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Flow chemistry was initially used for speed to early phase material delivery in the development laboratories, scaling up chemical transformations that we would not or could not scale up batch for safety reasons. Some early examples included a Newman Kwart Rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, hydroformylation, and thermal imidazole cyclization. Next, flow chemistry was used to enable safe scale up of hazardous chemistries to manufacturing plants. Examples included high pressure hydrogenation, aerobic oxidation, and Grignard formation reactions. More recently, flow chemistry was used in Small Volume Continuous (SVC) processes, where highly potent oncolytic molecules were produced by fully continuous processes at about 10 kg/day including reaction, extraction, distillation, and crystallization, using disposable equipment contained in fume hoods.

Behavioral economics has enriched our understanding of the limitations and imperfections of human decision-making that were neglected by the overly simplistic neoclassical model of choice. However insightful its results and clever its modifications to the traditional model of choice, much of behavioral economics is built upon the core of that model, constrained preference-satisfaction, which cannot accommodate many other aspects of human choice such as principles, ideals, judgment, and will. The resulting view of choice provided by the preference-satisfaction paradigm limits both the explanatory and predictive power of models and contributes to the compromised understanding of individual interests that underlies new forms of paternalism such as nudge policy. To realize fully their shared vision of explaining real human decision-making, behavioral economics and neoclassical economics alike need to abandon the constrained preference-satisfaction at the heart of their models and embrace a broader and more inclusive conception of interests and choice.

This paper examines the concept of externalities using the concepts of rights and corrective justice as an alternative to utilitarianism and efficiency. Specifically, standard treatments of externalities in welfare economics do not consider the role of wrongfulness in the harms that economists and policymakers aim to optimize. I argue that if a harm is wrongful, involving the violation of a valid legal right, then it can be addressed through the existing system of tort law without necessarily involving mechanisms of policy or regulation. If a harm is not wrongful, however, then it should be considered an incidental and ordinary effect of interactions within a world of scarcity, which does not justify any government intervention, especially if the activity that led to the nonwrongful harm involved an exercise of the injurer’s valid rights.

After some nobles and other fighting men surrendered Rochester castle to King John in 1215, John wanted to hang the nobles but refrained from doing so on the advice of one of his military captains. Would hanging the nobles for making war on the king have been lawful? This question about the law of treason has provoked inconclusive debate among historians who have sought to determine whether, in this period, making war against the English king was legally classified as lèse-majesté (crimen laesae majestatis), proditio or infidelitas. This article, however, asks whether the nobles whom John wanted to hang were guilty of traïson, as this vernacular term was used in the History of William Marshal (c. 1230). On this basis, the paper concludes that in all probability, the nobles who held Rochester against the king would not have been condemned as traitors, at least by their aristocratic peers.

The objective of this article is to understand the evolution of the practice of "elsewhere" and "otherwise" that alternative community resources in Québec have consistently advocated. Towards this end, we begin by identifying the meaning and significance of the ideas of "elsewhere" and "otherwise" in the context of the transformation of Quebec's mental health system since 1989. Then we present the results of an exploratory study carried out between 1997 and 1999 in which the coordinators as well as members of 6 community mental health organisations in a semi-urban region of Quebec were interviewed. The results of the study suggest the validity of certain fears that community resources are becoming "deradicalized." The analysis presented here suggests the unfolding of a complex process involving the integration of alternative resources into the broader public mental health system, internal dynamics, and the emerging limitations of the vision of "elsewhere" and "otherwise" that has guided them until now. Twenty years after alternative community resources appeared on the Quebec mental health scene, is it time to reform the philosophy of "elsewhere" and "otherwise"?

In this article, the mental health policy is viewed as a pivotal element of the "psychiatric services" reform which began in Québec in the seventies. The authors advance the hypothesis that the community approach has played a fundamental role in developing the reform and that it has itself undergone deep changes. As a result, the policy's and the reform's effects are discussed from two angles, namely that of the communitization of services and that of the direction taken by the community approach during the reform process.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence enrollment in Dalhousie University's BSc (PT) degree-completion program. A geographically stratified, random sample of 100 nondegree physiotherapists practising in Atlantic Canada was surveyed by mail. The questionnaire solicited information on demographic data, program awareness and attitudes towards degree-completion programs. The response rate was 63 percent. More than 65 percent of respondents were trained in Canada, were older than 30 years, and had at least one child. Ninety percent of respondents were aware of the Dalhousie program; seven were currently enrolled. Ninety-three percent of respondents were confident they could continue to practise without a degree and 70 percent were confident they could meet academic standards required to complete a degree. Respondents were least certain on whether employers valued experience over a degree. Family responsibilities, age over 50, and job security were deterrents to enrollment. Nondegree physiotherapists in Atlantic Canada may not choose to upgrade to a degree because of the regional manpower shortage and job security. A strong pool of degree-completion students was not identified.

The proportion and frequency of three groups of particular bacteria (Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and spirochetes) were studied in relation to the gingival index on the sites from which they were sampled. Seventy eight samples collected from 40 individuals were studied together with measurements of the gingival index and the pocket or sulcus depth. The samples were dispersed by ultrasonic treatment, diluted and cultured on a non-selective medium. The identification of the species was done by biochemical tests and by analysis of the metabolic products with gas chromatography. As a whole, our results support the hypothesis of an important change in the microbial flora from a clinical healthy status (with predominant Gram positive facultative anaerobic bacteria) to disease (with predominant Gram negative strict anaerobic bacteria). Furthermore the results suggest that Bacteroides gingvalis as well as Fusobacterium nucleatum and spirochetes through their high frequency and important proportion at the affected sites played an etiological role in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontis Man.

In Québec, a consensus appears to have developed over the last few years around the need to develop community-based resources in mental health. However, the concept of community resources is fragmented: there is a conceptual distinction between Alternative and Intermediary Resources, both of which are located outside the walls of the institution, but which have different objectives, and suggest different means for supporting the mentally disturbed in the community. Attempts to operationalize these concepts have tended to have the effect of masking their conceptual particularity. In this article, the conceptual distinctions - as they have developed in the Québec context - are clarified, and the implications of erasing them are discussed.