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Purpose - Recent improvements in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with the introduction of targeted agents, have increased the need of accurate data on its epidemiology. This descriptive study was designed to collate comprehensive information on RCC epidemiology from North Africa and the Middle East, which could provide the basis for further research. Methods - A network of reference oncologists in North Africa and the Middle East were invited to share all available national and regional information on RCC epidemiology, captured in a comprehensive questionnaire. No statistical analysis was planned as the intention was to conduct a purely descriptive study. Results - The results reported that the incidence of RCC within the region is in the range of 0.9–2.35/100,000 for men (with Lebanon as an exception at 4.3/100,000 for men) and 0.5– 1.7/100,000 for women, which is considerably lower than in Europe and the USA. No mortality or survival data are available. The age at diagnosis (mean < 60 years) is lower than in Western countries and a high proportion of patients in North Africa and the Middle East (21‒45%) have metastatic disease at diagnosis. Conclusions - The information presented here provides a more complete and current picture of RCC in North Africa and the Middle East; however, there are still gaps in the data. Further research is needed to allow planning of treatment strategies and resource allocation.

Résumé Objectif - L’accumulation des variants génétiques participe au processus impliqué dans le risque de développer le cancer colorectal (CCR). Plusieurs études ont exploré la corrélation entre les polymorphismes 6986A>G du gène CYP3A5 (CYP450) (rs776746) appartenant à la famille des cytochromes P450 et 3435C>T du gène adénosine triphosphate–binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) (rs1045642). L’objectif de cette étude est la recherche d’éventuelles associations entre les polymorphismes rs776746 et rs1045642, et la survenue du cancer colorectal dans une population de l’Ouest Algérien. Méthodes - La cohorte était composée de 99 patients atteints de CCR et 101 contrôles. Les polymorphismes CYP3A5 c.6986A>G et ABCB1 c.3435 >T ont été identifiés par la technique de discrimination allélique par PCR quantitative en temps réel. Les résultats ont été analysés par le calcul de l’odd ratio (OR) avec un intervalle de confiance à 95%. Résultats - L’étude cas-témoins a montré que la distribution des fréquences alléliques et génotypiques de ces polymorphismes entre les deux groupes (cas et témoins) ne présentait aucune différence statistiquement significative. Conclusion - Ce travail nous a permis de conclure qu’il n’existait aucune relation d’association entre ces polymorphismes et la survenue du CCR dans notre population. Abstract Objective - The accumulation of genetic variants participates in the process involved in the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Several studies have explored the correlation between the 6986A> G polymorphisms of the CYP3A5 (CYP450) gene (rs776746) belonging to the cytochrome P450 and 3435C> T family of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) gene (rs1045642). The objective of this study is to investigate a possible association of rs776746 and rs1045642 polymorphisms with the occurrence of colorectal cancer on a population of western Algeria. Methods - The cohort consisted of 99 CRC patients and 101 controls. The CYP3A5 c.6986A> G and ABCB1 c.3435> T polymorphisms were identified by the allelic discrimination by quantitative real-time PCR technique. The results were analyzed by calculating the odd ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. Results - This case-control study didn’t show any statistically significant difference in allelic and genotypic frequencies of these polymorphisms between the two groups (case and control). Conclusion - This work allowed us to conclude that there was no association between these polymorphisms and the occurrence of CRC in our population.

Objective - The accumulation of genetic variants participates in the process involved in the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Several studies have explored the correlation between the 6986A> G polymorphisms of the CYP3A5 (CYP450) gene (rs776746) belonging to the cytochrome P450 and 3435C> T family of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) gene (rs1045642). The objective of this study is to investigate a possible association of rs776746 and rs1045642 polymorphisms with the occurrence of colorectal cancer on a population of western Algeria. Methods - The cohort consisted of 99 CRC patients and 101 controls. The CYP3A5 c.6986A> G and ABCB1 c.3435> T polymorphisms were identified by the allelic discrimination by quantitative real-time PCR technique. The results were analyzed by calculating the odd ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval. Results - This case-control study didn’t show any statistically significant difference in allelic and genotypic frequencies of these polymorphisms between the two groups (case and control). Conclusion - This work allowed us to conclude that there was no association between these polymorphisms and the occurrence of CRC in our population.

Purpose - Recent improvements in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with the introduction of targeted agents, have increased the need of accurate data on its epidemiology. This descriptive study was designed to collate comprehensive information on RCC epidemiology from North Africa and the Middle East, which could provide the basis for further research. Methods - A network of reference oncologists in North Africa and the Middle East were invited to share all available national and regional information on RCC epidemiology, captured in a comprehensive questionnaire. No statistical analysis was planned as the intention was to conduct a purely descriptive study. Results - The results reported that the incidence of RCC within the region is in the range of 0.9–2.35/100,000 for men (with Lebanon as an exception at 4.3/100,000 for men) and 0.5– 1.7/100,000 for women, which is considerably lower than in Europe and the USA. No mortality or survival data are available. The age at diagnosis (mean

This paper deals with stabilization and reduced attitude control of a robotic underwater vehicle. The vehicle is assumed to be able to perform a full stable rotations around all axes in underwater space, that is why the standard bottom-heavy structure is not used. The system preferably uses a vectored-thrust arrangement and is built as an overactuated system, which enables to gain a better robustness and guarantees a stable controlled motion even if some thruster suddenly stop working. Because the heading angle cannot be measured, the reduced attitude control strategy is designed and the stability of reduced state of the system is proved using perturbation method.