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While it is well accepted that climate change and growing water needs affect long-term sustainable water resources management, performing accurate simulations of water cycle and energy balance dynamics at regional scale remains a challenging task.Traditional Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models are used for numerical surface water and energy simulations. These models, by conception, do not account for the groundwater lower boundary that permits a full hydrosystem representation. Conversely, while addressing important features such as subsurface heterogeneity and river–aquifer exchanges, groundwater models often integrate overly simplified upper boundary conditions ignoring soil heating and the impacts of vegetation processes on radiation fluxes and root-zone uptakes. In this paper, one of the first attempts to jointly model water and energy fluxes with a special focus on both surface and groundwater at the regional scale is proposed on the Seine hydrosystem (78,650 km$^{2}$), which overlays one of the main multi-aquifer systems of Europe.This study couples the SVAT model ORCHIDEE and the process-based hydrological–hydrogeological model CaWaQS, which describes water fluxes, via a one-way coupling approach from ORCHIDEE toward CaWaQS based on the blueprint published by [de Marsily et al., 1978]. An original transport library based on the resolution of the diffusion/advection transport equation was developed in order to simulate heat transfer in both 1D-river networks and pseudo-3D aquifer systems. In addition, an analytical solution is used to simulate heat transport through aquitards and streambeds. Simulated ORCHIDEE surface water and energy fluxes feed fast surface runoff and slow recharge respectively and then is used as CaWaQS forcings to compute river discharges, hydraulic heads and temperature dynamics through space and time, within each of the hydrosystem compartments. The tool makes it possible to establish a fully consistent water and energy budget over a period of 17 years. It also simulates temperature evolution in each aquifer and evaluates that river thermal regulation mostly relies by order of importance on short wave radiations (109.3 W${\cdot }$m$^{-2}$), groundwater fluxes (48.1 W${\cdot }$m$^{-2}$) and surface runoff (22.7 W${\cdot }$m$^{-2}$).

Among the many sorts of policies used to fight obesity and overweight, behavioral public policies are currently expanding. However, by their very nature, behavioral public policies may threaten the respect of persons’ identity. In particular, the normative status of behavioral interventions is questionable because of the way they interfere with people’s choices. Indeed, behavioral interventions may sometimes affect individuals’ attitudes and choices without the targets being aware of this influence. This article discusses whether and how dietary guidelines and their related tools, as cases of behavioral public policies, deal with the respect of persons’ identity. This issue is central to assess the normative status of these public policies. Identity is a recent issue in economics but some works show that identity plays a role in economic behavior. We thus develop a method to characterize identity. On this basis, we examine how behavioral public food policies take identity into account. We analyze dietary food guides of four countries and some of their related tools. We show that dietary food guides give a strong attention to (some) cultural and personal identity and aim at respecting the persons’ autonomy. However, their declination through tools appears more problematic and includes choice restriction and eventually the exploitation of cognitive biases. Such a difference between the claim of respecting identity and actions calls for a discussion of the normative status of those policies. From a philosophical account of autonomy, we argue that the major issue associated with behavioral public policies is not that they interfere with one’s behavior but rather that they must give sufficient attention to the respect of a person’s values, i.e., to respect her personal and social identity.

This perspective explores the role of the bioethicist in shaping public discourse through the media, while accounting for the power of narratives and voice.

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Cet article vise à comprendre certains aspects du comportement des pays baltes sur la scène internationale en étudiant les particularités des pratiques des diplomates estoniens, lettons et lituaniens. Nous mobilisons le concept de « culture diplomatique » pour expliquer comment les diplomates baltes se situent dans l’environnement international. La culture suppose un certain cadre structurant et contextualisé du comportement social : les idées et valeurs communes, les façons de percevoir le monde, qui habilitent et contraignent les actions. Le concept de culture nous permet de discerner les spécificités des pratiques diplomatiques baltes. L’article s’appuie sur une étude ethnographique des diplomaties baltes : une centaine d’entretiens qualitatifs conduits entre 2013 et 2019 ainsi qu’une année d’observation participante au sein du ministère des Affaires étrangères lituanienne entre 2015 et 2016. L’étude constate que les pratiques diplomatiques baltes sont marquées par une logique sécuritaire. Cette logique provient du contexte géopolitique et historique mais aussi de l’expérience vécue avec la Russie voisine depuis 1990, ainsi que le sens donné par les diplomates baltes aux relations avec la Russie. Les pratiques diplomatiques baltes sont aussi marquées par un idéalisme : une croyance aux valeurs libérales et démocratiques et un sens de la justice internationale, surtout dans la défense du droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes.

Resistance to viruses is an important aspect of plant breeding. One way to achieve it is to select genetic resistances based on the susceptibility factors hijacked by the virus to infect the plants. Here, we recount work done on genes encoding translation initiation factors eIF4E, some of the most successful targets for obtaining resistance to potyviruses, starting from their characterization 20 years ago. With examples from different plant species, pepper, tomato, tobacco and arabidopsis, we present the basis of this type of resistances and their characteristics, highlighting the role of gene redundancy among 4E factors, their specificity for the virus and the need for the plant of a trade-off between resistance and development. Finally, we show how the new genome editing techniques could be used in plant breeding to develop eIF4E-based resistances in crops, mimicking the functional alleles that have been selected during evolution in many crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cette communication traitera en premier lieu des multiples formats adoptés au Brésil pour la formation de chercheurs amérindiens, en s’interrogeant sur les modes amérindiens de contrôler la recherche, la production et la circulation de connaissances relatives à leurs modes de vie et leurs savoirs. Il s’agira de mettre en relief différents points de vue sur ces formes de collaboration, qui engagent non seulement la relation entre anthropologues et chercheurs-amérindiens, mais surtout les relations que les uns et les autres maintiennent avec les chamanes, les spécialistes rituels, les maîtres de chants, définis au Brésil comme les « (vrais) connaisseurs ». Dans la seconde partie de la communication, j’aborderai la formation de chercheurs wajãpi. Celle-ci a été proposée par quelques chefs de villages comme action prioritaire du plan de sauvegarde du patrimoine immatériel et a commencé en 2005, avec l’appui de l’IPHAN, de l’Unesco et d´autres institutions. Il s’agira de mettre en perspective les attentes de différents agents – les chefs de villages, les connaisseurs, les instituteurs, les chercheurs en formation, les ethnologues et les éducateurs des ONGs – et de décrire les transformations des protocoles de formation et des optiques d’évaluation, au long des dix dernières années. Les problématiques centrales concernent les formes d’interlocution et leur rapport aux modes d’expression, les méthodes adoptées pour la systématisation de corpus de savoirs, les problèmes de traduction.

Copyright of Hépato-Gastro & Oncologie Digestive is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)