Search

Can non-regular forms of transmission emerging clandestinely in the classroom be of interest to didactic research if we postulate that this latter is genetically linked to the strong framing of teaching-learning situations? To answer this question, this article tries to show how the appropriate loosening of the forced times of the classical school form secretes temporalities that can maintain the continuity of the school experience in its epistemic valence. The school education is seized here in its minor modality which, with regard to the asserted mastery of the whole of the conditions of the diffusion of the knowledge typical of an education in major, gives to see a didactic process characterized by its precariousness and its fallibility. This text tries to approach theoretically, to circumscribe ethically and to illustrate in the practice these didactic weak times by the description of “facilitation” as a gesture of minor study and by the presentation of the “moment game” as a micro-situation allowing the passage towards an epistemic relation to the world.

The oppidum of Châteaumeillant (Cher) belongs to the civitas of the Bituriges, whose boundaries correspond approximately to those of the current departments of Cher, Indre, and to which portions of Allier and Loir-et-Cher must be added. Located about 60 km from Bourges/Avaricum (Cher), the capital of this territory, the Mediolanum of the Tabula Peutingeriana occupies a privileged position at the southern end of Berry, the oppidum having been installed on the highest part of a rectangular promontory measuring 60 ha. Discovered in the 19th c. by Émile Chénon, the oppidum of Châteaumeillant was the subject of major archaeological excavations in the 1950s and 1960s under the direction of Émile Hugoniot and Jacques Gourvest. From 2001 to 2018, subsequent excavations focused on the Gallic habitat, as well as on the imposing fortification. The excavations revealed a dense and continuous occupation that began around 200 BC, through the La Tène C2 period. As early as La Tène D1, around 150 BC, shipments of Italian amphorae poured into Châteaumeillant. Then, around 100 BC, the town was equipped with a murus gallicus enclosing the 27 ha of the southern half of the promontory. The site subsequently peaked in terms of growth, though the rate of Italian wine imports remained steady. During the Gallic War, the murus gallicus was reinforced by a massive rampart preceded by a 45 m wide flat-bottomed ditch (Krausz 2007a; 2014; 2019; 2021; Krausz, Millereux 2019). Traces of fire observed in the La Tène D2 habitat suggest that Châteaumeillant is likely one of the twenty Bituriges towns to have been burnt down at the behest of Vercingetorix (Krausz 2009a). The town was rebuilt in the Augustan period and the occupation of the promontory continued through to the present day, without interruption. In the areas explored between 2008 and 2018 (A to G), several buildings, constructed on posts, were excavated. Some of them were built overtop large quadrangular pits that would have served as cellars. The archaeological material discovered in this zone argues in favour of areas B and C having served a craftworking and commercial function, rather than as exclusively residential areas. The presence of cellars and large pits, which would have been used to store foodstuffs that might be used for trading would appear to corroborate this interpretation of function. It is in this part of the oppidum that the renowned “amphorae cellars” were discovered in the 19th c. It was only possible to explore one such cellar during the recent excavations (2012 to 2016) and it is therefore the object of study of this article. The cellar contained the remains of 33 Italic amphorae. During a second phase of use, a well (St 512) was dug in the eastern half of this cellar. Its protected excavation yielded an exceptional assemblage, dated to the final La Tène period: in addition to some 1,500 ceramic sherds, an anthropomorphic stone statue, a human skull with traces of de-fleshing and an andiron protome of a horse were deposited at the bottom of the well. The body of the andiron is complete and well preserved, decorated with a combination of white paint and engravings. The object measures 0.39 m in height, from the hoof to the top of the horse’s head. An anthropomorphic statue and a human skull were discovered in the layer above. The statue was lying face down, 10 cm from the human skull. This sculpture represents a male figure, whose head and right hand were preserved; the hand is holding a ring to the centre of the chest. Below this ring, the statue was previously and intentionally broken. Following this damage, the upper portion of the statue (head and torso) was deposited in the well, while the base was found in a small pit in Zone B, located 8 m north of the well. It is sculpted in the round, in a particularly fine Châteaumeillant sandstone, finer than that of the statue from well F.II of the Kasmareck Garden discovered within the oppidum in 1960. Both are, undoubtedly, Celtic busts. In addition to this type of bust, another category of statues are seated figures, recognizable by virtue of their crossed legs (Coulon, Krausz 2013). Sitting busts present one or both hands resting on the chest and often wear a torque around the neck. In the statue’s current state, and with the upper part combined with the lower part, it measures 0.50 m in total height. Overall, the width varies little: from the head (10 cm), through the torque and the shoulders (12 cm) to the lower portion (15 cm). Thus, there is a variation of 5 cm from top to bottom, resulting in a small but constant broadening. This slight variation confirms that the statue is part of a rectangular block that widens slightly towards the bottom. Below the right hand holding the ring, the lower block presents no further figural representation. However, it has been carved in such a way as to provide an end that was likely tapered or pointed, a feature that could have allowed the sculpture to be driven into the ground. As with other Gallic bust statues, certain anatomical and ornamental features are highlighted: the facial features, the hairstyle and the ears, the torque around the neck and the representation of the right arm and hand. As for the human skull, it was deposited in the pit without its mandible or any other accompanying skeletal element. Only the molars and premolars remain from the upper dentition, while the other teeth were lost post-mortem, though not within the well. The skull belonged to a young adult, whose age was estimated between 17 and 25 years of age. The sex is undetermined, but most likely male. Several incisions visible on the calvaria (or skullcap), as well as on the zygomatic processes of the temporal bones suggest that it was de-fleshed, removing the scalp, and detaching the mandible and atlas. The polished appearance of the frontal bone, along with a small eroded area in the centre could be the result of exposure to touching or weathering, at least in this anterior portion. Similarly, the cracking and darkening of the tooth enamel could be the result of being placed in an open-air setting. The loss of the canines and incisors is further indication of the possibility that the skull was exposed, possibly showcased in an elevated manner. The Gauls’ marked interest in heads is known from ancient times, and the practice of removing skulls and subjecting them to a particular treatment, separate from the rest of the skeleton is attested to in Gaul from the 5th to the 1st c. BC. The presence of these remarkable objects in well 512 reveals the unique and ritualistic nature of the deposit, in the context of the La Tène habitat. It combines the representation of a male figure set in stone with a severed head. Well 512 and cellar 437 constitute an exceptional archaeological ensemble, unprecedented in a La Tène period habitat. Indeed, it concentrates numerous cultural and social characteristics of the La Tène D period: statuary, a ritual deposit, wells and an amphora cellar. This collaborative article proposes a detailed study of the two structures, the objects discovered therein and their chronology.

Le retour au local et à son authenticité semble incontournable dans le devenir touristique (Barrey et Teill, 2011 ; Apostolakis, 2003). Engagée il y a quelques années, cette tendance à la redécouverte et à la valorisation d’un patrimoine régional apparaît devenir un facteur de (re)développement touristique liant innovation et identité (Falardeau, Bourdeau, & Marcotte, 2018), facteur qui se voit accéléré par la digitalisation du monde (Ait Heda et Meyer, 2016), et plus récemment par la crise sanitaire de 2020 (BPI France/HORWATH, 2020). L’œnotourisme est concerné par cette évolution puisqu’il est vecteur de patrimoine (Rigaux, 2018), tant du côté œnogastronomique (Pitte 1991 ; Lignon-Darmaillac, 2019) que du côté du territoire (Darnay, 2017). Au-delà de ses atouts patrimoniaux (matériels et immatériels), le produit vin est indissociable de l’œnotourisme (Byrd et al., 2016). Ce que l’on pense de l’œnotourisme serait alors dépendant du niveau d’expertise mobilisé (débutants, amateurs, experts) concernant le produit vin. L’étude des représentations de l’œnotourisme permet d’associer ces deux niveaux d’analyse (région et produit vin) en fonction du niveau d’expertise mobilisé (Lebrun & Corbel, 2019).L’objectif de cette recherche interdisciplinaire est de mettre en évidence les similitudes et les différences de représentations de l’œnotourisme de la part de débutants, d’amateurs et d’experts du produit vin, originaires de la Bourgogne. Cette analyse multiniveau permettra de proposer de nouveaux leviers d’offres touristiques dans la dynamisation du territoire. L’œnotourisme se définit par son produit phare (le vin) et par la région qui l’intègre. Le terrain d’étude de la Bourgogne a été choisi, tant pour sa notoriété que sa culture séculaire du vin. Ainsi, l’étude des représentations de l’œnotourisme des habitants de la région Bourgogne comme potentiels touristes de proximité, semble particulièrement pertinente. Pour ce faire, nous présenterons dans un premier temps la cartographie représentationnelle de chaque niveau d’expertise ainsi que les spécificités de chaque segment (débutants, amateurs, experts) en relation avec le niveau d’identification à la région Bourgogne. Dans un deuxième temps, nous proposerons des perspectives de valorisation par niveau d’expertise pour l’œnotourisme de la région Bourgogne. Cette méthodologie peut néanmoins être dupliquée à d’autres territoires.

Cet article revient sur les principaux résultats de notre recherche doctorale, menée dans le domaine du Français sur Objectif Universitaire – sous champ du Français Langue Étrangère centré sur les besoins du public allophone en contexte académique. L’objectif de notre étude est de questionner une pratique pédagogique nouvelle en matière d’accompagnement des étudiants allophones: à travers la mise en place d’un dispositif collaboratif de prise de notes implémenté au sein des amphithéâtres, nous proposons de faire sortir l’accompagnement linguistique et méthodologique de la classe de langue, pour le situer au plus près des enseignements disciplinaires. Cette recherche-action, qualitative et à visée compréhensive, s’appuie sur une combinaison de données observables (prises de notes des étudiants) et expérientielles (entretiens et questionnaires) pour cerner les difficultés rencontrées par ce public allophone et questionner les potentialités d’une telle pratique collaborative. Nous revenons ici sur les potentialités de cette innovation dans le développement de stratégies d’apprentissage différenciées chez les apprenants, sur la qualité des supports de prise de notes produits de manière coopérative, et sur le développement progressif d’un « sentiment de communauté », en tant que moteur et condition de cette collaboration.

This paper focuses upon intertextuality in Nabokov’s Lolita, but not through literary allusion. Instead, this study analyzes the way the author integrates non-literary material taken from post-World War 2 American mass culture into the textual fabric. Thanks to the preparatory notes to the novel kept at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, one can compare the way Nabokov weaves the non-literary elements into the fabric of his writing with his more traditional intertextual practice, so as to define the role of popular culture in his aesthetics.

Dialogism, widely present in human sciences lectures can, in its most complex manifestations, cause comprehension problems for non-native speakers. From the work of Bres (2005), and its application to the description of lectures by Marlot & Baques (2013), the article questions the dialogical phenomena from an interventionist perspective on teaching and learning French as a foreign language. By studying a corpus of economics courses collected at the University Lyon 2, we analyse how French foreign language didactics can take hold of this discourse phenomenon to develop lecture comprehension activities by non-native students.

Nobuo Masataka (University of Kyoto, Japan), Alban Lemasson (University of Rennes 1, France) and their colleagues have been collaborating for over a decade on projects investigating nonhuman primates' vocal behaviour and tackling the issue of the evolutionary origins of human language. They have worked together on topics including vocal flexibility under social influences in adults, the development of communicative abilities during ontogeny, and auditory and visual perception of social and non-social stimuli. In this paper, we review this work within the theoretical framework of language evolution.

The Areopagiticus [VII], well known for its remarks about the Athenian constitution and internal politics, provides nonetheless an analysis of the naval power. If we date this speech after the Social War, in 354, it looks like a bitter observation connected with a condemnation of the maritime empire. But, if, as I try to prove it, the speech has been composed before, in 357/6, even earlier (Isocrates probably started to think about it as soon as 364-360), its impact and its significance are different. Isocrates would prevent the loss of the naval supremacy of Athens. He never condemns it (such a sentence he could not avoid after writing de Pace in 355). On the contrary, supremacy still remains his major preoccupation and he even praises it. The League of Delos was well working when Areopagos was still powerful. The transformation of the internal Athenian politics, and not the arche, is the reason of the polis’ bane, a polis which can’t keep what generals as Conon or Timothy gave to the Athenians.

Robert Wilson’s Video Portraits series (2004-2013, ongoing) displays a type of intericonic work which interweaves several layers of iconicity. Even if his first Video Portraits pictured famous and ordinary people and animals, it is when he lays his eyes upon celebrities that he almost systematically resorts to intericonic doubles. Robert Downey Jr. is thus depicted as the corpse in Rembrandt’s “anatomy lesson”; Jeanne Moreau impersonates Mary Stuart; Lady Gaga poses as Marat in his bath. These few examples illustrate, on the surface, the artist’s fondness for the juxtapositions of classical masterpieces and contemporary images from tabloid covers. They more profoundly question pictorial codes, our own gaze upon those popular icons, and our relationship to images.Wilson interrogates the tradition of the grand portrait: through the resemantization of two images (each icon in a pair produces a commentary on the other) and the form of these portraits—videos that are some 10 minutes long, in which the subjects are almost motionless—he reveals fascinating aspects of the art of portraiture. This paper studies the mechanics of production of intericonicity in these (almost) moving images by analyzing the modes of intericonicity, the temporal aspects, and the conditions of reception of these works.

Many Greek classical authors have tried to present the fourth-century B. C. city of Athens as a capital. Isocrates, with a perseverance and a will of propaganda which made him famous among all, raises the matter of Athens’ centrality, by drawing a map of the oikoumene in his speeches. It reveals a utopian vision, insofar as the definition of a geographical centre has nothing to do with any reality. Not only can it be situated everywhere, thus nowhere, but its periphery is also mainly fluctuating: a barbarian country can join Athens’ centre or its internal periphery if it subscribes to the cultural type (and not only this one) of the city. In his search for the ideal centre, Isocrates resorts to more moral considerations, with an analogical way of thinking: the essential value of the happy medium in the management of the city is connected to the perfection of the geographical centre. Once again, the speech which emphasizes and enhances the equidistance between any kind of excess, is a matter of utopia and propaganda rather than of a mere statement of facts.

The terms “strange” and “stranger” derive from extraneus, a Latin word literally meaning “outside of”. This article proposes to examine the notions of distance and limit which shape the consciousness of a foreigner / outsider—Vladimir Nabokov. Nabokov lost his native land when he was 18, and was condemned to remain a stranger in a foreign land. In his fiction, many “estranged” characters are to be found, especially as main focalizers or first-person narrators. The present article thus demonstrates how the concept of frontier is crucial to interpreting such alien status: these characters are forever estranged, due to geographical borders, temporal distances or linguistic barriers. Nabokov, himself a trilingual writer, challenged the very idea of a foreign language. His English, which he claimed was merely “second rate”, is indeed quite different from the style of American classics, yet it has a unique poetic flavor. Maybe because he “did not think in any language, but in images”, his condition as a foreigner was not felt as alienating. Contrary to most of his characters, hybridization seems to have been a powerful element inspiring his artistic impulse, as illustrated in his extraordinary linguistic virtuosity and his constant playing on words. Similarly, the repeated inclusion of other semiotic codes (painting, photography, advertisements,…) shows that by playing with limits and the interpenetration of familiar and strange(r) elements, Nabokov found a creative alternative to the usually alienating condition of being a foreigner.

Copyright of Recherches Feministes is the property of Groupe de Recherche et d'Echange Multidisciplinaires Feministes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

General Education frequently involves studying several disciplines, and aims to provide a common culture and experience for all students entering a particular institution. As cultural constructs, emblematic of American society’s self representation at a given time, the cultural contents of these courses are not neutral. The recent debates over the “sacrality” of the reading list (the “canon of Great Works”) bear testimony to the interests at stake. Yet, the purpose of such courses could be less to furnish the mind with some reference substance than to enable students to build a cross-cultural understanding of the various human experiences, or metasubstance. Therefore, it not only questions the choice of the cultural contents, but also the nature of the substance to be transmitted, or in other words, the initial ambition of the General Education Course.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, research into parasitic diseases has been carried out in the European and American scientific community. The application of the diagnostic methods of current medical coprology to increasingly varied archaeological samples has made it possible to augment the data for Palaeopathology by the discovery of other infectious diseases not before detected.

Animal vocal communication, as human language, is primarily a social act. It is therefore legitimate to argue in favor of a coevolution between sociality and vocal complexity in primates. However, in contrast with human language, vocal communication in monkeys and apes, our closest living relatives, has long been described as rigid and strongly genetically determined. In recent years, evidences of vocal flexibility under social influences have nonetheless been provided in nonhuman primates. In this paper, we review those recent findings that challenge the dichotomous view of human versus monkey regarding vocal communication. First, a multi-level approach (sound unit, call type, vocal sequence) of the structure of vocal repertoire reveals a flexible organization which enables a complex encoding of messages in vocal signals. Then, the analysis of the social context of communicative interaction demonstrates its role in the emergence of vocal flexibility in juveniles and adults, both in terms of production and usage. We conclude by emphasizing the need, in the future, for additional comparative studies in order to assess the influence of the characteristics of social system on the degree of communicative flexibility and complexity observed at the species level.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, France saw a period of republican progress, known as the « Belle Époque ». This period reintroduced the discourse regarding the extent of religious groups’ role in society. This article deals with the exclusion of religious people from positions within the political system. As a result, the Left secularized the parliament and ostracised these religious groups altogether through their social practices and limited membership in several essential government entities (« the Congregation » and « the black party »). The extremism of this commitment created the foundation for a new social contract in which the political authorities would restrict the civil capacity of religious people, by forbidding them to teach and seeking an « exit of religion ». The difficult implications of this ideological act required the State to reconsider its relations with intermediate bodies and discuss the teleological thesis of this trial secularization, which would have prevailed in France with little dissent.

In 2008, French major ports have been reformed in many ways. Coordination and cooperation between ports have emerged as new forms of relationships between stakeholders, and are now a part of the French ports policy. However the interport coordinating council, a strong and central component of the dynamics of the partnership, reinforces the traditional power relationships between stakeholders of the port development. Furthermore this component is not the sole that can meet the need for coherence between major seaports, and other tools such as public interest groups and joint-ventures strengthen the possibility of joint actions. In any cases, it raises three issues in relation with the territory, the hierarchy between ports and the benefits of cooperation.

This paper explores some of the various mises en abyme and metatextual devices in Nabokov’s and Kubrick’s Lolita, so as to explore how such devices create a poetics of reflections, and themselves reflect the manner in which the relationship to the reader/spectator is engaged by the literary and filmic narratives. As underscored by Lucien Dallenbach, internal duplications or self-reflexive devices are double-layered: they serve a purpose in the fictional universe, and have a reflexive function aimed at disclosing one of the text’s components. Self-reflexivity entails a game between the creator and his audience that is taking place outside of the diegetic world. This paper studies the function of self-reflexive devices by first focusing upon some self-reflexive features of both works, then on the prospective mises en abyme, and finally, on the main retro-prospective mise en abyme of the story, the Enchanted Hunters/Hunted Enchanters play, in both novel and film.

The aim of this paper is to stress the importance of music and song in Nabokov’s Lolita (1955), and also in Kubrick’s interpretation of it in his film (1962). Indeed Kubrick’s adaptation does bring about, as Linda Hutcheon puts it, a “transcoding process” from the code of writing into the code of film (Hutcheon 7), which is itself multisemiotic, as film associates moving and still images, language, and, of course, music. The analysis begins with a scrutiny of songs in the novel, as Humbert uses songs to not only screen his deeds like in the davenport scene, but also to fuel his contemptuous vision of Lolita. Then the study turns to the function of music in characterization, in both novel and film: the film's characters are associated to musical themes that reflect thematic patterns of characterization in the novel. We will finally draw from those analyses the illustration of how both works use music to organize a subtle destabilization of signs that undermines the first-degree reading or viewing.

Copyright of Revue Economique is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Parasitological analyses of the third Pavilion du Levant and the Royal Pavilion are in continuity with those carried out by Françoise Bouchet on the latrines of the second Pavilion du Levant, published in 1998. The initial objective is to confirm the excremental nature of these different deposits and then to reconstitute the health status and microbial population of the intestinal flora of the subjects of Louis XIV’s court. To answer this question, a large multidisciplinary scientific team intervened to carry out the various parasitological and molecular analyses. This first report sets out the means put in place as well as the results relating to optical microscopy, toxicological and metagenomic data.

Quatre lots de 60 agnelles âgées de 3 à 5 mois (lot CP : complémentation, vaccination contre la peste des petits ruminants, vermifugation et déparasitage externe; lot C : complémentation sans prophylaxie ni traitement; lot P : prophylaxie et traitement sans complémentation; lot T : témoin) ont été constitués en avril 1993 en vue d'étudier l'effet de la complémentation alimentaire et des traitements sanitaires sur leur viabilité. La complémentation consistait en 200 g de tourteau de coton par tête et par jour et un complément minéral sous forme de pierre à lécher. Les traitements sanitaires consistaient en deux déparasitages internes en début et en fin des pluies et un déparasitage externe chaque fois que l'on notait la présence des tiques sur les agnelles. Les animaux ont fait l'objet d'un suivi clinique et de notation d'état corporel sur une année. Le jetage, les boiteries et les diarrhées ont représenté les principaux signes cliniques observés (respectivement 50,9, 15,2 et 13,0 %). Les quotients annuels de mortalité ont été de 16,7, 37,3, 31,7 et 52,5 % respectivement pour les lots CP, C, P et T. La complémentation et la prophylaxie ont permis une réduction très sensible de la mortalité (p < 0,05). La mortalité a considérablement augmenté avec le retour des pluies. Les infestations par des parasites gastro-intestinaux et la sous-alimentation ont été les principaux facteurs favorisant la mortalité. Cette stratégie de complémentation protéique et de prophylaxie peut être encouragée pour réduire les fortes mortalités, principal facteur limitant lé productivité des élevages ovins au Nord-Cameroun.

Copyright of Outre-Mers: Revue d'Histoire is the property of Societe Francaise d'Histoire d'Outre Mer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)