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Administrative burden refers to the phenomenon by which the implementation of public policies and, more generally, interactions with the state, are experienced as onerous. Individuals face learning costs when acquiring information about public programs and services, compliance costs when trying to fulfill their rules, and psychological costs (stress, etc.) arising from interacting with these programs and services. This literature, almost exclusively in English, has developed at a breathtaking pace. This review essay takes stock of these recent developments and proposes a discussion structured around three themes: 1) What are administrative burdens and what issues do they raise? 2) What are the sources of burdens? and 3) What are their distributive and political consequences? Avenues for future research are suggested for each of these themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Françaises de Médecine d'Urgence is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on explore "the things of the world" through language and its organization. Topics include describing various registers, as seen in general language dictionaries, or establish connections between linguistic elements; and facilitating communication and fostering intercultural understanding.

The article presents the discussion on history of language classification is, in essence, the history of ideas. Topics include various methods and systems have been employed to organize language, ranging from genealogical classifications to taxonomic structures; and fundamental aspect of this journey, providing structure, organization, and meaning to the ever-evolving tapestry of human communication.

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Archéologique de Picardie is the property of Revue Archeologique de Picardie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Archéologique de Picardie is the property of Revue Archeologique de Picardie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the concept of "work" and its various meanings and implications. It aims to examine the polymorphic and ubiquitous nature of the term "work" and its consequences for both organizations and workers. It further explore the different usages and their effects on society, politics, and economics by tracing their genealogy and analyzing their circulation among individuals and institutions.

Copyright of Cahiers des Dix is the property of Societe des Dix and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Études Inuit Studies is the property of Centre interuniversitaire d'etudes et de recherches autochtones (CIERA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Gender Sociology, a field of teaching and research in construction at the University of Yaoundé 1 and at the Catholic Institute of Yaoundé (South-Cameroon)." Subsequent to the J. Moutome Ekambi (2004)'s article appraising the scientific status of "Women and Gender Studies" in Cameroon till 1990, the present paper tries to undertake a diachronic analysis of the scientific status of gender sociology at the university of Yaoundé 1 and at the Catholic Institute of Yaoundé, through changes in educational curriculum and in scientific works. The importance of gender sociology is evaluated here through the number and types of lessons taught as well as the total number of lecturers' publications and students' field studies, since the spontaneous emergence of this discipline in these two universities. After a brief disciplinary clarification, the authors realize, in turn, take stock of things and the perspectives for the construction of gender sociology in these two universities. Despite some significant progress over four decades, the influence of this disciplinary field will go through the organization of a scientific colloquium on the discipline in order to create educational and theoretical debates between the lecturers here and their colleagues of other African Nations, since many countries have many common social norms and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a corrected and revised version of a paper presented at the symposium "Traduire la poésie: les significations et le sens", organised by Yves Bonnefoy and Carlo Ossola (Fondation Hugot du Collège de France, Paris, 5-6 November 2015), the proceedings of which were never published. It proposes to investigate, in the introduction and in the historical-theoretical survey, the lines of development of a school of thought in translation which has always championed meaning, in our own times overcoming defining dualities and "prejudicial objection" in favour of rhythm and form as active features of poetic subjectivity. In the third section, the analysis and comparison between three versions of Leopardi's L'infinito allows us to draw attention in Jaccottet and Orcel to a tendency towards the imitative tracing of these features, which in the latter's translation also tend towards the archaic, whilst in Bonnefoy the move away from these formal similarities corresponds to the translator's poetic imperative, relating to his notion of "traduction au sens large", and extending also to the poet-translator's own creative work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the IFODS Congress (International and French Oncology Days) was held at the University City of Paris from June 11 to 13, 2019. It notes that many learned societies and associations of professionals gathered to disseminate most recent recommendations and knowledge to the actors of care in medical care. It adds that the main goal was to present common landmarks to all professionals to detect AEs early and to limit the impacts of chemotherapy.

The article presents minutes from the meeting held by board members (CA) of the Société des études robespierristes (Society for Robespierre Studies, SER), presided by Michel Biard, at its offices in Ivry-sur-Seine, France. Topics of discussion include a review of the minutes from the board's June 18, 2016 meeting, the Albert Mathiez Prize, named after the French historian who specialized in the French Revolution, and the two new issue's of this journal.

The article presents minutes from the meeting held by board members of the Société des études robespierristes (Society for Robespierre Studies, SER), presided by Michel Biard, at its offices in Ivry-sur-Seine, France. Topics of discussion include memberships, the debate over the association's name and identity, the state of this journal, and the association's website and finances.

The article presents minutes from the annual general assembly held by the Société des études robespierristes (Society for Robespierre Studies, SER), presided by Michel Biard, at the Sorbonne University's Marc Bloch Hall in Paris, France. Topics of discussion include the 2015 moral report, memberships, publication sales and releases in 2015, the publishing and sale of this journal, and the 2015 financial report.

The article presents minutes from the meeting held by board members of the Société des études robespierristes (Society for Robespierre Studies, SER) at its offices in Ivry-sur-Seine, France. Topics include memberships, activities including the colloquium Collectionner la Révolution française, finances, and the future of the Institut d'Histoire de la Révolution française (Institute for the History of the French Revolution, IHRF) under the direction of Pierre Serna.

Since the year 2000, in Québec, ministries and public organizations must include historical comparisons as part of their accountability documents. External comparisons and targets remain optional. This study presents an analysis of 98 reports produced in the course of a 12-year period (three by organizations that are subject to the Public Administration Act and three by organizations that are not). The results show no difference between the six organizations. The popularity of internal comparisons increases over time, but no external comparisons or targets are presented to the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on concerning the organization of the family as well as war or architecture. Topics include extracting from the ground where the archives feeding the research showing the permanent interaction and sequence of the different phases of the approach; and making archeology a human science capable of asking questions on all social phenomena.