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A significant component of society’s sustainable development is producing energy from renewable sources. Various energy sources, including solar, biomass, biogas, and wind, must be utilised to their full potential to fulfil current demands. In most nations like Nigeria, there are a lot of rural areas that suffer from energy supply. This has brought up many studies on how optimisation techniques can help manage the sustainability of the supply of this generated energy to such areas. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the performance analysis of several studies on the impact of mathematical modelling and various optimisation techniques on power generation systems via renewable sources. The study review papers from a quality outlet such as Elsevier, Springer, and other quality journals indexed in Scopus databases. On biomass production, wind energy production system, steam and solar energy. The finding from the study showed that the application of real-life engineering optimisation tools and models developed significantly improved the power generation process globally. Therefore, in the study’s conclusion, the authors provided sustainable recommendations on how to apply these models to improve the sustainable power generation process.

An experimental facility called a wind tunnel is used in aerodynamics to investigate how air behaves when it passes through solid things like wings or automobile bodies. Researchers can evaluate an object’s aerodynamic characteristics under many circumstances by producing a controlled airflow, including as variations in velocity, attack angle, or atmospheric pressure. The emergency of 3D computer simulation of the performance parameters of an airfoil which is characterised by optimisation and digital technology, are combined for easier determination of the aerodynamic characteristics of a chosen airfoil for better and effective lift and drag coefficient through computational simulations using software like ANSYS etc. The aim is to study the effect of lift and drag on different air-foil shapes and thicknesses at different angles of attack using experimental and wind tunnel applications for better validation. The study also reviewed work that cut across the effect of the different airfoil shapes and thickness in a wind tunnel experiment, drag force, lift force and numerical methods employed for wind tunnel experiment. This technological advancement is not without its difficulties and challenges, also discussed as possible solutions. The study further suggested integrating emerging technologies by using cutting-edge tools like machine learning and artificial intelligence to speed up the design and analysis of airfoil collaborations between academics and industry to ensure that airfoils foster design. Foster meets industrial standards and enables practical implementations.

Background: Postgraduate training is aimed at equipping the trainee with the necessary skills to practise as an expert. Non-nephrology specialist physicians render the bulk of pre-end-stage renal disease care for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We sought to ascertain the knowledge of CKD amongst non-nephrology specialist physicians who serve as trainers and examiners for a training, accrediting and certifying body in postgraduate medicine in West Africa. We also compared the knowledge of family physicians and non-nephrology internists.Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to non-nephrology specialist physicians who serve as examiners for the West African College of Physicians.Results: Only 19 (27.5%) of the respondents were aware of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives guidelines for CKD management. Twenty five (36.2%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge of CKD. There was no significant difference in the proportion of family physicians and non-nephrology internists who had adequate knowledge of CKD (27.3% vs. 40.4% respectively; p = 0.28). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were identified by all of the physicians as risk factors for CKD. Non-nephrology internists more frequently identified systemic lupus erythematosus as a risk factor for CKD, urinalysis with microscopy as a laboratory test for CKD evaluation, and bone disease as a complication of CKD than family physicians.Conclusion: There is a lack of adequate CKD knowledge amongst non-nephrology specialist physicians, since many of them are unaware of the CKD management guidelines. Educational efforts are needed to improve the knowledge of CKD amongst non-nephrology specialist physicians. Guidelines on CKD need to be widely disseminated amongst these physicians.Connaissances des spécialistes des maladies rénales chroniques : Une comparaison des internistes et des médecins de famille en Afrique de l’OuestContexte: La formation de troisième cycle vise à donner à l’étudiant les compétences nécessaires pour exercer en tant qu’expert. Les spécialistes hors néphrologie réalisent le gros de la prise en charge des maladies rénales en phase terminale pour les patients atteints de maladie rénale chronique (MRC). Nous avons cherché à déterminer les connaissances sur la MRC chez les spécialistes hors néphrologie qui sont formateurs et examinateurs pour une structure de formation, d’accréditation et de certification en médecine de troisième cycle en Afrique de l’Ouest. Nous avons également comparé les connaissances des médecins de famille et des internistes hors néphrologie.Méthodes: Des questionnaires auto-administrés ont été distribués à des spécialistes hors néphrologies qui occupaient des fonctions d’examinateurs pour le Collège ouest-africain des médecins.Résultats: Seulement 19 (27.5%) des sondés connaissaient les directives de la Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative pour la prise en charge de la MRC. Vingt-cinq (36.2%) d’entre eux disposaient de connaissances adéquates de la MRC. Aucune différence significative n’a été constatée dans la proportion de médecins de famille et d’internistes hors néphrologie qui avaient des connaissances adéquates de la MRC (27.3 %, contre 40.4 % respectivement; p = 0.28). L’hypertension et le diabète non insulinodépendant ont été identifiés par tous les médecins comme des facteurs de risque de la MRC. Les internistes hors néphrologie ont identifié plus fréquemment que les médecins de famille le lupus érythémateux disséminé comme un facteur de risque de la MRC, l’analyse d’urine au microscope comme test de laboratoire pour le dépistage de la MRC et la maladie osseuse comme une complication de la MRC.Conclusion: Les connaissances adéquates de la MRC sont insuffisantes chez les spécialistes hors néphrologie, puisque bon nombre ne connaissaient pas les directives de prise en charge de la MRC. Des efforts d’éducation sont nécessaires afin d’améliorer les connaissances de la MRC chez les spécialistes hors néphrologie. Les directives sur la MRC doivent être largement diffusées auprès de ces médecins.

Background: Postgraduate training is aimed at equipping the trainee with the necessary skills to practise as an expert. Non-nephrology specialist physicians render the bulk of pre-end-stage renal disease care for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We sought to ascertain the knowledge of CKD amongst non-nephrology specialist physicians who serve as trainers and examiners for a training, accrediting and certifying body in postgraduate medicine in West Africa. We also compared the knowledge of family physicians and non-nephrology internists. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to non-nephrology specialist physicians who serve as examiners for the West African College of Physicians. Results: Only 19 (27.5%) of the respondents were aware of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives guidelines for CKD management. Twenty five (36.2%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge of CKD. There was no significant difference in the proportion of family physicians and non-nephrology internists who had adequate knowledge of CKD (27.3% vs. 40.4% respectively; p = 0.28). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were identified by all of the physicians as risk factors for CKD. Non-nephrology internists more frequently identified systemic lupus erythematosus as a risk factor for CKD, urinalysis with microscopy as a laboratory test for CKD evaluation, and bone disease as a complication of CKD than family physicians. Conclusion: There is a lack of adequate CKD knowledge amongst non-nephrology specialist physicians, since many of them are unaware of the CKD management guidelines. Educational efforts are needed to improve the knowledge of CKD amongst non-nephrology specialist physicians. Guidelines on CKD need to be widely disseminated amongst these physicians.

Background: Daycare centres/nurseries have become popular because of the need for working mothers to leave young children with caregivers. However, the high poverty level (54% relative and 35% extreme poverty) makes it difficult for disadvantaged parents to pay the high fees charged by the centres. This study describes an attempt to economically empower mothers through the organisation of free early life education in a peri-urban community in Lagos. Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine early life education for under-fives as a means of economic empowerment of mothers and sustainable poverty amelioration. Method: The methodology included a non-randomised selection of 34 disadvantaged mothers by criteria, a prospective intervention utilising community resources to organise early childhood education, an in-depth interview of mothers, and observation of the outcomes over a 5-year period. Results: The result of the study showed that no mother preferred keeping a child older than three years at home. Access to early childhood education gave mothers opportunity to undergo vocational training (1, 2.8%) and take up new/additional jobs (12, 35.3%). All mothers and 32 (80%) of the participating families more than doubled their income, earning up to twenty thousand Naira (approximately $182) per month from the first year of participation. Finally, selection criteria and periodic assessment of immunisation/growth monitoring records of participants’ children improved compliance with primary health care service utilisation. Conclusion: Organisation of early childhood education had the potential for sustainable poverty amelioration through economic empowerment of mothers.

The need for decreasing carbon emissions in the transportation sector in order to meet the targets of the European Union by 2030, inevitably leads to the large scale adoption of cleaner alternatives. Hydrogen fueled vehicles could possibly provide one such alternative, if we could assume that the necessary infrastructure would be widely available throughout Europe. Already, the European Union has committed to the construction of a significant number of Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRS) by year 2025 and in view of that, there is a need of developing suitable configurations for the production, compression, storage and dispensing of green hydrogen to hydrogen fueled vehicles. This work presents an autonomous hybrid system which produces green hydrogen by PV- powered water electrolysis (PEM), which is subsequently compressed by a novel metal hydride hydrogen compressor to pressures up to 200 bar. This pilot HRS will meet the daily demand of 2 scooters and a golf cart which have been transformed, in order for their electric motor to be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell instead of a battery. An important element of the work which is presented, revolves around the integration of the metal hydride compressor with the rest of the system, and how this integration won’t hinder its functionality. The complete system design and layout is presented, while the results from the system operation could give a good idea regarding the optimal system sizing for similar large scale applications.