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Introduction Au cours du mois de septembre 2017, les recherches sur le terrain entreprises l’année précédente ont été poursuivies sur la colline du « Casale Alibrandi » (zone D, fig. 1) qui correspond à l’habitat de la colonie de Castrum Novum. Le secteur D4 a permis de dégager l’angle sud-est des remparts de la cité, ainsi que deux nouvelles sépultures, dont une avec un jeune enfant et dont l’étude anthropologique a été confiée au Dipartimento di Biologia de l’Università di Roma 2 Tor Vergat...

International audience; c insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays to seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids and fipronil are among the most widely used pesticides in the world. Their popularity is largely due to their high toxicity to invertebrates, the ease and flexibility with which they can be applied, their long persistence, and their systemic nature, which ensures that they spread to all parts of the target crop. However, these properties also increase the probability of environmental contamination and exposure of nontarget organisms. Environmental contamination occurs via a number of routes including dust generated during drilling of dressed seeds, contamination and accumulation in arable soils and soil water, runoff into waterways, and uptake of pesticides by nontarget plants via their roots or dust deposition on leaves. Persistence in soils, waterways, and nontarget plants is variable but can be prolonged; for example, the half-lives of neonicotinoids in soils can exceed 1,000 days, so they can accumulate when used repeatedly. Similarly, they can persist in woody plants for periods exceeding 1 year. Breakdown results in toxic metabolites, though concentrations of these in the environment are rarely measured. Overall, there is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites (soil, parts per billion (ppb)-parts per million (ppm) range; water, parts per trillion (ppt)-ppb range; and plants, ppb-ppm range). This provides multiple routes for chronic (and acute in some cases) exposure of nontarget animals. For example, pollinators are exposed through direct contact with dust during drilling; consumption of pollen, nectar, or guttation drops from seed-treated crops, water, and consumption of contaminated pollen and nectar from wild flowers and trees growing near-treated crops. Studies of food stores in honeybee colonies from across the globe demonstrate that colonies are routinely and chronically exposed to neonicotinoids, fipronil, and their metabolites (generally in the 1-100 ppb range), mixed with other pesticides some of which are known to act synergistically with neonicotinoids. Other nontarget organisms, particularly those inhabiting soils, aquatic habitats, or herbivorous insects feeding on noncrop plants in farmland, will also inevitably receive exposure, although data are generally lacking for these groups. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental fate of these compounds by outlining what is known about the chemical properties of these compounds, and placing these properties in the context of modern agricultural practices.; Les insecticides systémiques sont appliqués à des plantes en utilisant une grande variété de méthodes allant des

Ce travail de mémoire professionnel se penche sur la question de la gestion de classe, plus particulièrement sur comment gérer une classe harmonieusement. A quoi faut-il faire attention ? Que faut-il instaurer dans la classe pour obtenir un climat favorable ? Pour ce faire, il s’agit de comparer des méthodes et des modèles que proposent les ouvrages avec ce qu’il se passe réellement sur le terrain. Pour comprendre au mieux comment se déroule la vie d’une classe, des observations sont entreprises sur le comportement d’un enseignant, réputé pour sa « bonne » gestion de classe. Celles-ci sont comparées avec des ouvrages de référence de la gestion de classe. En quoi la théorie de la gestion de classe (particulièrement celle d’Archambault et Chouinard, 1996 et Hierck, Coleman et Weber, 2012) concorde-t-elle avec la pratique observée? Telle est la question que ce travail veut déceler et mettre en évidence.

International audience; Various diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity result in renal diseases which are often irreversible and resistant to currently available therapies. Beside the control of glycemia in diabetic patients, only the blockade of the renin-angiotensin system is effective in reducing the occurrence of glomerulosclerosis and its development towards terminal renal failure. Inhibition of this system is based on the use of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonists. For many years, the beneficial effects of these two classes of drugs were attributed mainly to their interference with angiotensin II. However, recent in vitro and in vivo evidences strongly suggest that bradykinin B2 receptor is also involved in the nephroprotective effects of these drugs. A compelling evidence is the finding that the development of glomerulosclerosis is more severe in knock-out B2 receptor mice. The nephroprotective effect of B2 receptor could be the consequence of a reduction of proteinuria, glomerular and interstitial fibrosis, cell proliferation and of the oxidative stress through the contribution of several well identified mechanisms. It is proposed that B2 receptor agonists can offer a novel therapeutic avenue in the treatment of nephropathies associated with diabetes or other vascular diseases.

In addition to being a pro-inflammatory mediator, bradykinin is now recognized as a neuromediator and regulator of several vascular and renal functions. New breakthroughs point to unusual and atypical signalling pathways for a G-protein coupled receptor that could explain the anti-proliferative and anti-fibrogenic effects of bradykinin. The availability of transgenic and knock out animal models for bradykinin receptors or bradykinin-synthesizing or -catabolic enzymes confirms these cardiac and renal protective roles for this peptide system. Bradykinin receptors are involved in the therapeutic action of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors that are used in the treatment of arterial hypertension, heart failure and diabetes. Nevertheless, recent evidence highlights dissimilar mechanisms in the regulation and function of these receptors between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Therefore, the development of more specific bradykinin receptor agonists or antagonists devoid of central actions seems to evolve as a new therapeutic approach.

Generally speaking, there is considerable similarity among European nations with regard to the capacity of children to acquire the ability to express themselves coherently in a second language in spite of individual variations. The established facts should help understand how children acquire the ability to express themselves in the language of the country in which they live and which is not their mother tongue. They also help to situate the child with respect to the school class and age averages. In addition, they permit to evaluate the children's ability to express themselves in their mother tongues and to judge their ability to learn a second language. Consequently, it would be interesting to pursue this investigation at other levels, in particular at the beginning of the European secondary school level with the intent of assisting in determining an adequation of languages in Europe of the ninety threes.

Sinoaortic denervation SAD in dog induces a permanent rise in blood pressure and heart rate leading to an experimental model of arterial hypertension. This model is associated with a marked increase in plasma catecholamine levels during the two first months. The present study investigates the changes in some renal vasoactive systems (renin activity, aldosterone and kallikrein) and cortical renal beta adrenoceptors during the development of this experimental neurogenic hypertension in dogs. SAD dogs exhibited a biphasic change in plasma renin activity and catecholamines: 1 month after SAD, plasma noradrenaline rose and renin activity decreased. These parameters return to normal values 18 months after SAD whereas blood pressure remained elevated. In contrast, plasma aldosterone levels decreased and urinary sodium increased. Urinary kallikrein was enhanced 1 month after SAD and showed a marked decrease 18 months later when compared with pre-SAD values. Cortical renal beta adrenoceptors (evaluated by 125I-cyanopindolol) exhibited a permanent decrease (Bmax) whatever the duration of arterial hypertension. These results show that SAD-induced hypertension in dog is associated with changes in renal vasoactive system involving urinary excretion of kallikrein and cortical renal beta adrenoceptors. These alterations could be involved in the maintenance of arterial hypertension in this experimental model.

The authors studied the structures and vocabulary, as well as their uses, in stories told by children of the fourth year in of Portuguese and French primary schools. A «dictionary» of the words used in the stories was also organised.

The organize language groups for the elderly appeared urgent in order to forestall a deterioration of their faculties and strengthen those faculties which could be maintained. Awareness of space and time, songs and poems, narratives and themes discussed made it possible to revival the necessary gymnastics of the mind.

Twenty patients with severe hypertension and chronic renal failure were given Captopril during a one year period. Hypertension was always severe: BP: 193 +/- 11.8 mmHg/120.2 +/- 6.7 mm Hg. Mean glomerular filtration rate (GRF) was 42 +/- 10 ml/mn and renal plasma flow (RPF) was 160 +/- 35 ml/min. Mean plasma renin activity was 1.5 +/- 1.1 ng/ml/h and plasma aldosterone 15.9 +/- 1.9 ng/100 ml. Captopril was given in daily doses from 75 to 300 mg. Furosemide was added in 13 cases, and bêta inhibitions in 10 cases. Blood pressure and renal function were measured eight days, every month end after one year of treatment: the fall in diastolic blood pressure was 13 p. 100 after eight days, 23 p. 100 after one year; a period of at least 6 months was necessary to obtain normal blood pressure values; and after one year blood pressure was normalized (diastolic BP less than 90 mmHg) in 19 patients. Renal function was compared with pretreatment values, after 8 days and one year: --RPF was increased (+18 p. 100 and +10.3 p. 100); --GFR was unchanged (+3,8 p. 100 and -8.8 p. 100); --filtration fraction was significantly decreased: (-12.3 p. 100 and -18.3 p. 100); --sodium excretion rate (+16 p. 100 and +9.9 p. 100) and kaliemia increased (+10 p. 100 and +8 p. 100) but severe hyperkalemia never occurred; --PRA increased (+270 p. 100 and +400 p. 100); --Plasma aldosterone was decreased after eight days --28.9 p. 100 but identical to control after one year -4.4 p. 100. Diuretics were efficient to enhance the antipressor of Captopril, whereas bêta inhibitions appeared less useful, and may be indicated only when tachycardia occurs. These results show that long term use of Captopril alone or associated with Furosemide, can normalise blood pressure in patients with renal insufficiency, without any impairment in GFR, and with an increase in RBF.

Voici les résultats d'une expérience faite avec des élèves de l'Ecole nationale d'administration (E.N.A.). A soixante élèves de cette école sur le point de finir leurs études, Andrée Girolami-Boulinier a fait passer deux tests : sur deux séquences de quatre images, il s'agissait d'abord de faire le récit oral de deux histoires suggérées par ces images, puis d'en donner la version écrite correspondante. Les réponses ainsi obtenues donnent une image typée du langage des énarques. Mais cette enquête permet surtout, et c'est son objet principal, de fixer des moyennes de langage, de créer un modèle de référence du niveau du « langage adulte évolué ». Niveau auquel il sera possible de se référer pour tout langage adulte placé dans la même situation., Girolami-Boulinier Andrée. L'énarque et le langage courant. In: Communication et langages, n°36, 4ème trimestre 1977. pp. 5-30.

Renal tissue kallikrein and proteins were measured in two kidney-one clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats both in the stenotic and the controlateral kidney and in sham operated rats at either 1 or 2 weeks after clipping. Activity was assessed by the amidolytic activity and by the kininogenase activity. Kallikrein in normotensive controls was 97.4 +/- 13 ng of bradykinin min-1 mg-1 of protein at week 1 and increased up to 116 +/- 18. Kallikrein in the GH rats was 83 +/- 12 in the stenotic kidney and 85,6 +/- 14 in the controlateral one at week 1, these values remained unchanged at week 2. As a consequence renal tissue kallikrein became significantly lower in the GH rats only at week 2 when compared to controls both the clipped and unclipped kidney showed the same magnitude decrease. Protein concentration remained at a steady level through out the 2 weeks of study. The results suggest that the lower renal kallikrein activity secondary to hypertension found in GH rats result from a decreased activation of prekallikrein in both kidney.

One limitation of the technique of isolated dog kidney perfusion with heparinized blood is the progressive impairment of the organ function which leads to perfuse separately and simultaneously the two kidneys of the same animal with two identical apparatuses, one of the kidneys being used as a control. In order to overcome this difficulty, we describe a technique of perfusion where the kidney is transposed to the femoral or the carotido-jugular vessels. Interposition of a reservoir and a ventricular pump between the vessels and the kidney secures perfusion at a steady pressure. In 10 experiments, haemodynamics and functions of the kidneys remained steady and nearly normal during a 150 min perfusion.

We have reviewed the clinical and pathologic findings of 25 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who had a complete post-mortem examination including a study of the nervous system and of one or both eyes. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis was the most frequent type of ocular infection observed fundoscopically (9 of 18 cases examined clinically). There were only 3 cases of CMV encephalitis amongst the 8 cases of CMV retinitis documented pathologically. Cerebral toxoplasmosis was found in 12 of the 25 cases and in only one of these could Toxoplasma gondii cysts be demonstrated in the optic nerve. Cotton wool spots were the most frequent lesion observed fundoscopically (10 of 18 cases examined clinically). In the 3 cases where they were observed microscopically they corresponded to cytoid bodies which represented axonal swellings within the nerve fiber layer. The pathogenesis of this lesion in patients with AIDS is not understood. Intraocular lymphoma was present in only one case.

Andrée Girolami-Boulinier avait fait une première expérience sur l'expression orale et écrite en faisant passer deux tests à 60 énarques : les réponses avaient permis de typer leur langage. Elle s'est adressée ensuite à 60 agents productifs; puis à des personnes âgées de 90 ans. Actuellement elle poursuit ses travaux en élargissant ses champs d'expérience en France et à l'étranger. Voici à ce titre les comparaisons que lui ont suggérées les récits effectués par des enfants de 4 primaire dans différentes villes européennes., Girolami-Boulinier Andrée. Langages comparés entre enfants portugais, castillans catalans...et français. In: Communication et langages, n°79, 1er trimestre 1989. pp. 4-17.

The comparative study of speech in different European languages led to the comparison of verbal production by children of the same level at school (4th. year primary). The study shows itself to be the starting point not only for the education of the difficulties which might be met in different languages, but also for the organization of means for an equivilance of success in the Europe of 1992.

Bradykinin (BK) have been involved in a lot of pharmacological and biological effects including natriuresis, vasodilatation, inflammation and pain mediation. All these potent effects of BK are presumably mediated via one or more specific receptors which have been classified in two types named B1 and B2 receptors. In the kidney, specific binding have been reported successively in cortical epithelial membranes, in renomedullary interstitial cells and in cortical collecting tubules. Furthermore, since a large number of vasoactive compounds have been shown to regulate renal glomerular hemodynamics, we examined the binding of BK in rat glomerular membranes and the effect of variable salt diet on the density (Bmax) and the dissociation constant (KD) of this binding. Incubation of a radiolabeled bradykinin analog, [125I]-Tyr8-BK with a crude membrane preparation obtained from isolated rat glomeruli revealed a time dependent binding. The binding was saturable, reversible and was a linear function of protein membrane concentration. The radiolabeled Tyr8-BK bound to a single class of binding sites with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 2.75 +/- 0.7 nM and a density (Bmax) of 32.1 +/- 5.2 fmol/mg protein. [125I]-Tyr8-BK binding was reversed by bradykinin (Ki = 0.4 10(-9) M) and by other kinin analogs. However, Des-Arg9-BK had no effect on binding of the radiolabelled BK. These results are consistent with the presence of a B2-kinin like receptor in rat glomeruli. Low salt diet (during one month) and water deprivation (during 4 days) induced a decrease in the density of glomerular BK like receptors respectively (Bmax = 12.45 +/- 1.3 and 13.25 +/- 1.17 fmol/mg protein).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In this article the method of language evaluation developed by A. Girolami-Boulinier is used in six European countries for pupils of the fourth class at Primary School. Two stories were told from pictures which were then written by all the pupils: results demonstrate that the level of language is nearly the same in the six countries. It is therefore apparent that children who have reached a given level are easily able to learn in school if their parents have to work in a foreign country.

Hormis ses effets pro-inflammatoires, la bradykinine possède dorénavant le statut de neuromédiateur et de régulateur de plusieurs fonctions vasculaires et rénales. Des avancées récentes dévoilent des systèmes de signalisation atypiques et peu communs pour un récepteur couplé aux protéines G, lesquels pourraient expliquer les effets anti-prolifératif et anti-fibrosant de la bradykinine. L’étude de modèles génétiquement modifiés pour l’expression de ses récepteurs ou des enzymes de sa synthèse ou de sa dégradation, a permis de suggérer un rôle cardio- et néphro-protecteur à ce système. L’activation des récepteurs de la bradykinine participe aux mécanismes d’action des inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine I qui sont des médicaments de choix dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires et du diabète. Néanmoins, les études de la régulation et de la fonction des récepteurs de la bradykinine révèlent des divergences notables entre le système nerveux central et les tissus périphériques. En conséquence, un ciblage plus spécifique des récepteurs périphériques avec des molécules, agonistes ou antagonistes, qui ne passent pas la barrière hémato-encéphalique, s’impose comme nouvelle démarche thérapeutique., In addition to being a pro-inflammatory mediator, bradykinin is now recognized as a neuromediator and regulator of several vascular and renal functions. New breakthroughs point to unusual and atypical signalling pathways for a G-protein coupled receptor that could explain the anti-proliferative and anti-fibrogenic effects of bradykinin. The availability of transgenic and knock out animal models for bradykinin receptors or bradykinin-synthesizing or -catabolic enzymes confirms these cardiac and renal protective roles for this peptide system. Bradykinin receptors are involved in the therapeutic action of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors that are used in the treatment of arterial hypertension, heart failure and diabetes. Nevertheless, recent evidence highlights dissimilar mechanisms in the regulation and function of these receptors between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Therefore, the development of more specific bradykinin receptor agonists or antagonists devoid of central actions seems to evolve as a new therapeutic approach.