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This article presents a contribution to multi-criteria decision support intended for industrial decision-makers in order to determine the best compromise between design criteria when working on risky or innovative products. In (RENAUD et al. 2008) we used the OWA operator (Ordered Weighted Average), a well-known multi-criteria analysis technique introduced by (YAGER 1988). The interest of this aggregation method is, beyond its ease of use, its ability to evaluate a product according to a single scale. When using the OWA method, the choice of criterion weights and their values remains an important and delicate operation. Indeed, the weights are not fixed by criterion but according to a level of utility (FISHBURN 1967). The weights can, in addition, be determined using different methods. A traditional approach consists in estimating the weights from an a priori selection of the most representative samples by an expert. We propose a new approach based on applied D-Optimality to determine the best sample. The results of the two approaches are compared. Indeed, in some multi-criteria decision problems, it is difficult to choose the method that best describes the behavior of the decision maker. As said above, the first part of this paper presents an original method based on D-optimality to determine the most representative set of samples to determine the decision parameters. This method has been applied and validated in an OWA approach. It has been shown that the accuracy and reliability of the method have been improved. Since the OWA application has been improved, the other goal of this paper is to verify whether the real decision maker has an OWA-based behavior or not. To achieve this, the D-optimality approach is applied to the MAUT (Multi-Attribute Utility Theory) approach to find the best set of samples. The results of the two methods are compared. Both approaches show that, while OWA better simulates the decision maker's behavior, there is still a gap between its scores and that of OWA. The question here is how to improve the accuracy of the score estimated by OWA compared to those given by the expert. Subsequently, a hybrid approach is tested, such as a linear combination of the MAUT and OWA approaches. The results obtained with this combination were found to be more accurate than those of OWA. However, we also tested the CHOQUET discrete integral approach. In other words, it is possible to find a model capable of better describing the decision maker's behavior., Comment: in French language

The ranking of possible alternatives during the design or operation of an industrial process leads to the definition of a solution representing the best compromise between several contradictory objectives. The choice of solution is a decision that can be modeled using knowledge of the corresponding preferences. The decision and preference model used is that of flow balances. Munster cheese is used as an example. These are highly distinctive cheeses that are not suitable for uninformed consumers. If the decision-maker wishes to widen his consumer panel, he must modify the production line settings. In the event of a change in preferences due to an external influence, the decision-maker must adapt, but not too abruptly, to avoid both production line oscillations and consumer annoyance. To solve this problem, we propose a new technique: dynamic flow balances. This makes it possible to forecast production trends. Prospects are also proposed, such as the creation of a multi-criteria predictive control., Comment: in French language

From 1994, we began to use ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) in the diagnosis of PCP. This is aELISA for capturing antigens (PACE) possibly contained in the samples. The advantage of this test comes from the fact that it is completelyindependent of cell cultures. In addition, it is fast: the result can be obtained in less than 36 hours. A study of its standardizationcarried out in Australia gave a sensitivity (Se) of 99%, a specificity (Sp) close to 100% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.7%. Due to its high specificity, the test gives a negative result to all true negatives, in other words, the negatives of the test correspond to thetrue negatives. A variant of the capture ELISA, the CTB-ELISA or complex trapping blocking ELISA allows the quantity of antibodies to be measureddirected against the non-structural protein, p80 (or NS3), contained in animal sera. Evaluation of the level of anti-NS3 antibodiesconstitutes an excellent assessment of the level of neutralizing antibodies because the correlation coefficient between these two types of antibodies, the firstobtained by CTB-ELISA, and the second by serum neutralization (VNT), is very high (r = 0.98).The two tests being capable, one of detecting pestiviral antigens and the other of measuring antibodies specific to each of thegroups, constitutes an excellent tool for the qualitative control of anti-CSF vaccine., Comment: in French language

This report aims to highlight the humanitarian consequences of the dysfunction at the UN Security Council and humanitarian finance mechanisms. A few powerful states are obstructing peace processes and undermining international laws which should be equally binding for all people. There are 23 protracted crises examined in this report, with case studies on the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Syria and Ukraine. The growth of humanitarian needs, gaps in humanitarian funding, and the impacts of veto and penholding power are explored., Ahead of the Summit of the Future in 2024, Oxfam urges the UN member states to use this opportunity to take decisive and bold action to rebuild a more equal, inclusive, efficient, and responsive system. This will ensure that they fulfil their roles in reducing and resolving crises to avoid the spiralling humanitarian consequences of protracted conflict.

Between 2017 and 2022, Oxfam examined aid to DRM from multiple donors provided to multiple low- and middle-income countries. This synthesis report seeks to draw lessons across these studies. The key issues examined include tradeoffs between efficiency and effectiveness in generating revenues on the one hand, and equity on the other; whether donors support direct or indirect taxation; the progressivity of instruments supported; whether aid to DRM explicitly links revenues to poverty reduction (health, education, social protection); whether aid supports country ownership; and whether aid explicitly seeks to advance gender equality.