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In response to the negative environmental, social, and economic externalities of the dominant food model, a consensus is emerging on the need to develop alternative food systems capable of facilitating a transition to a more sustainable model. Among these alternatives, short food supply chains (SFSCs) are identified as potential crucibles of alternativity. Defined as distribution channels with a maximum of one intermediary between producer and consumer, SFSCs can contribute to the reterritorialization of food flows and the creation of relational and geographical proximities among food chain actors. This study examines how logistical engagement translates into the choice of SFSC points of sale by consumers and farmers. It evaluates this engagement through the travel times farmers and consumers are willing to endure to sell or buy at an SFSC point of sale, and the prices they are willing to accept or pay for SFSC products. A discrete choice experiment conducted in 2022 with 154 farm managers and 1022 consumers analyzed preferences regarding types of points of sale, sales prices, travel times, and relational proximity. The results show that consumers engaged in SFSCs favour alternative points of sale such as farms and associations, even for longer travel times. Farmers also value these points of sale, with logistical engagement more pronounced among those already marketing through SFSCs. Supermarkets appear less attractive to alternative profiles but serve as entry points for new participants in SFSCs. Relational proximity between farmers and consumers is important, with a preference for direct exchanges during sales. This study highlights the importance of actor engagement in SFSCs and offers perspectives for developing alternative logistics by valuing relational proximity and using conventional points of sale as entry points for new actors in the SFSCs., Comment: in French language

The 20th century saw the emergence of an intermediate level of consideration, situated between the tactical and strategic levels: the operational level. This level of scale is that of a large area of operations, that is to say coordinated engagements bringing together forces belonging to different corps over a considerable geographical distance. In this article, we approach operatics and its implementation, called operative art or operational art, first from its contributions to military thinking, then we transpose what can be transposed beyond this domain. We consider operative art as a new point of view generating a particular thought and solutions based on agile systems, but which may have reached their limits. We will limit ourselves here to the question of the potential contributions of the operatic perspective to understand or implement a set of actions related to competitive or economic warfare. To do this, we will begin by providing some answers to the question of what operatic military is in terms of its characteristics. Then, we propose a way to transpose them in the context of companies preferably confronted with a context of competitive or economic warfare by taking as an example the acquisition of the essential activities of the company Alstom by the company General Electric (GE)., Comment: in French language

This report presents the results of an ex-ante impact assessment of several scenarios related to the farmer targeting of the input subsidy programme currently implemented in Senegal. This study has been achieved with the agricultural household model FSSIM-Dev, calibrated on a sample of 2 278 farm households from the ESPS-2 survey. The impacts on crop mix, fertilizer application, farm income and on the government cost are presented and discussed., Comment: in French language

At the end of 2012 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has suspended its financial assistance to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Due to inflationary pressures which occurred in the last quarter of 2016, several decision-makers called for a reopening of a formal cooperation with the IMF. This process was formally completed in December 2019. The restart of IMF programs was greeted with satisfaction by politicians and widely commented in the media. However, recent history shows that the DRC managed to achieve exceptional economic performance, between 2012 and 2016, without being in a formal cooperation with the IMF. Some people wonder whether IMF assistance is a curse for recipient countries? We argue that the underlying problem has nothing to do with accepting or not the IMF assistance, but rather in the ability of policy makers to establish effective leadership and good governance for the development and implementation supporting structural reforms., Comment: in French

This paper reexamines the validity of the natural resource curse hypothesis, using the database of mineral exporting countries. Our findings are as follows: (i) Resource-rich countries (RRCs) do not necessarily exhibit poor political, economic and social performance; (ii) RRCs that perform poorly have a low diversified exports portfolio; (iii) In contrast, RRCs with a low diversified exports portfolio do not necessarily perform poorly. Then, we develop a model of strategic interaction from a Bayesian game setup to study the role of leadership and governance in the management of natural resources. We show that an improvement in the leadership-governance binomial helps to discipline the behavior of lobby groups (theorem 1) and generate a Pareto improvement in the management of natural resources (theorem 2). Evidence from the World Bank Group's CPIA data confirms the later finding. Our results remain valid after some robustness checks., Comment: in French

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, modified the relations between cities of the former communist bloc. The European and worldwide reorientation of interactions that followed raises the question of the actual state of historical relationships between Central Eastern European cities, but also with ex-USSR and ex-Yugoslavian ones. Do Central and Eastern European cities reproduce trajectories from the past in a new economic context? This paper will examine their evolution in terms of trade exchanges and air traffic connexions since 1989. They are confronted with transnational firm networks for the recent years. The main contribution is to show a progressive formation of several economic regions in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of integration into Braudel's \'economie-monde., Comment: Paper in French

The granting process of all credit institutions rejects applicants who seem risky regarding the repayment of their debt. A credit score is calculated and associated with a cut-off value beneath which an applicant is rejected. Developing a new score implies having a learning dataset in which the response variable good/bad borrower is known, so that rejects are de facto excluded from the learning process. We first introduce the context and some useful notations. Then we formalize if this particular sampling has consequences on the score's relevance. Finally, we elaborate on methods that use not-financed clients' characteristics and conclude that none of these methods are satisfactory in practice using data from Cr\'edit Agricole Consumer Finance. ----- Un syst\`eme d'octroi de cr\'edit peut refuser des demandes de pr\^et jug\'ees trop risqu\'ees. Au sein de ce syst\`eme, le score de cr\'edit fournit une valeur mesurant un risque de d\'efaut, valeur qui est compar\'ee \`a un seuil d'acceptabilit\'e. Ce score est construit exclusivement sur des donn\'ees de clients financ\'es, contenant en particulier l'information `bon ou mauvais payeur', alors qu'il est par la suite appliqu\'e \`a l'ensemble des demandes. Un tel score est-il statistiquement pertinent ? Dans cette note, nous pr\'ecisons et formalisons cette question et \'etudions l'effet de l'absence des non-financ\'es sur les scores \'elabor\'es. Nous pr\'esentons ensuite des m\'ethodes pour r\'eint\'egrer les non-financ\'es et concluons sur leur inefficacit\'e en pratique, \`a partir de donn\'ees issues de Cr\'edit Agricole Consumer Finance., Comment: In French, 6 pages, 1 table, 1 figure; long abstract for the 49th 'Journ\'ees de Statistiques' conference, May 2017, Avignon, France