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Elucidating the mechanisms that control seed development, metabolism, and physiology is a fundamental issue in biology. Michel Caboche had long been a catalyst for seed biology research in France up until his untimely passing away last year. To honour his memory, we have updated a review written under his coordination in 2010 entitled “Arabidopsis seed secrets unravelled after a decade of genetic and omics-driven research”. This review encompassed different molecular aspects of seed development, reserve accumulation, dormancy and germination, that are studied in the lab created by M. Caboche. We have extended the scope of this review to highlight original experimental approaches implemented in the field over the past decade such as omics approaches aimed at investigating the control of gene expression, protein modifications, primary and specialized metabolites at the tissue or even cellular level, as well as seed biodiversity and the impact of the environment on seed quality.

The architectural study of the inner castle of Belvoir revealed a construction site that was built from the outer wall. The stones used came from local quarries. Although only the ground floor of the fortification remains, it is possible to reconstruct part of the first floor and more specifically the location of the chapel. The castle was built quickly and several retouches are clearly visible, showing an evolving architectural project. Two elements have been identified on the ground floor: the small cistern dug in the inner courtyard, connected to the large cistern in the outer enclosure, and the room reserved for the ovens, kitchen or sugar refinery.

Dans le cadre des traitements de la dépendance à l’héroïne, des tests urinaires réguliers sont imposés dans certains cantons, même si pas recommandés par la société de discipline. Dans notre contribution nous examinons la justification médicale et sociale de ces tests et leur fondement éthique. Sous l’angle juridique, nous sommes d’avis qu’ils constituent une atteinte à la sphère privée et à la liberté personnelle de la personne soignée. Pareille ingérence lorsqu’imposée par l’Etat nécessite une base légale qui, aujourd’hui, à notre avis, fait défaut. Lorsque le médecin ordonne le test, il doit se fonder sur le consentement libre et éclairé de son mandant, condition rarement remplie. Nous recommandons que ces tests soient limités aux seules situations où la personne en traitement en fait la demande. -- Bei der Behandlung der Heroinabhängigkeit werden in gewissen Kantonen regelmässige Urintests vorgeschrieben, obwohl dies von der Fachgesellschaft nicht empfohlen wird. In unserem Beitrag untersuchen wir die medizinische und soziale Rechtfertigung für diese Tests sowie ihre ethische Begründung. Aus rechtlicher Sicht sind wir der Meinung, dass sie einen Eingriff in die Privatsphäre und die persönliche Freiheit der behandelten Person darstellen. Solche Eingriffe durch den Staat bedürfen einer gesetzlichen Grundlage, die unseres Erachtens zurzeit nicht gegeben ist. Wenn der Arzt den Test anordnet, muss er sich auf die freie und informierte Zustimmung des Patienten stützen – eine Bedingung, die selten erfüllt ist. Wir empfehlen, solche Tests auf Situationen zu beschränken, in denen die zu behandelnde Person sie wünscht.

In this paper, I address the processes of constructing person and the acquisition of a new soul in the Awajun society (Jivaro linguistic family, Peru). This is based on psychotropic plants —tobacco, angel trumpet, ayahuasca and chagropanga—, the words and discourses about them as well as the implicit logics. On the other hand, it involves shamanism and vision quest. We will realize that these respective logics have different meanings to different people (common people or shaman): they are both opposite and complementary. Opposite, since the vision quest assumes a purge and a spiritual experience to be “clean, beautiful, adorned” and to have a life of plenty while shamanic practice requires a contamination to be prickly and to be able to gain access to the invisible. These perspectives are complementary, since the shamanic practice protects the individual from magical aggression or witchcraft during the vision quest.

Within the Amerindian territories of Amazonian Piedmont (Peru), commercial exploitation of wood and extractivism are causing an increase of economical and/or cultural conflicts. June 5th, 2009 is an important date for Awajun (jivaro linguistic family), settled on High Marañón river. It refers to a brutal repression of native people protest movements (against news laws) by the armed peruvian forces close to Bagua. In the absence of feedback from the peruvian State regarding their requests of the use and free disposal of their lands, some indigenous organizations try to create a “integral territory”. This project is a response on the fact that awajun society, their environment and their decision making are limited by the political existence of an indigenous territory and are influenced by external actors (peruvian State and extractivism private companies). It highlighted how the cultural roots are actually defined by political choice. In this paper, I want to go back to the recent history of awajun political struggles, and then I ask the idea of cultural roots.

We studied the pore structure in intact and inelastically compacted Indiana limestone using X-ray microtomography imaging. Guided by detailed microstructural observations and using Otsu’s global thresholding method, the 3D images acquired at voxel side length of 4 μm were segmented into three domains: solid grains, macropores and an intermediate zone dominated by microporosity. The macropores were individually identified by morphological processing and their shape quantified by their sphericity and equivalent diameter. Our new data revealed a significant reduction of the number of macropores in hydrostatically and triaxially compressed samples with respect to the intact material, in agreement with previous microstructural analysis. The intermediate (microporosity) domains remained interconnected in compacted samples. Our data suggest that the inelastic compaction in Indiana limestone is manifested as not only a decrease in the volume fraction of the microporosity backbone but also a corresponding decrease in its thickness. La structure des pores dans des echantillons de calcaire de l’Indiana intact et deforme a ete etudiee par microtomographie a rayons X. En se basant sur une etude detaillee de la microstructure et en utilisant la methode de seuillage global d’Otsu, les images 3D acquises avec un voxel de 4 μm ont ete segmentees en trois domaines : les grains, les macropores et une zone intermediaire dominee par la microporosite. Les macropores ont ete individualises grace a une analyse morphologique qui a egalement permis de quantifier leurs formes (sphericite et diametre equivalent). Nos nouvelles donnees 3D montrent une reduction significative du nombre de macropores dans les echantillons deformes sous chargements hydrostatique et triaxial par rapport a la roche intacte, en accord avec les etudes anterieures sur la microstructure du calcaire de l’Indiana. Le domaine intermediaire (microporosite) reste interconnecte dans les echantillons deformes. Notre analyse suggere que la deformation irreversible dans le calcaire de l’Indiana se manifeste par une diminution a la fois du volume et de la surface de cette zone microporeuse.

In many reservoir engineering and tectonic problems, the ability to predict both the occurrence and extent of inelastic deformation and failure hinges upon a fundamental understanding of the phenomenology and micromechanics of compaction in reservoir rock. This paper reviews recent research advances on mechanical compaction of porous sandstone, with focus on the synthesis of laboratory data, quantitative microstructural characterization of damage, and theoretical models based on elastic contact and fracture mechanics. The mechanical attributes of compaction in nominally dry and saturated samples have been studied under hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic loadings over a broad range of pressure conditions. Specific topics reviewed herein include: comparison of mechanical and acoustic emission data with continuum plasticity theory; microstructural control of onset and development of compaction; strain hardening and spatial evolution of damage during compaction; and the weakening effect of water on compactive yield and porosity change. Pour de nombreux problèmes de tectonique et d'ingénierie de réservoir, la capacité à prévoir à la fois la fréquence, l'ampleur de la déformation inélastique et les ruptures repose sur une compréhension fondamentale de la phénoménologie et de la micromécanique de compaction dans les roches-réservoirs. Cet article présente les résultats de recherches récentes sur la compaction mécanique des grès poreux. On insiste plus particulièrement sur la synthèse des données de laboratoire, la caractérisation microstructurale quantitative de l'endommagement, ainsi que sur les modèles théoriques basés sur un contact élastique et sur la mécanique de la rupture. Les attributs mécaniques de la compaction sur des échantillons initialement secs et saturés ont été étudiés sous des chargements hydrostatiques et non hydrostatiques dans une large gamme de pression. Les sujets spécifiques étudiés ici incluent : la comparaison des données d'émission acoustique et mécanique avec une théorie de la plasticité ; le contrôle microstructural du début et du développement de la compaction ; l'écrouissage et l'évolution spatiale de l'endommagement lors de la compaction ; enfin, l'effet affaiblissant de l'eau sur le seuil de compaction et l'évolution de la porosité.

The Western world seems generally convinced that what is labelled as bioethics can be exported throughout the world. In fact the excellent research devoted to Hopi indians shows that our bioethics would be there totally impossible for them to understand. And the study carried out among the Hopis would produce very similar results in other so-called « traditional » societies. When the West claims the extension of bioethics in addition to law, democracy and other values, this may in fact be analyzed as a way of displaying its superiority and its strategy of conquest. It conceals behind its civilizing discourse the reality of a savage mind which is clearly perceptible, for its bioethical sermonising barely hides the taboos of its primitive sacrednesses .

The article deals with the difficult art of exhibiting films in museum exhibitions. First, the life of Albert Kahn (1860-1940), the man to which a museum is dedicated in France, is questionned, the focus in the biography of this self-made banker and pacifist being put on the intellectual influences that might have shaped his vision of the world and of his time. Then are examined several features of his work, especially the part played by the unique collection of pictures he called the Archives of the Planet, collected around the world between 1908 and 1931 by his staff of professional photographers and cameramen. Finally are examined the status of the films in the Archives of the Planet, the meaning Albert Kahn intended to give them and the links between these films, now protected inside a museum collection, and the way the museum satisfies the requirements of exhibitions for a large public.

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Copyright of Revue Francaise d'Allergologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A l'échelle de petites régions, des exploitations agricoles disparaissent et libèrent du foncier, des droits à produire (quotas laitiers) et des droits à primes (primes au maintien des troupeaux de vaches allaitantes, primes compensatrices ovines...) qui sont repris plus ou moins complètement par les exploitations restantes. Quels sont les facteurs liés aux exploitations agricoles et à leur environnement socio-économique qui influent sur le flux des départs d'exploitants et des moyens de productions ainsi libérés ? Comment ces moyens de productions se redistribuent-ils entre les exploitations restantes ? Quelles sont celles qui en profitent ? Quelles conséquences sur l'occupation de l'espace ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles nous avons cherché à répondre en vue de proposer une démarche et des outils d'aide à la décision aux instances publiques ou collectives qui, aux niveaux local et départemental ont à intervenir dans la redistribution de foncier et la restructuration des exploitations.

Les organisateurs des premières journées internationales de la recherche pour la gestion des territoires ruraux sensibles, (Clermont Ferrand 27-29 avril 1998) ont souhaité mettre en présence le monde de la recherche avec le monde des acteurs impliqués dans la gestion des territoires pour répondre aux besoins « d'éclairage » et d'analyse attendus pour concevoir et préparer des interventions capables de résoudre les problèmes de ces espaces. La parole a donc été donnée à onze acteurs utilisateurs de la recherche impliqués à des niveaux géographiques allant du niveau local au niveau européen, en passant par les niveaux régional, inter-régional et national : élus, responsables administratifs, responsables socioprofessionnels et associatif. Les principales questions ont porté sur la nature des contributions que la recherche peut apporter et sur quels niveaux territoriaux on peut appréhender les problèmes et définir les modalités de l'action publique ? La nature des besoins des acteurs pour la gestion des territoires est très variée et elle peut nécessiter la mise au point de méthodes, d'outils et d'approfondissements scientifiques très fins. Mais d'une façon générale, ce qui semble le plus manquer ce sont des travaux et des espaces de synthèse. Face aux scientifiques qui déclarent ne pas toujours être suffisamment à l'écoute de la demande et ne pas transférer suffisamment leurs connaissances, certains acteurs de la décision publique reconnaissent qu'ils doivent apprendre à formuler leurs demandes.

La viande bovine française est issue de différents systèmes de production qui se distinguent par la nature des troupeaux (troupeaux laitiers, troupeaux allaitants...) et la place socio-économique qu'ils occupent au niveau des exploitations, des terroirs et des régions. La crise induite par l'encéphalite spongiforme bovine (dite maladie de la vache folle), a précipité et amplifié une autre crise, structurelle, qui s'annonçait. Mais elle semble avoir stimulé une demande en faveur de production de viande bovine de qualité nourries à l'herbe. Cette situation pose de nouvelles questions et révèle des interactions complexes qui peuvent entraîner des mo-difications profondes dans les schémas d'oc-cupation de l'espace rural national. Dans ce contexte, cet article apporte une contribution à l'étude de ces risques en proposant des éléments d'analyse prospective et des scénarios cor-respondants à des futurs possibles. Ce travail constitue la base d'une réflexion qui pourrait, lors d'étapes ultérieures, intégrer d'autres variables et conduire à des stratégies différenciées selon les schémas de production et les spécificités socio-économiques régionales.

Diverses observations sur des aménagements destinés à l'hivernage en plein air de génisses en élevage allaitant ont permis de dégager des informations utiles pour la protection de l'environnement par la quantification des déjections récupérables. En contrepartie, la tâche a été plus difficile en ce qui concerne d'une part la protection des animaux contre le vent et la pluie, et d'autre part la bonne tenue du sol à la périphérie de la zone aménagée.

Les caractéristiques et les principaux résultats d'un modèle prospectif construit pour identifier les futures stratégies des élevages auvergnats et limousins sont présentés. La place que pourrait prendre certaines productions alternatives dans ces stratégies est évaluée. Ce modèle ne prévoit pas les futurs comportements des éleveurs de ces deux régions. En associant une typologie à un processus de prise de décision qui combine les apports d'une approche projective et d'une approche normative, il permet d'identifier les principales évolutions possibles des élevages de ces deux régions, ainsi que les événements et actions qui pourraient influer sur ces évolutions. L'essentiel de la diversité de situations et de comportements qui caractérise cette population est pris en compte.

Une enquête réalisée fin 1993 auprès de 35 exploitations productrices de viande bovine, a permis de repérer les premières adaptations des éleveurs un an après la réforme de la Politique Agricole Commune. Un premier type d'adaptations immédiates optimise les déclarations de demandes de primes compensatoires, témoignant de l'intégration par les éleveurs d'une procédure pourtant compliquée. Le deuxième type d'adaptations, techniques et structurelles, répond aux objectifs de la réforme, à savoir accélérer l'agrandissement-extensification et économiser les intrants.

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of socio-ecosystems, their vulnerability, resilience and trajectories often requires collaboration between the human and social sciences, and the natural sciences. This article proposes to test this notion of socio-ecosystem and a methodology around the chronosystemic timeline as intermediate tools of interdisciplinary knowledge. It reports on an interdisciplinary experience, its research context, as well as its conceptual and methodological framework, illustrated with the example of the Quatre Montagnes in the Vercors Mountains (French Alps). It proposes a protocol that can be applied to monitoring the vulnerability trajectories of an association of municipalities and its environmental resources in an interdisciplinary perspective. The process consists of four stages: i) a sociohistorical and ecological exploratory step, ii) the determination of the dimensions to be observed and their indicators, iii) the construction of the timeline, and iv) the analysis of the vulnerability trajectory of a landscape including its actors. This article presents the potential, the methodological difficulties, and the critical issues of this interdisciplinary analysis.

The study of socio-ecosystems, their vulnerability, resilience and their trajectories often involves the need for collaboration between the human and social sciences and the natural sciences. This article proposes to test this notion of "socio-ecosystem" and a methodology around the “chronosystemic timeline" as intermediate tools of interdisciplinary knowledge. It reports on an interdisciplinary experience, its research context as well as its conceptual and methodological framework, illustrated with an example coming from the Quatre-Montagnes in the Vercors (French Alps). It proposes an applicable protocol for monitoring the vulnerability trajectories of a collective of municipalities and its environmental resources in an interdisciplinary perspective. The process consists of four stages : i) a socio-historical and ecological exploratory step ii) the determination of the dimensions to be observed and their indicators, iii) the construction of the timeline, and iv) the analysis of the vulnerability trajectory of a landscape including its actors. The article shows the potential, the methodological difficulties and the points of vigilance of this interdisciplinary analysis.

Wolves’ return to France since 1992 highlights the contradictory injunctions and the overlooked theoretical and political ideas as regards the relationship between biodiversity and food that mountainous regions are faced with. Government and regulatory responses have not yet succeeded in overcoming the conflicts brought about by the presence of wolves in the day-to-day lives of those living in mountainous regions. How can we transition from a mere adaptation of national sectoral policies on a territorial scale to the development of an actual territorial approach to the conservation of biodiversity, while taking account of the experiences and needs of inhabitants and players, and the specific challenges faced by such territories as regards food? By conducting a survey on the role played by agropastoralism in the development of mountainous regions, and cross-examining biodiversity and food issues, our territorial approach hypothesis raises the question of a collective debate regarding the future of such regions. In this study, we explain the work carried out since 2019 in the context of a research-action-creation project in Belledonne – RECIBIOLDAL – which is based partly on a long-term survey attempting to understand the relations between biodiversity and food in terms of how the landscape has evolved since 1920, and partly on the creation of a narrative surrounding current farming and food practices, with a view to understanding relations between inhabitants, both human and non-human. Lastly, we will look into how the care afforded to these links and various relationships can contribute towards discussion surrounding a territorial approach to wolf and food management.

Wolves’ return to France since 1992 highlights the contradictory injunctions and the overlooked theoretical and political ideas as regards the relationship between biodiversity and food that mountainous regions are faced with. Government and regulatory responses have not yet succeeded in overcoming the conflicts brought about by the presence of wolves in the day-to-day lives of those living in mountainous regions. How can we transition from a mere adaptation of national sectoral policies on a territorial scale to the development of an actual territorial approach to the conservation of biodiversity, while taking account of the experiences and needs of inhabitants and players, and the specific challenges faced by such territories as regards food? By conducting a survey on the role played by agropastoralism in the development of mountainous regions, and cross-examining biodiversity and food issues, our territorial approach hypothesis raises the question of a collective debate regarding the future of such regions. In this study, we explain the work carried out since 2019 in the context of a research-action-creation project in Belledonne – RECIBIOLDAL – which is based partly on a long-term survey attempting to understand the relations between biodiversity and food in terms of how the landscape has evolved since 1920, and partly on the creation of a narrative surrounding current farming and food practices, with a view to understanding relations between inhabitants, both human and non-human. Lastly, we will look into how the care afforded to these links and various relationships can contribute towards discussion surrounding a territorial approach to wolf and food management.