras dimensões interpretativas para a dinâmica geral da experiência humana.

Abstract A large stone statue was brought from the Amazon to France in 1848 by the explorer Francis de Castelnau. It depicts a being, apparently human, squatting, with his hands on his chest. Now exhibited at the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, this piece created a strong controversy since it was made public. In the mid-19th century, several Brazilian intellectuals strongly criticized the arrogant attitude of the Frenchman who had ‘looted’ their heritage. In reality, the reasons for this conflict are much deeper since they affect the very identity of the nation, then in formation. In any case, even a play was written to mock the explorer. This gave rise to doubts about the authenticity of the object, which has persisted to this day. The authors therefore studied the artifact to determine its cultural origin, while analyzing existing references to compare it with other pieces from the Amazon. They were thus able to validate the statue’s Amerindian identity, nearly 170 years after its discovery.

This article aims to show that, among the Waorani, a hunter-gatherer group of the Amazonian Northwest, dogs take a special position that, although they fulfill the attributes that have generally been associated with the condition of person, in the broad sense with which it is understood in the Amazonian indigenous context, they are excluded from the game of relationships that configure their socio-cosmic world. From this observation the existence of a type of beings is deduced, among which I will show that all those that the Waorani include in the category of cowori are included, whom I have refered to as "strange souls". The existence of this special category allows, in turn, to develop a series of reflections around the mechanisms of understanding regarding those realities that exceed their socio-cosmic space and, therefore, around their process of continued contact with the Western world. Thus, it aspires to contribute to two of the main challenges of Amazonian ontological anthropology: unraveling the ins and outs of the thinking and understanding of hunter-gatherer groups; and try to glimpse how they face their approach to the enveloping Western "modernity".

Some indigenous Maipure-Arawak groups of the Venezuelan Amazon maintain that a dog is not born but becomes a hunter, just as a child is not born but becomes a person, and both processes are possible thanks to the effort shared by all. Making a hunting dog involves the ingestion of pusanas – herbs related and analogous to a certain animal – which, mixed with its liver, cause temporary blindness in the dog. This text proposes that such a rite of passage operates a change of gaze in the dog that allows him to transcend his own perspective and travel the human and non-human worlds, dreaming his fights with wild animals, or his own death. It is there, in this complex network of transfers and fluctuations between plants, humans and wild animals, where the role of the dog becomes essential, since by curing the dog, its owner becomes the owner of tamed wild animals at the same time.

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Taking into account the implementation of specific tourism policies, from the 1970s onwards, the federal government carried out a series of measures aimed at expanding activity in the Amazon, among them, specifically, were the development plans of the region, or PDAS (the tourism plans of Amazonia I and II). In these plans, the spatial strategies were outlined in a very broad way, and above all the conception of development to which the Amazon region was subordinated. In this perspective, this article discusses the public tourism policies implemented for the region from the 1970s on, taking as an example the State of Pará. Finally debating the limits and possibility of tourist practices in the region.

The aim is to understand nature and region in the Amazon, discussing the possibilities and limits of ecological-economic zoning and regional development policies. From an interpretation of space-time relations in the Amazon, developing narratives and representations of the time and debating more recent scientific analyzes, it is sought to think about the alternatives and the implications put in the perspective of the environmental problematic about sense of the regional question, that minimally mitigate the social, economic and cultural inequalities that persist and deeply mark the humid tropics.

The spread of urbanization throughout the Brazilian territory in the second half of 20th century was the defining process of Brazilian socio-spatial organization at the period. In Brazilian Amazon, the integration process that were vectors of regional urbanization, caused a spatial fix was directly affected one of its major cities, Belém, in which the social production of urban space occurred due to disruption of the pre-existing regional-urban industrial sector. Between the objectives of this paper highlighted the results of such loss, that has been resulting, in Belém, the absence of a industrial sector capable of guidind the urban-industrial accumulation as other Brazilian regions, thus making more and more dependent of economic organization bases in a tertiary sector of nascent metropolitan economy. In terms of methodological procedures, this research was developed in three m the moments: literature review about urban and regional economics, documental and iconographic survey of observed process and collections and organizations of quantitative data that dialogue with the proposed qualitative analysis.

In the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries, Spaniards and Portuguese sought to create a passage between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans through the Amazon region. These various projects encountered obstacles of all kinds: the Dutch maritime expansion in South America and the military and economic crisis of the Spanish empire. The project of an Amazon passage will not succeed; it will remain a dream that would be pursued until today.

The article is an analysis of the fragmentation of the territory of Amapá, from the creation of the legally protected areas. Hence, the objective was to analyze this process of spacial intervention, which, in many cases, became areas pervaded by socioenvironmental conflicts. It is questioned that, such protected areas have not represented a real space for preservation or conservation, with several foms of dispute and manifestation of territory use, which inpact on the environment, economy and society. By the line of the critical thought, theoretical interpretations on the theme were carried out, as well as the use of data, maps and qualitative interviews. The article is divided into three sections: the first one presents a theoretical analysis about the Brazilian environmental agenda in a global context; the second, the historical formation of the state of Amapá and the units of conservation in its territory; the third one, the management and conflicts in the protected areas of Amapá, followed by the final considerations that bring the reflections aproached in the text.

The paper addresses two fieldwork carried out in Terra do Meio, a mosaic of protected areas located in the watershed of the Xingu River, in the state of Pará. This work is part of a doctoral process that aimed to analyze, in particular, the impacts of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, from the riverside perspective of the extractive reserves of Iriri, Xingu and Riozinho do Anfrísio. The main goal of this paper is to discuss challenges for scientific research in the Amazon region based on the experience of two field works carried out in conservation units in a region marked by contradictions, disputes, conflicts and a complex territorial experience. This is a qualitative and interdisciplinary research that involves both ethnographic methods, as well as participant observation, semi-structured interviews and different techniques of mapping and field research. Finally, this paper analyzes the challenges for research in an area marked by contradictions, disputes and conflicts with remarkable territorial complexity.

In this study, we described the dynamics of land-cover and gross carbon stocks and emissions (C) in 55 settlements in Legal Amazon, located in northern Mato Grosso state, between 2008 and 2016 and discussed their implications for climate change policies. C estimates were based on land-cover changes, obtained with Spot, Sentinel and Landsat image processing and field visits, and secondary data of mean carbon values ​​per vegetation class. The 55 settlements were originally covered by 685,000 ha of native vegetation (103 Tg C). Deforestation by 2016 was over 65%. Most of it (77%) occurred by 2008. Although restoration of consolidated areas (areas deforested before July 2008) is not mandatory, it can generate revenue from carbon credits, environmental reserve quotas, forest management and agroforestry. The deforested area per settlement by 2008 was strongly related to the deforestation per settlement between 2008 and 2016. This suggests that those who deforested a lot until 2008 tend to continue to do so until 2016. The annual deforestation rate between 2008 and 2016 was 12.7 thousand ha /year. If it remains the same, all native vegetation will have been suppressed in less than two decades. In general, the Sustainable-Development-Project settlements had less deforestation, which indicates that it is possible to associate agrarian reform and economic and social development with the conservation of the Amazon rainforest. However, it is necessary to strengthen policies toward payment for ecosystem services and forest management products (low-impact forest management and non-timber forest products). In order to do so, the integration of federal, state and local governments and market efforts is paramount.