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Comparison of drift of two types of sprayers used in cotton production in Benin. Description of the subject. Increasing use of plant protection products and a continuous change in their active substances during recent years raise crucial questions regarding environmental pollution, particularly for aquatic ecosystems in the cotton production area. Objectives. Field trials were carried out (in Batran, province of Banikoara) in conditions close to those of local practices. The objective was to quantify and compare the drift generated during spraying both with a centrifugal cane and a backpack sprayer, which are the two most popular types of sprayer used in the cotton area of Benin. Method. A mixture of water and tartrazine (a food grade dye) was prepared for spraying at 20 g·l-1. Ten spraying trials were conducted, at two heights (1 m and 1.5 m), according to a pre-established protocol validated by an initial trial carried out with water-sensitive paper. Fifty-four white cotton patches were placed at the predetermined heights and distances from the emission point. After each trial, the patches were collected and the tartrazine concentrations (in µg·cm-2) were determined after extraction in water with a colorimeter. The percentages of drift were then calculated from the quantities of tartrazine recovered. Results. Results showed that, in the same weather conditions (35° ± 1 °C; R.H.: 64 + 4%; wind speed stable around 3 m·s-1), spraying at the height of 1.5 m with the centrifugal cane generated drift percentages significantly higher than those generated by spraying at the height of 1 m with the backpack sprayer. Conclusions. Droplets of mixture were observed at up to 16 m, whichever sprayer was used.

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Involute gears have traditionally been the preferred choice for gear transmission systems due to their simplicity and interchangeability. However, there are applications where they do not provide the most durable and efficient solution. While the cost of implementing optimized non-involute gears in most applications often outweighs their comparative advantages, the advent of additive manufacturing has opened up possibilities for designers to explore alternative gear tooth profiles. This is particularly relevant in the realm of plastic gears, where optimized non-involute gears produced through 3D printing can address their primary drawbacks, such as surface durability and wear resistance. In this study, a comprehensive free-form optimization process was conducted to determine the optimal tooth profile that minimizes wear on 3D printed spur gears during operation. The tooth flank geometry was represented using a 4th order B-spline curve, and a genetic algorithm was employed to determine the optimum positions of the control points aiming to minimize wear depth across the tooth flanks. The spur gears were manufactured using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with PLA material. The parameters of the additive manufacturing process were experimentally fine-tuned to achieve the best possible accuracy. To evaluate the performance of the optimized free-form gears, two case studies were implemented, demonstrating that the optimized gears achieved a remarkable reduction of average wear depth by more than 50% and a reduction of maximum wear depth by more than 69% compared to standard involute gears. To further validate the effectiveness of the optimization method, experiments were carried out using an FZG test rig. The profiles of the tooth flanks were measured on a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) before and after the experiments to compare the wear depth against the standard involute gears. The results revealed a significant improvement in the wear resistance of the tooth flanks, with a reduction of wear depth of 44.1%.

Designing and producing a proper fusion construction is the most important problem of producing large quantities of a properly folded functional protein. This construction should have all necessary components of a real gene. A good designed fusion gene construction could be cloned into a good and suitable host. Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen of humans and livestock and produces numerous toxins including epsilon and beta which are responsible for severe diseases. In the present study a new construction containing Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin gene and type B beta toxin gene was designed. At the first step two pairs of primers were used for these genes amplification. At the next step epsilon forward and beta reveres primers were used to produce a chimeric gene containing amplified partial cds of etxD and partial cds of cpbB which are linked together by the AEAAAKEAAAKA fragment as a small linker. The method was based on fusion PCR and using of Pfu DNA polymerase, which has a proofreading activity. The fusion gene inserted into pJET1.2blunt and cloned into E.coli strain TOP10. Based on the latest information, this is the first design and cloning of epsilon-beta fusion gene and also this is the first time that PCR fusion strategy is used for Clostriadial gene fusion, which could be used for development of a recombinant epsilon-beta fusion protein vaccine. This construction also could serve as a model for development and production of novel fusion protein for other potential proteins and toxins.

The importance and effectiveness of the applications of service robots in human daily life is constantly increasing. It is used in various fields, such as healthcare, education, shopping, tourism, hospitality and safety, to name a few, however employing this advanced technology for use in traditional environments is not a simple matter. Users must first be prepared to accept dealing with these social bots to obtain the desired services, and here a positive user experience is vital, and should be considered an important part of the bot development process. Excessive use of service robots applications and work to expand their reach in society, without a serious study of the potential negative effects as a result of incompatibility with user experience, may lead to many problems that may affect society as a whole. This has already happened in a number of cases as a result of bot developers neglecting to define UX goals due to lack of knowledge or time constraints. Therefore, the aim of this research is to focus on studying the user experience as a basic determinant of the service robots design process, and identifying each of the ways to benefit from the results of evaluating the user experience towards service robots, as well as the challenges that the industrial designer must deal with, leading to the most common and effective ways to evaluate User experience in relation to social robots and service delivery. To provide early feedback in a way that allows dealing with potential errors at an early stage of design. And to highlight one of those modern areas of products, which is the service robot, and to determine the role of the industrial designer in the design of the service robot, especially with regard to studying and monitoring user behavior and its impact on service robot design and improvement. Targeted service quality. This study emphasizes the need for bot developers to acquire the required theoretical and practical knowledge of how to conduct successful user experience assessment.

Il a été montré expérimentalement qu’un apport alimentaire élevé en graisses et plus particulièrement en acides gras polyinsaturés de la famille n-6 est associé à un risque accru du développement tumoral. A l’opposé, la famille des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 semble agir, dans ces études, comme agent protecteur. Cependant, la majorité des études prospectives de cohorte ainsi que les études d’épidémiologie biochimique basées sur l’analyse des biomarqueurs de la consommation lipidique ne confirment pas ces résultats. D’autres interventions sont nécessaires avant de conclure que les lipides apportés par l’alimentation sont associés, comme facteurs de risque ou de protection, au développement tumoral.

The research discussed the impact of applying some concepts in engineering and design of scheduling tool and modeling software, in solving general ceramic tile production problems, especially in smart factory process systems, by making use of software volume and scheduling models. We hope to expand its application and implementation in the ceramic industry sector in Egypt, and to spread the experience of its applications. Presenting a model of the production process, then describing in detail the great development in the systems of smart ceramic tile production processes as a case study for one of the international companies in the industry and the ceramic sector. We focus on development in the ceramic tiles sector by making use of developed scheduling systems, to model problems to find solutions digitally using computer programs. The research clarified the importance of applying software and manufacturing scheduling systems to improve the quality of the ceramic product with the provision of scheduling models, and a case study of a smart factory for ceramic production that uses the digital approach and applies smart programs on all its lines to produce ceramic tiles with all variables. The research dealt with Industry 4.0 and its most important characteristics and benefits for making improvements in the industrial process, and managing the product life cycle in smart factories through a smart powder factory for the ceramic body and innovations designed to improve process efficiency and a smart production line that ensures formation, drying, decoration and fire lines for ceramic tiles and plates in the best possible conditions to achieve the highest levels possible Quality, Productivity and Operational Flexibility The innovative large hydraulic presses, combined with Deep Digital decoration technology, are state of the art in the industry. The new thermal machines (dryers and ovens) guarantee high quality standards and at the same time, reduce energy consumption and environmental impact. And smart warehousing allows production to be organized in batches, facilitating product changeover and increasing the efficiency of ceramic production, depending on the work order. Offers a wide range of tile and large slab sorting and packing machines as well as smart supply chains.

Renewable energy sources are sporadic and unpredictable, which makes mass adoption extremely difficult. A viable option that is specifically designed to handle this problem is compressed air energy storage, or CAES. It provides large-scale energy storage capabilities. Air is compressed during off- peak hours and stored in subterranean chambers as part of this two-step process. The air that has been stored is released when there is a demand peak, which turns a turbine and produces energy. Notably, CAES has a number of benefits over alternative storage options. Since it can keep energy for long periods of time, it is an excellent tool for managing the erratic output of renewable sources. Its intrinsic scalability also makes it adaptable to a variety of grid requirements. By offering backup power and enabling the smooth integration of renewables, CAES also helps to maintain grid stability. Moreover, its economic feasibility is highlighted by its comparatively elevated efficiency in contrast to alternative solutions. In order to fully realize the promise of renewable energy sources and promote a more robust and sustainable energy future, CAES offers a dependable and scalable method of storing energy.

Design methods were numerous and varied, including all the implementation methods, and design methods were not known before the beginning of the fifties, as the design process was known as those processes that are carried out by architects, engineers, or industrial designers in order to produce engineering drawings or necessary for the production of engineering drawings. The research aims to take advantage of the infographic as a simplified and appropriate method in presenting the outputs and ideas in the industrial product design program, due to the difficulties faced by the student and practitioner of industrial design in the process of coordinating, summarizing and presenting the results of each stage of the design program in order to extract and analyze the results to reach the appropriate decision to move To the next stage or to return again to the previous stage to complete its activities.From that, the importance of research in developing the skills of the students of the industrial design program by using infographics in presenting the outputs of the design program was due to the lack of the current methods of presentation for students of the Industrial Design Department while presenting the results of the stages and outputs of the design program to appropriate methods and methodologies.The research dealt with a presentation of the definition, concept and genesis of infographics with the aim of familiarizing the designer with what this new technology is, and then an explanation and illustrative examples of some types of infographics and the features of using each type according to the information required to be presented and produced.The research also dealt with an explanation of the stages of the industrial product design program, the results of each stage, and the importance of display and output methods for those results and their impact on the speed and accuracy of decision-making during the transition between the stages and activities of the program.Then the research dealt with the impact of applying infographics in the stages of the product design program through a case study of designing and implementing a "shelter unit for scouting trips" to highlight the advantages of the application results. Examples of programs and sites that help the designer in making infographic drawings after providing them with the data and information required to be displayed were presented.In the end, the main findings and recommendations of the research were presented.

The products manufacturing companies aim to increase their production capacity as well as the quality of their products in order to achieve their marketing plans and increase their competitiveness with other companies. In order to achieve this, companies strive to move forward in the processes of facilitating production processes and reduce the cost of production through multiple locations of implementation of product parts and components according to the nature of Each part and raw materials used in its production, as well as the number of labor required to manufacture it and the cost of that labor.In addition to the tendency of some companies to assign the implementation of some of these components and parts to multiple countries according to what they are distinguished geographically and logistically ... etc., which resulted in the distribution of some industrial institutions to produce components of their products to become in multiple regions around the world.Although the productive institutions have achieved that desired goal of reducing the cost of production, but they are a front for new problems in the process of communication and exchange of information between multiple production points spread around the world, especially with the multiplicity of languages, cultures, time differences ... etc., and this resulted in wasting more time in Facilitating the communication process and transferring the information necessary to complete the manufacturing and assembly operations in the optimum way and with the required quality, which must be carried out quickly within the life cycle of the product during its production, from design and production planning to manufacturing and assembly.Perhaps the stage of assembling the components and parts of the product is the most important articulated stage in the production process because of its high accuracy and good communication between both (the design and production stages) and (the production stages of each other). With pictures and diagrams, which imposes on the workers the sequence between reading these instructions and realizing them correctly, then implementing the assembly process in practice, which results in a high probability of distracting and slowing the production process, which results in wasting time and thus reduces the efficiency of the production line.From the above, the importance of adopting augmented reality emerges as one of the effective solutions in achieving communication and information transfer between parts and components designers and those who manufacture and assemble them and carry out maintenance operations for them.

The Impact of using 3D Printering on developing the architectural Ceramic DesignThe research presents a form of technological advancement, which is 3D printing 3, which is a form of manufacturing technology in addition to Additive Manufacturing, which opened up new horizons that redefined concepts and systems in the design of traditional industrial and commercial products. In the worlds of industrialization and innovation even described by many as the industrial revolution of new, it has reduced the tripartite printing dimensions of time taken to designers and engineers to visualize, shaping, and create models of primary, helping to identify the product characteristics and specifications of formal and deal with them early in the operations of the design and production of a series of product ceramic.Research problem:• The ceramic designer made the best use of the 3D printing revolution in advancing the creative process.• The obstacles facing the ceramic designer in presenting his idea and producing some ideas.Research objective:• Learn about the potential of the 3D printer in ceramic molding.• Clarify the obstacles facing the ceramic designer in the process of creativity and ceramic design and try to overcome them• Making use of 3D printing in order to obtain a finished ceramic stereoscopic pattern.research limits:• Research is limited to the potential of the 3D printer in the field of ceramics.Research methodology: The research follows the descriptive analytical method Research methodology: The research follows the descriptive analytical methodKey words: 3D printingـ additive manufacturingـ ceramic design - product design Computer-aided design (CAD)- computer-aided manufacturing

This study was conducted to identify the extent of the possibility of using clays in southern Libya (north and south of the Ashkeda region, which were coded in the research (A1, B2), and the Tarout region symbolized (C3), for various industrial ceramic uses, through the identification of the physical and chemical properties where it was conducted Laboratory tests (plasticity modulus analysis, water additive analysis of the used slurries, granular gradient analysis using laser, XRF LAB chemical analysis, TDA, DTA, X-ray analysis X-RAY, XRD), to identify the specifications of the clays used. Clays at different temperatures (950 ° C, 1000 ° C, 1050 ° C, 1100 ° C, 1150 ° C) to identify the appropriate degree of maturity by measuring the degree of (density, porosity and water absorption, total shrinkage, color gamut) by reaching the highest density ratio, the lowest porosity, absorption and the highest hardness strength .It is evident through the laboratory tests and analyzes that were conducted for the three clays (A1, B2, C3), which showed that the regions of southern Libya had a variety of deposition environments, and thus the diversity of the mineral deposits present in them, which resulted in the difference in the type of clays obtained, which is that of the Tarout region (Kaolin type) It is considered one of the remaining primary clays (primary / residual), meaning that it was formed and settled in its original place, and it is due to the type of WSCH according to the Libyan specifications. It is classified from clays with medium thermal resistance and the temperature does not exceed (1400 ° C) and according to the optical parameter it is white in color) Tine of the Ashkeda region (a type of earth mud, which is mostly sedimentary mudflats formed in different geological eras, so that it became easy to classify it according to the geological components, and it is a non-thermal clay located between the thermal limits of (950 CO – 1000 CO).

This study was carried out to show the role of small industries, especially small ceramic industries that depend on local raw materials, in achieving the goals of economic and social development in Libya, in addition to being one of the industries with functional use, such as home ceramics and traditional craft industries (pieces that express the culture and identity of the place). A direct contribution to spatial development, as it accommodates large numbers of workers, with different age groups of both genders. It is not limited to young people only, but includes the skilled elderly category with distinguished experience. This is why it is considered one of the most important elements of family social solidarity, and this in turn limits migration to large cities Or external migration, also one of the obvious influences that contributes to transforming the place as a tourist destination (examples are the village of Garagos in the city of Qena, the village of Tunis in the city of Fayoum, and Fustat in the city of Cairo), which in turn enhances the foundations of sustainable development in the various Libyan villages and cities, which depend On the elements of the spatial environment and the local expertise of the craftsmen, who contribute to the transmission of their experiences from current generations to future generations.The locations of the raw materials in southern Libya were determined after referring to the reports of the Industrial Research Center in Libya, and after the ores were transported, milled and prepared, they were tested by different forming methods represented in (forming by casting method, forming using the cuff (the pressing arm), forming by manual plastic pressing, free forming by the wheel. The results were promising, and they are suitable for different ceramic forming methods used in small ceramic industries, and the results of the plasticity labs also showed that the clays have very superior plasticity, and the success of the clays used in molding by slip casting.

In recent times, there has been a great influence of modern software and machines that support the technologies of operating artificial intelligence systems, in the field of industry and production, and computers, programs and algorithms through which they operate have an effective role in simplifying the daily life of users, and it is certain that new technical developments will have an impact. Directly on the global labor market during the next few years, and the impact will not be limited to industrial jobs but on the core of human tasks in all work sectors.Therefore, it was important to recognize, adapt and deal with the changes in the production process with all its components (economic - legislative - stages of production - work environment - individuals, administrators, workers - ... etc), in order to keep pace with global technological developments, especially in production processes and a safe transition from the current situation. To benefit from the developments resulting from the Fourth Industrial Revolution without falling into international and social isolation.From that, the research aimed at highlighting the importance and maximizing the role of keeping pace with global technological developments, especially in production processes and a safe transition from the current situation to benefiting from the developments resulting from the fourth industrial revolution, following this descriptive and analytical approach, by collecting, analyzing and extracting information in order to achieve the research goal. .Where the concept of the second machine age term "the Internet of things - the fourth industrial revolution" was dealt with through a historical approach to each of the first, second and third industrial revolutions and the most important things on which they were based and the distinctive features of each. Then the research moved to listing the most important modifications that must be made to the current systems. To include the techniques of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Some examples of applications that demonstrate that the Fourth Industrial Revolution have actually entered into practice are also covered.

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plants mostly seen in leaves and some eukaryotic algae that provides the primary sources of the world’s food productivity. Plastids of higher plants are generally semiautonomous with 120–150 kb genome. Chloroplast transformation has become an attractive alternative to nuclear gene transformation due to its advantages, high protein levels, the feasibility of expressing multiple proteins from polycistronic mRNAs, and gene containment through the lack of pollen transmission. The review presents the recent trends and methods for plastid genome engineering and transgene expression and summarizes the potential of plastid transformation in various fields of biotechnology and also as a source of therapeutic proteins.

Similipal Biosphere Reserve forest is situated in the district Mayurbhanj, Odisha, enriched with the different types of vegetations along with aboriginals. These aboriginals have unique skills in using traditional therapeutic medicines. They use wild plant and their parts in traditional herbal formulations to cure different diseases. Trichosanthes tricuspidata, locally known as Mahakaal is very common to be used as herbal medicine. Fruits of Mahakaal have sound traditional therapeutic values, they have been used against asthma, skin infections, muscular pain and killing the head lice. Phytochemical screening of fruit extracts revealed the presence of major bioactive compounds such as Tannin, Saponin, Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Terpenoids etc which indicate its sound pharmacological properties. Antibacterial assessment of fruit extracts also showed excellent activity against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. Methanol extracts showed highest zone of inhibition (1.51 cm) against Streptococcus pyogenes caused skin infections. The experimental works validate the traditional therapeutic claims.

No abstract available.