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Recent decades have seen an increase in the number of cases of waterborne illnesses involving humans and animals living in the Senegal River Basin. The "Senegal River Basin Development Authority" (French acronym, OMVS) decided to draft a "Water Development and Management Master Plan" (French acronym, SDAGE) for the Senegal drainage basin. The aim of ther plan is to avoid overuse of natural resources while allowing development of human activities in the area of the Senegal River. The SDAGE was designed to serve as a timetable and program for mobilizing resources and monitoring impact on the environment and local population until 2025. As part of the initial phase of the SDAGE, a study was carried out in 2009 to evaluate the status of waterborne illness in the Senegal River Basin. This study of the sanitary conditions was based on review of documents compiled from a bibliographic search. The purpose of this report is describe the main findings regarding diseases directly linked to water and national or regional programs for control of those disease in the study area.

All stages of development of the sea urchin are of interest in ecotoxicology; the largest number of prior works concerns studies on gametes. Previous studies indicated that the use of sea urchin larvae was difficult because of the need to obtain the parent generations and good quality gametes. Progress in sea urchin culture has allowed one to standardize the method. The proposed technique is based on an evaluation of the number of non-developing fertilized eggs, on the frequency of malformations, and on the length of the larvae at 96 hours, using parents raised under well-controlled conditions. Temperature (18-22 degrees C), salinity (28-34 ppt) and pH (8-8.4) have been fixed to standardize the proposed biological test. Thirty micrograms per litre of copper reduce significantly the length of the larvae and could be used as a positive control. On the other hand, reconstituted sea water permits an optimal development of the larvae and may be used as negative control. A seasonal follow-up of water quality has been achieved to validate the use of this technique in a surveillance network of water quality. The method may be used whatever the salinity, including fresh and brackish waters.

The quality control comprises of accounts and the identification of ten taxas on blind blades. The article gives the list of these pollens and details the answers. The rate of exact recognitions is 81.34% and 52 analysts out of 54 took part in the quality control.

For the third consecutive year, the two sensors of the type HIRST of the National Network of aerobiology monitoring (RNSA) worked on the agglomeration of Lyon. The primary trap (Lyon 1) is located at 26 m height on a roof in southern zone of Lyon (district of Gerland), the second (Lyon 2) is located in northern zone of the city (district of Vaise) on a roof at 15 m height compared to the ground. The study of the daily variations of the pollinic counts over the first two years had shown a perfect parallelism for pollens of trees, Poaceae and Urticaceae. Only the curves of pollens of ambrosia presented different layouts between the two pollen traps. The study of this third year makes it possible to consolidate the proceeding results and to appreciate the value of the cover of a Hirst pollen trap in urban implantation within the framework of the allergo-pollinic monitoring.

In France since 1995, information on diagnoses and care are routinely collected for each patient hospitalised in a public or private hospital, using the Diagnosis Related Group system. Information on birth events constitutes a good example of possible use of this information for other aims than economic activity evaluation. In this paper, in order to highlight possible epidemiological use, some recommendations are proposed for collecting data on stillbirths and pregnancy terminations. The lack of usual knowledge on these two adverse events is the reason for this choice. While the improvements in prenatal diagnosis lead to an increase in pregnancy terminations, a minimum common core of collected data should allow routine epidemiological monitoring of these adverse perinatal events.

Background: There are few studies of individual exposure to atmospheric particles, because of the relatively bulky and noisy sampling devices. These personalized measurements, generally associated with micro-environmental measurements, are aimed at studying the distribution of individual exposure and identifying its main determinants., Methods: A synopsis of the methods implemented in such studies (populations studied, measurements strategies, questionnaires on time-activity patterns, residences and work place) was detailed. The major results are presented and discussed from an epidemiological point of view., Results: The individual exposure measured with portable devices generally were generally found to be higher than the estimations made by combining micro-environmental (outdoor and indoor) measurements and data from time-activity diaries. The difference between results of these two approaches, known as "personal cloud", remains poorly understood. Correlations between individual measurings and outdoor concentrations are weak; nevertheless, day to day variations of these two series of measurements are better related. The main determinants of individual exposure to particles are identified but a quantification of their contribution remains difficult, except for passive smoking., Conclusion: Personal measurements cannot be used to estimate particle exposure in large scale epidemiological studies. This exposure needs to be modelized.

Background: This study aims at quantifying air pollution effects on mortality and at evaluating the feasibility of a standardized epidemiological surveillance system of air pollution in 9 French cities., Methods: Data collection and analysis followed a standardized protocol. Data pollution depended on the development of local air quality surveillance networks (number of indicators, number of stations.). The Generalised Additive Models (GAM) were used to quantify the association between air pollution and mortality., Results: In the 9 studied areas, associations between all causes, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, and air pollution indicators were observed. These associations were linear without threshold. Depending on the pollutants, excess in mortality related to an interquartile increase in acid-particulate pollution varied between 0.3 and 3.5% for total mortality, 0.5 and 6.3% for cardiovascular mortality, and between 0.1 and 12% for respiratory mortality. Photochemical air pollution varied between 0.4 and 7.3% for total mortality, 1.4 and 6.7% for cardiovascular mortality, and between 1.7 and 30.4% for respiratory mortality., Conclusion: In spite of a standardized common protocol, some disparities, inherent to the local characteristics, were noted (length of time series, numbers of ambient urban stations selected and pollutants available.). Nevertheless, this pilot study showed that multicentric epidemiological monitoring of air pollution effects on health was feasible. Yet, this requires to validate the results obtained through a re-analysis of the mortality data on a longer period of study. It also requires to study the feasibility and the relevance of the use of other health indicators, such as hospital admissions.

Background: The aim of this article is to describe PM(2.5) personal exposures within the Grenoble population and to identify the implications of such measurements on epidemiological or risk assessment studies of air quality., Methods: Non smoking adult volunteers, selected in summer 1996 (n=40), in winter 1997 (n=40) and in summer 1998 (n=20), carried a case containing 2 PM(2.5) personal monitors. One of the monitors was running continuously for 48h. (cumulative exposures), the other one was running only while indoors (indoor exposure). PM(2.5) masses were determined by reflectometry (black smoke method) and by deionised weighting (Mettler MT5 micro-balance; gravimetric method)., Results: Cumulative PM(2.5) personal exposures ranged on average from 21.9 in summer to 36.7 microgram/m(3) in winter (arithmetic mean), using the gravimetric results; the dispersion of these personal exposures was greatest in winter (s.d.=23.1 microgram/m(3)) than in summer (s.d.=10.4 microgram/m(3)). There was a good correlation (R=0.7) between the reflectometry and weighting results in winter, but not in summer. Outdoor personal exposures, determined by difference between the cumulated and indoor masses, were slightly higher than the cumulative personal exposures: the geometric means was 49.6 microgram/m(3) (geometric standard deviation=2.7 microgram/m(3)) in summer and 55.1 microgram/m(3) (3.7 microgram/m(3)) in winter (gravimetric results). Due to these greater outdoor concentrations, the fraction of outdoor exposure was high (25%) relative to the small amount of time spent outdoors (less than 10%)., Conclusion: These descriptive data, consistent with the literature, show the importance of "expology" studies aiming at characterizing PM(2.5) personal measurements across the year. This would lead, in the future, to optimizing the use of "ecological" estimates of exposures from ambient air concentrations provided by the ambient air quality networks, for the characterization of exposure in epidemiological or risk assessment studies.

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), organochlorine pesticide, byanother way cumulative pesticide is banned in mostdeveloped countries. Whatever, it is still used in many countries in the Third World. This work consist to check whether this chemical compound is still used in Senegal. The biomarker of pollution by this pesticide for this research was mango leaves (mango tree is widespread in Senegal) open to accumulate halogenated hydrocarbons. Leaves sample were taken in many sites in the centerline of Dakar-Thiès (Senegal), then analysed by gas chromatography. The results allowed to note the presence of DDT and its metabolites [(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylen (DDE), (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDD)] in most of samples. The comparison of DDT content in relation to those of the principal metabolite allowed to make the difference according to sample sites, an old contamination of an utilisation more or less recent of this pesticide. From those results, we can conclude that DDT, typical pesticide by its big persistence is still used in some spherical zones in this country, in particular in farming gardening zones.