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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a widespread disease with high impact on global health. While general population screening is not currently indicated, the primary care physician has the critical role of identifying asymptomatic patients who are particularly at risk for PAD and could therefore benefit from screening. In addition, he or she must recognize the typical and atypical clinical presentations of patients with symptomatic PAD to ensure proper diagnosis and care. After an adequate medical history and clinical examination, the first diagnostic test is the « Ankle-Brachial Index » (ABI) calculation. In case of pathologic ABI (≤ 0.9, or1.4), or in case of normal or borderline ABI with symptoms, the patient should be referred to a vascular medicine physician for diagnostic confirmation and management.L’artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs est une maladie très répandue ayant un impact remarquable sur la santé mondiale. Bien que le dépistage dans la population générale ne soit pas indiqué, le médecin de premier recours a le rôle essentiel d’identifier les patients asymptomatiques qui pourraient bénéficier du dépistage. En outre, il·elle doit reconnaître les présentations cliniques typiques et atypiques chez les patients symptomatiques, afin d’assurer le diagnostic. Après l’anamnèse et l’examen clinique, le premier test de dépistage est le calcul de l’index cheville-bras. En cas de valeurs pathologiques (≤ 0,9 ou1,4), normales ou « borderline » en présence de symptômes, le patient doit être adressé à un angiologue pour confirmation du diagnostic et prise en charge.

Peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities (PAD) is a serious condition, frequently under-evaluated. Long asymptomatic, it is easily detected by measuring the ankle-brachial index (ABI), a reference tool that is reliable, reproducible, simple and inexpensive. The objective of this thesis was to determine the rate of achievement of ABI in French Haute Autorité de santé indications, identify the associated factors and prioritize the obstacles to achieving ABI.Descriptive and analytical epidemiological study, with analysis of practices, prospectively addressed by postal questionnaire to a randomized sample of 220 general practitioners practicing in the European Metropolis of Lille between December 15, 2016 and February 15, 2017.Our sample consisted of 92 GPs (42% participation). Among them, only 6 practiced ABI, notably for: intermittent claudication (n=5: 5%, IC95% [1; 10]), the existence of at least 2 cardiovascular risk factors (n=2: 2%, IC95% [0; 5]), diabetic patients over 40 years of age (n=2: 2%, IC95% [0; 5]), patients with diabetes (n=2: 2%, IC95% [0; 5]), patients with diabetes (n=2: 1%, IC95% [0; 5]), patients with diabetes (n=2: 1%, IC95% [0; 5]), and patients with diabetes (n=2: 1%, IC95% [0; 5]): 2%, CI95% [0; 5]), patients over 50 years of age with a history of diabetes or smoking (n=2: 2%, CI95% [0; 5]), or those with an unhealed lower extremity skin lesion (n=5: 5%, CI95% [1; 10]). The most frequently cited barriers were: the prescription of a routine echo-doppler (61%, 95% CI [51; 71]), lack of control (46%, 95% CI [36; 56]), time considered too long (17%, 95% CI [10; 25]), and equipment purchase or maintenance (19%, 95% CI [10.5; 26.4]).ABI is few used in our sample, mainly due to delegation to angiologists.

Coronary artery disease is mainly due to atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of peripheral arterial disease in proven coronary artery disease and to determine the associated factors in our context.We included in a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study 224 patients with proven coronary artery disease confirmed on coronary angiography from March 1 to October 30, 2019. It took place in the external exploration department of the Abidjan Heart Institute. An ultrasonographic exploration of the supra-aortic trunks and arteries of the lower extremity with measurement of the ankle brachial index (ABI) was carried out.The mean age was 57.4±10.9 years (27-81years). There was a clear male predominance with a sex-ratio of 5. The prevalence of carotid artery disease was 56.4% of patients. The main factors associated with elevated Intima Media Thickness (IMT) and the presence of carotid plaques were male sex (OR=8.8; P=0.038), smoking (OR=2.5; P=0.049) and multi-truncular involvement (OR=3.2; P=0.014). In the lower extremities, there was a prevalence of peripheral arterial disease of 48.5%. The main factors associated with the decrease of ABI were age ≥50 years (OR=2.6; P=0.043), diabetes (OR=2.8; P=0.02), dyslipidemia (OR=3.8; P=0.001) and pluri-truncular involvement (OR=4.5; P0.0001).The presence of significant coronary artery disease in our context is associated with a high prevalence of peripheral carotid artery and lower extremity artery disease. This is all the more so as we are male, over 50 years old, pluri-truncular with many cardiovascular risk factors.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD), an important component of the cardiovascular triad, has been linked with obesity as one of the risk factors for its development. The risk posed by obesity however varies depending on the indices measured.We compared the relationship of measures of central and visceral obesity (waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) versus that of general obesity (body mass index (BMI) in the development of PAD among Nigerians with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus. PAD was diagnosed when Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) was0.9 in either limb.A total of 541 patients (194 males and 347 females) were studied with a mean age of 58.4(±0.46)years. The mean BMI, WC and WHR were 27.8 (±0.222)kg/m2, 96.8 (±0.515)cm and 0.941 (±0.003) respectively. Although the mean BMI, WC and WHR were higher in patients with PAD than those without PAD, the difference was only statistically significant for WC and WHR (p=0.003 and p=0.016) but not BMI (p=0.151). However, the difference in mean BMI was statistically significant in patients60 years (p=0.015) but not in those60 years (p=0.953).This study has shown that in Nigerian Africans measures of central and visceral obesity were more related to the development of PAD than BMI which is a measure of general obesity and that this lack of significance is probably due to the fact that PAD occurred more in older people as there was a significant relationship with PAD in people younger than 60 years old.

The measurement of the ankle-brachial pressure index is essential for the treatment of leg ulcers. In the framework of the imminent implementation of advanced practices in France, nurses specifically trained in wound care and healing could be authorised to take and interpret this measurement. Venous compression techniques could therefore be adapted more precisely to the needs of the patients.

Lower limb peripheral artery disease is highly prevalent worldwide and in France. Three different stages can be found: asymptomatic stage, exercise ischemia stage, rest ischemia stage. This review based on current recommendations presents how to diagnose the different stages (Ankle brachial index, Toe-brachial index, oxymetry at rest and exercise oxymetry) in order to manage these patients.

Peripheral arterial disease is a marker of systemic atherosclerosis; it is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease by measuring the ankle-brachial pressure index in patients at high cardiovascular risk and to study the risk factors associated with this disease.This was a descriptive and analytic cross-sectional study which focused on 370 patients seen at the medical consultation for atherosclerosis prevention. The ankle-brachial index was measured with a portable Doppler (BIDOP 3) using 4 and 8Hz dual frequency probes. The standards were: normal ankle-brachial index 0.9 to 1.3; peripheral artery obstructive disease ankle-brachial index less than 0.9; poorly compressible artery (medial arterial calcification) ankle-brachial index greater than 1.3. Cardiovascular risk factors were also studied.Three hundred and seventy subjects (mean age 65.5±8.7years) were screened Cardiovascular risk factors were: sedentary lifestyle (91.5 %), hypertension (68.1 %), elevated LDL-cholesterolemia (36.3 %), diabetes (48.3 %) and tobacco smoking (33.8 %). The prevalence of peripheral artery disease was 32.4 % of which 77.5 % were asymptomatic. We found a significant correlation with smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia and the presence of coronary artery disease or vascular cerebral disease. Screening for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with the ankle-brachial index has increased the percentage of polyvascular patients from 6.2 to 29 %. Factors independently associated with PAD were advanced age, presence of cardiovascular disease, smoking and glycated hemoglobin.PAD is a common condition in people at high cardiovascular risk, the frequency of asymptomatic forms justifies the screening with pocket Doppler which is a simple, inexpensive and effective test to assess the overall cardiovascular risk.

Systemic sclerosis is characterized by cutaneous sclerosis, vascular disease and immunological dysfunction. The prevalence of macrovascular disease remains controversial.This was a descriptive prospective single-center study conducted in the vascular medicine department of the University Hospital of Bordeaux from July 1 to September 1, 2015. All inpatients followed for systemic scleroderma were included. Each patient had a Doppler ultrasound of the supra-aortic, upper and lower limb, and digital arteries as well as the aorta. The main objective of the study was to describe the presence and location of arterial lesions in patients with systemic sclerosis.Of the twenty patients included, there were 13 women and 7 men; mean age was 58±16years. Patients exhibited wall thickening (n=16, 80%), calcified plaques (n=10, 50%), hemodynamically significant stenoses (n=3, 15%) and arterial occlusions (n=12, 60%). Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) was 0.98±0.16 on the right and 0.99±0.21 on the left. Two patients had ABPI0.8. The mean brachial systolic blood pressure was 113±14mmHg. Arterial mapping (860 arterial sites) found wall thickening (n=93 arteries, 10%), calcified plaques (n=47, 5%), hemodynamically significant stenoses (n=7) and occlusions (n=22). Arterial occlusions were located in the ulnar arteries (n=2), the digital arteries (n=18), the posterior tibial artery (n=1) and the dorsalis pedis artery (n=1).The data of our study correlate with macrovascular disease described in the literature. This finding raises two questions: how does this concept integrate with the severity of Raynaud's phenomenon and the risk of digital ulcers and changes in patients' capillaroscopic landscape during follow-up? What is the cause of these vascular anomalies, some of which are very different from what is observed in atherosclerosis?

Determine whether general practitioners have sufficient expertise in the field of leg ulcers.A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 179 general practitioners working in the region Île-de-France to evaluate the implementation of leg ulcer guidelines issued by the Superior Health Authority (HAS) in 2006. Participating physicians were either internship supervisors or practitioners in Paris' 14th district.The first hundred usable answers (response rate 65%) came from 71 internship supervisors and 29 practitioners of Paris' 14th district. Only 40% of the physicians were aware of the guidelines, with no significant difference noted between the two groups. 9/10 practitioners examined less than 10 patients with leg ulcers per year. Physical examinations were done according to the guidelines and a venous Doppler was prescribed in two thirds of the cases. The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) essential to diagnose lower limb arteriopathy was measured for only 10% of the patients. In accordance with the guidelines, compression was by far (73%) considered as the main treatment as compared to dressing (37%), but compression therapy was well prescribed in only one-third of the cases. Despite poor prognosis criteria (characteristic and time course), referral for a specialized opinion was rare.Even if they were not always aware of the detailed guidelines, the practitioners applied the main recommendations. Nevertheless, practices could be improved by measuring the ABPI, searching for a diagnosis of arteriopathy, and better prescription of compression therapy. General practitioners should refer patients with leg ulcers to a specialized hospital unit.

With the aging of the global population, the prevalence of non-communicable, including cardiovascular, diseases is increasing. While epidemiological studies on peripheral artery disease (PAD) have been mainly conducted in high-income countries, a few have been carried out in low-and middle-income countries, including in Africa. EPIDEMCA (Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa) is a cross-sectional population-based study in rural and urban areas of two countries of Central Africa: Central African Republic (CAR) and the Republic of Congo (ROC). Overall, its aim was to investigate the health status in aging population in Central Africa, with a special focus on cognitive disorders, PAD (Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) ≤0.90). and cardiovascular risk factors as well as their inter-relationship. The EPIDEMCA program was carried out, among people aged 65 years and over, between 2011 and 2012. Among 2002 subjects who agreed to participate, reliable demographic and vascular data were available in 1871 subjects.Overall, the prevalence of PAD was 14.8% reachting 22.2% after the age of 80. The prevalence was higher in ROC than in CAR (17.4% vs. 12.2%, p=0.0071) and in females than males (16.6% vs. 11.9%, p=0.0122). Higher rates of PAD were found in urban area in ROC (20.7% vs. 14.4% in rural area, p=0.0114), not in CAR (11.5% vs. 12.9%, p=ns). In the multivariate analysis, PAD significantly associated factors were described: age (OR: 1.03; p=0.0039), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.88; p=0.0034), smoking (OR: 1.78; p=0.0026), and more specifically undernutrition (OR: 2.09, p=0.0009). Undernutrition was still significantly associated with PAD after adjustment to all potential confounding factors in males as well as in females (OR: 2.82, p= 0.0038 respectively OR: 1.75, p= 0.0492). As epidemiological research on the implication of atherosclerosis in the development of cognitive impairment in general population is lacking in Africa, we focused on the role of ABI as an available marker of atherosclerosis, providing independent and incremental information on subjects’ susceptibility to present cognitive disorders.The prevalence of cognitive impairment among the study participants was 13.6%, higher in subjects with ABI≤0.9 and ABI≥1.4 than those with 0.9

The ankle-brachial index (ABI) can be measured to diagnose peripheral artery disease (PAD) and used as an independent marker of cardiovascular risk. What are the teaching methods for ABI in French medical schools? What are the data in the literature showing the link between and educational interventions and ABI competency?A questionnaire to assess how ABI is taught in the second and third cycles of French medical schools was sent to vascular medicine chairs of each faculty. A systematic review of the literature in PubMed was performed including articles that studied the effect of an educational intervention on this competency.Sixty-five percent of vascular medicine chairs (teachers) responded. ABI was taught in the second cycle in all medical schools. In 75% of schools, ABI was taught as part of lectures on PAD. Practical training was implemented in the second cycle in 20% of medical schools and in the third cycle in 60%. Teachers are statistically less satisfied with their way of teaching in the second cycle compared with the third cycle. Four articles have studied the effect of an educational intervention. Practical training improves student performance.Most of vascular medicine teachers used lectures to teach ABI. This type of teaching does not favor the development of this medical competency. The best way of teaching this competency should be addressed. Homogenization in the way ABI is taught would be necessary at national and international levels.

Background: Pseudoxanthoma eslasticum (PXE) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by elastic fiber fragmentation and calcification in the cutaneous, ophthalmologic, and vascular tissues. Cardiovascular manifestations such as peripheral arterial disease are frequent in PXE, cardiac involvement is more sporadic. Data about cerebrovascular manifestations are sparse in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of symptomatic stroke, the prevalence of extra-cranial cerebrovascular arteries abnormalities and to determine the predictive factors could explain those manifestations. Methods: This was a retrospective study, wich took place at the PXE Consultation Center, University Hospital of Angers from 2000 to 2014. The subjects were 114 patients (mean age, (45 ± 17 years)) with PXE clinically proven on the basis of established criteria (skin changes, angioid streaks, and skin biopsy). All patients received a complete vascular cartography by ultrasound and computed tomography (CT scan), particularly a morphologic and hemodynamic parameters' study of the cerebrovascular and lower limb arteries. Also, personnal and familial vascular history more particularly strokes were noted and all the classical cardiovascular disease's risk factors and ultra sensitive C–reactive protein were measured. Results: 9.65 percent of the PXE patients had a stroke during that time. The latter were younger than the general population: the average age was (54 ±15 years) evenly shared between male (n=5) and female (n=6). Hypertension (p=0.006), low ankle brachial index (ABI) (p=0.0035), coronary calcium score (p=0.045) could explain stroke risks as we can expect in the general population. Moreover, 12 patients had internal carotid hypoplasia defined by a diameter < 3mm. 3 of them had a stroke history. The risk to develop stroke is not significative in this particular patient according to our study (p=0.669). This carotid hypoplasia is associated to a low ABI (p=0.005) and to a lesser diameter of the common carotid artery (p=0.0001) and these to could be specific to PXE. Conclusion: PXE, a metabolic and secondary connective tissue disorder is a cause of stroke among young people. Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome could precipitate and worsen the risk to develop stroke in PXE patients. Internal carotid hypoplasia has been discovered for the first time in PXE patients and it could be pathognomonic. This extra-cranial malformation discovery must trigger off PXE diagnostic among the patient and therefore afk for cerebral magnetic resonance (MRI)., Introduction : Le Pseudoxanthome élastique (PXE) est une maladie génétique rare, autosomique récessive, caractérisée par un processus de fragmentation des fibres élastiques appelé élastorrhexie et de calcification tissulaire ectopique touchant principalement la peau, la rétine et le système vasculaire. Les manifestations cardiovasculaires comme l'artériopathie des membres inférieurs sont fréquentes dans le PXE et les manifestations cardiaques sont plus sporadiques. Les données de littérature concernant les manifestations cérébrovasculaires sont éparses et sont l'objet de ''case report''. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d'évaluer la prévalence d'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) symptomatique, la prévalence des anomalies artérielles extracrâniennes et de déterminer les facteurs prédictifs pouvant expliquer ces manifestations. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective monocentrique ayant eu lieu, de 2000 à 2014, au centre de consultation de référence du PXE au CHU d'Angers. Les patients avaient un âge moyen de (45±17 ans) et le diagnostic de PXE était basé sur les critères validés à savoir les signes cutanés typiques, une biopsie cutanée positive et la présence de stries angioïdes. Tous les patients ont reçu un cartographie vasculaire complète plus particulièrement une étude morphologique et hémodynamique des troncs supra-aortique et des artères des membres inférieurs. Aussi, les antécédents vasculaires personnels et familiaux ont été recherchés, de même que les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire (FDRCV) et la mesure de la protéine de l'inflammation, la CRP ultra-sensible. Résultats : 9.65% des patients PXE ont eu un AVC durant la période de suivi. L'âge moyen de survenu était de (54±15 ans) également réparti entre les hommes (n=5) et les femmes (n=6). L'hypertension artérielle (HTA) (p=0.006), l'index de pression systolique à la cheville (IPSc) (p=0.0035) et le score calcique coronaire (p=0.045) sont les facteurs prédictifs d'AVC chez les patients PXE et cela ne diffère pas de ce qui est retrouvé dans la populationgénérale. D'autre part, 12 patients de la cohorte présentent une hypoplasie de la carotide interne définit par un diamètre

With the aging of the global population, the prevalence of non-communicable, including cardiovascular, diseases is increasing. While epidemiological studies on peripheral artery disease (PAD) have been mainly conducted in high-income countries, a few have been carried out in low-and middle-income countries, including in Africa. EPIDEMCA (Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa) is a cross-sectional population-based study in rural and urban areas of two countries of Central Africa: Central African Republic (CAR) and the Republic of Congo (ROC). Overall, its aim was to investigate the health status in aging population in Central Africa, with a special focus on cognitive disorders, PAD (Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) ≤0.90). and cardiovascular risk factors as well as their inter-relationship. The EPIDEMCA program was carried out, among people aged 65 years and over, between 2011 and 2012. Among 2002 subjects who agreed to participate, reliable demographic and vascular data were available in 1871 subjects.Overall, the prevalence of PAD was 14.8% reachting 22.2% after the age of 80. The prevalence was higher in ROC than in CAR (17.4% vs. 12.2%, p=0.0071) and in females than males (16.6% vs. 11.9%, p=0.0122). Higher rates of PAD were found in urban area in ROC (20.7% vs. 14.4% in rural area, p=0.0114), not in CAR (11.5% vs. 12.9%, p=ns). In the multivariate analysis, PAD significantly associated factors were described: age (OR: 1.03; p=0.0039), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.88; p=0.0034), smoking (OR: 1.78; p=0.0026), and more specifically undernutrition (OR: 2.09, p=0.0009). Undernutrition was still significantly associated with PAD after adjustment to all potential confounding factors in males as well as in females (OR: 2.82, p= 0.0038 respectively OR: 1.75, p= 0.0492). As epidemiological research on the implication of atherosclerosis in the development of cognitive impairment in general population is lacking in Africa, we focused on the role of ABI as an available marker of atherosclerosis, providing independent and incremental information on subjects’ susceptibility to present cognitive disorders.The prevalence of cognitive impairment among the study participants was 13.6%, higher in subjects with ABI≤0.9 and ABI≥1.4 than those with 0.9, Le vieillissement de la population mondiale s’accompagne de l’augmentation de la prévalence des maladies non transmissibles, dont certaines liées à l’athérosclérose. Les études épidémiologiques sur l’artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs (AOMI) ont été majoritairement menées dans les pays occidentaux. Peu d’entre elles sont conduites dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu, comme les pays africains alors que la rapide transition socio-économique de ces pays entraîne une modification épidémiologique importante. Le programme EPIDEMCA (Épidémiologie des Démences en Afrique Centrale), enquête épidémiologique transversale multicentrique en population générale âgée de 65 ans et plus, a été mené en zones rurales et urbaines de deux pays d’Afrique Centrale: la République Centrafricaine (RCA) et la République du Congo (RDC), entre 2011 et 2012. Durant la première phase, l’enquête épidémiologique a permis de déterminer la prévalence de l’AOMI et d’analyser les facteurs de risque associés. L’AOMI a été définie par un Index de Pression Systolique (IPS) ≤ 0,9. Parmi les 1871 participants évalués sur le plan vasculaire, la prévalence de l’AOMI a été de 14,8% et atteignant 22,2% pour les sujets âgés de 80 ans et plus. Une prévalence plus importante de l’AOMI a été retrouvée dans les zones urbaines en RDC (20,7% versus 14,4% dans la zone rurale, p=0,0114). Cette différence n’a pas été retrouvée en RCA (11,5% urbain versus 12,9%, rural p=NS). Après ajustement à tous les possible facteurs confondants, des facteurs de risque associés avec l’AOMI ont été décrits : l’âge (OR: 1,03 ; p=0,0039), l’hypercholestérolémie (OR: 1,88 ; p=0,0034), le tabac (OR: 1,78 ; p=0,0026). Plus particulièrement, cette première étude en population générale ayant analysé spécifiquement le rôle de la dénutrition (Index de Masse Corporelle

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is under-diagnosed despite its predictive value for cardiovascular mortality. The ankle brachial index (ABI), a simple reliable measure recommended by the French health authorities to detect and evaluate the severity of PAD, is used by too few general practitioners (GPs).This study aimed at identifying motivations and barriers for using ABI in general practice.A representative, descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 165 GPs practicing in Île-de-France who were interviewed using stratified quotas.Although 1 out of 5 GPs considered ABI to be an irrelevant indicator, most had a favorable opinion about its use (OR: 4.9 [CI 95 %: 4.2-5.7]). Only 42 % (CI 95 %: 34 %-49 %) of GPs knew ABI was recommended by the health authorities. This information had a critical impact on the acceptance of ABI relevancy (OR: 3.7 [CI 95 %: 3.2-4.2]). Training reinforced acceptance (OR: 5.0 [CI 95 %: 4.4-5.6]) and pre-residency education provided a better understanding of ABI (OR: 2.8 [CI 95 %: 2.3-3.4]). Time needed to measure ABI was the main barrier (OR: 0.6 [CI 95 %: 0.6-0.7]). A Doppler-calculation kit (OR: 11.8 [CI 95 %: 8.9-15.6]), equipment cost≤300Euros (OR: 3.4 [CI 99 %: 3.0-3.9]), a specific fee in addition to the regular consultation fee (OR: 2.6 [CI 95 %: 2.3-3.0]) and inclusion of ABI in the GP's evaluation scheme (OR: 2.6 [CI 95 %: 2.3-2.9]) would motivate more GPs. Seven out of 10 GPs agreed that ABI has a positive impact on patient adherence to treatment and follow-up, but ABI remained underexploited for symptomatic patients (OR: 0.4 [CI 95 %: 0.3-0.4]).Better communication and training together with an upgraded status for ABI would provide motivation for GPs to measure ABI.

International audience; OBJECTIVE: Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) by Doppler ultrasound is the gold standard non invasive method for screening of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This reference method is little used in routine practice, particularly by vascular disease specialists since the most recent ultrasound devices no longer have continuous wave probes. The purpose of our survey was to assess interobserver reproducibility of color-Doppler measurements made in a first population, then second, to assess the correlation between ABPI measurements made with color-Doppler and with ultrasound Doppler in a second population. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients meeting screening criteria for AOMI defined by the French Health Authorities (HAS, 2006) participated in the study between October 2010 and April 2011 in the Echo Doppler and Vascular Medicine unit of the Brest University teaching hospital: 22 patients for interobserver reproducibility and 98 for color-Doppler - continuous Doppler correlation study. Two independent operators measured the ABPI index in each of the 98 patients using color-Doppler and continuous Doppler in random order, producing 353 measurements. Reliability and reproducibility were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient of correlation (ICC) determined with Spearman and the Bland-Altman methods. RESULTS: The ABPI was less than 0.90 in 62% of patients. The color-Doppler reproducibility study showed a mean difference of 0.02 [95% CI: -0.02 to 0.17] using the Bland Altman method with ICC equal to 0.89 (P

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAOD) and cardiovascular risk factors associated with the ankle-brachial index (ABI) in Senegalese patients aged 40 years and over.We prospectively studied a random sample of Senegalese aged 40 years and older, residing in the city of St.-Louis, Senegal. The ABI was measured with a portable doppler (DIADOP 50) using 4 and 8Hz dual frequency probes. The standards were: normal ABI 0.9 to 1.3; peripheral artery obstructive disease (PAOD) ABI less than 0.9; incompressible artery ABI greater than 1.3. Cardiovascular risk factors were also studied.Seven hundred and seventy-one subjects (mean age 57 ± 11.2 years, 559 women) were examined. Cardiovascular risk factors were: sedentary lifestyle (76.4%), hypertension (68%), obesity (32.1%), elevated LDL-cholesterolemia (27.8%), diabetes (18.3%) and tobacco smoking (6.9%). Ninety-three subjects (12.1%) had PAOD and 37 subjects (4.8%) had an incompressible artery. PAOD was significantly more common in sedentary subjects (P=0.008), in the elderly (P=0.0006) and in patients with a history of coronary artery disease (P=0.04). Smoking was not strongly associated with PAOD.PAOD is common in Senegalese and is associated with high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.

International audience; ObjectivesPseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by elastic fiber fragmentation and calcification in the cutaneous, ophthalmologic, and vascular tissues. Cardiovascular manifestations such as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are frequent in PXE. Because of the changes in the elastic properties and medial calcification of the arterial wall in PXE, the impact of the arterial remodeling on the ankle brachial index (ABI), a well-established diagnostic method for the detection and follow-up of PAD, remains to be determined in this disease. Methods This was a cross-sectional, comparative, open study, which took place at the PXE Consultation Center, University Hospital of Angers. The subjects were 53 patients (mean age, 49 ± 14 years; 35 females) with PXE clinically proven on the basis of established criteria (skin changes, angioid streaks, and skin biopsy). The ABI at rest, symptoms of intermittent claudication (IC), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-f PWV), compliance (CC), and β stiffness index were measured in a single-center cohort. Results Forty-five percent of the PXE patients had an ABI ≤0.90, but only one patient had an ABI >1.40. IC was found in 23% of the patients with an ABI ≤0.90. There were no significant differences between the patients with a low and normal ABI in terms of IMT (P = .566) or β stiffness index (P = .194), but differences were significant for c-f PWV (P = .010) and CC (P = .011). Adjusted multivariate linear regression for the Framingham-Laurier score showed that patients with a low ABI had less compliant carotid arteries (B = 0.318, P = .039). Conclusions PAD detected by a low ABI is very frequent in PXE, although with limited prevalence of symptomatic claudication. Unexpectedly, ABI was low in such calcifying PAD and associated with lower CC, independently of atherosclerosis risk factors. These findings demonstrate that PXE represents a unique monogenic model of PAD in which the specific arterial wall remodeling could change the diagnostic value of the ABI to detect PAD.

The ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) makes it possible to diagnose peripheral artery disease (PAD) and identify patients with a vascular risk. Recently, the Haute Autorité de santé (HAS) issued guidelines. We wanted to determine the interest and impact of these guidelines when applied to patients hospitalised in an internal medicine department.We systematically measured the ABPI in two internal medicine departments. We compared the results obtained with the screening criteria and the good practices recommended by the HAS.The screening criteria recommended by the HAS were already applied in 91% of our 97 patients. PAD was found in 37.1% of patients. In 83% of cases, the diagnosis was unknown (p = 0.02). The PAD was symptomatic in 83% of the known PAD cases, and 3.3% in newly-diagnosed cases (p0.001)). The sensitivity of the HAS screening criteria applied to our population was 100% but almost patients justifies ABPI screening. The specificity was 11.5%, the positive predictive value 40% and the negative predictive value 100%. The optimal treatment recommended was implemented in only 50% of patients with known arteriopathy and in 10% of newly-diagnose PAD (p = 0.04).PAD prevalence is high in internal medicine department and systematic measurement of ABPI is effective. Determining patients to screen with the HAS criteria has a poor impact in our patients. The optimal treatment is still extremely under-prescribed even in patients with known PAD.

International audience; The widespread use of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) enabled to reveal the high prevalence of lower extremities peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in women, even higher than in men in several series. Nonetheless, the use of a same ABI threshold for men and women may overestimate the prevalence of subclinical PAD in women. Conversely, the clinical manifestations of PAD are more often atypical in women, with as a result, a delayed diagnosis and management. The level of association between cardiovascular disease risk factors and PAD is similar in both genders. To date, there is no evidence for any association between PAD and different hormonal events in women. Despite an inverse association between hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause and PAD in epidemiological studies, the trials failed to evidence any protective effect of HRT to prevent PAD. Women with PAD are advised to discontinue HRT in case of limb revascularization. The long-term local and functional prognosis of PAD seems more severe in women, but this is partly explained by a delayed onset of the disease, occurring at a later age. Similarly, the general cardiovascular prognosis PAD is also poorer in women than in men.

The Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is the easiest non-invasive method for the assessment of peripheral arterial diseases (PAD) but remains uncommon in general practice, because of the need for training and specific devices. The purpose of this survey was to assess the reliability of the automated oscillometric measurement of the ABPI, compared with the gold-standard Doppler ultrasound measurement.A study was conducted on patients aged 65 years and over without diagnosed PAD hospitalized in the Teaching Hospital of Angers (France) from July 2008 to March 2009. In compressive ankle arteries and atrial fibrillation were exclusion criteria. ABPI measurements were performed by the same examiner with oscillometric and Doppler devices. Reproducibility was assessed by the intra-class correlation coefficient of agreement (ICC) and the Bland-Altman method.Out of the 287 eligible hospitalized patients, 221 patients were included in the study and 56 (25%) had an ABPI below 0.90. The inter-method reliability is poor (ICC = 0.35+/-0.08) and the mean difference between the methods was 0.08+/-0.26 according to the Bland-Altman method.Automatic oscillometric devices cannot be recommended as a reliable alternative to access the ABPI.

A 24-year-old African who had been living in France for few years first consulted at our institution for severe systemic hypertension. He had no prior medical or surgical history. The patient was strictly asymptomatic. Except for systemic hypertension at both arms, the basic physical examination was normal with no cardiac murmur and no pulse deficit. A 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring performed before the consultation confirmed the presence of systemic hypertension with a mean blood pressure at 155/90mmHg during the day and also during the night under anti-hypertensive treatment. Ankle-brachial index measurement was low at 0.8 at both legs. Subsequently, a trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) and an aortic CT-scanner were performed. The TTE did not find any abnormalities including no aortic dilatation or no ventricular hypertrophy. The CT-scanner revealed a partial aortic coarctation. The patient underwent aortic surgery and recovered in few days with quite normal blood pressure under medical treatment. In conclusion, systematic ankle-brachial index is useful and recommended in every patient at first visit for systemic hypertension. Its safety and simplicity make it an essential tool in the management of systemic hypertension especially in populations with no systematic screening of aortic coarctation in childhood. It was in the present case very useful for the final diagnosis and treatment. In addition, it is an efficient tool to screen patients with asymptomatic peripheral artery disease and it can help for stratification of cardiovascular risk.

International guidelines on leg ulcers recommend measuring the ankle arm index (AAI) to diagnose and assess peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) of the lower limbs. These guidelines do not, however, describe the method which should be used to make the measurement: which artery should be measured -in the event of an open leg ulcer, what are the practical difficulties for positioning the cuff- how well do patients tolerate the procedure? We conducted a prospective study focusing on ease of use, tolerance and performance of AAI measurements in patients with leg ulcers. In compliance with recent French guidelines, we measured the AAI for both distal leg arteries and retained the lowest value for analysis. Within a six-month study period, 100 consecutive inpatients with leg ulcers of various etiologies were studied. Mean age was 75, female predominance 60%, body mass index 27. Etiologies of leg ulcers were pure venous (29%), mixed venous predominant (17%), pure arterial (9%), mixed arterial predominant (8%), mixed (6%), hypertensive ulcers (11%), rare cause (8%), multifactorial (12%). Pain was present in 92%, with a VAS above 3 for 73%. Measurement of AAI was possible in 98% of patients. It was too painful and thus considered unethical for two patients with hypertensive ulcers. For the 98 patients measured, the ulcer had to be protected during the measurement in 76%. The measurement procedure only took five minutes for one leg, and was judged easy to perform by 93% of the operators. For the majority (76%) of patients, the measurement was not painful. We determined the diagnostic performance of AAI by comparing the results with those of arterial ultrasound in 90 patients who had a complete arterial ultrasound exploration of the legs. Compared with arterial ultrasound, the sensitivity of AAI0.9 for detecting the presence of PAOD was 84.7%, with 97% specificity. PAOD was not diagnosed in any patient who had two palpable distal pulses and a normal AAI. Measurement of AAI in patients with leg ulcers is an easy to use, well-tolerated, high-performance tool for the assessment of PAOD.