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COPD is a pulmonary disease with a systemic impact. The goals of COPD assessment are to determine the severity of the disease to guide management. Smoking cessation is a prime objective at all the stages of the disease to modify the long-term decline in lung function, reduce the COPD symptoms, and the frequency of exacerbations, improve health status and reduce mortality. The bronchodilators are central in the pharmacologic management of COPD. Long-acting bronchodilators are indicated as maintenance treatment to relieve COPD symptoms (particularly dyspnea) despite regular use of short-acting bronchodilators. Long-acting bronchodilators reduce the exacerbation rate. The choice between a long-acting β2-adrenergic and an anticholinergic depends on the patient's perception of symptom relief. The inhaled corticoids are only indicated in COPD combined with long-acting β2-adrenergic in patients with severe COPD and a history of repeated exacerbations, who have significant symptoms despite therapy with bronchodilators. The combination of an inhaled corticosteroid with a long-acting β2-agonist reduces the exacerbation rate. The rehabilitation should be offered to all patients with dyspnea, exercise intolerance, or limitation in everyday activities related to COPD despite optimal pharmacological therapy and management of co-morbidities. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a multidisciplinary and tailored management of the COPD patients which enable to optimize exercise capacity, social reintegration, autonomy, reduce health care costs by decreasing the exacerbation rate, urgent visits and duration of hospitalisation. The rehabilitation is not just focusing on the improvement of exercise capacity, but also seeks sustained behavioural changes that are needed to achieve real improvement in health status and quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation is also an excellent opportunity for education which is critical in the healthcare pathway., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The intranasal delivery of drugs is widely used for the local treatment of rhinitis or nasal polyposis. This route of delivery could represent an interesting alternative for systemic drugs with low digestive absorption. The nasal mucosa acts as an anatomical obstacle hard to get over, except for compounds with low molecular weight or highly lipophilic. Among morphinic drugs, fentanyl, very lipophilic, is rapidly absorbed via intranasal administration with a bioavailability close to 90%. This route of delivery for fentanyl is a new alternative for the treatment of breakthrough pain and gives the opportunity to discuss on the interest and the limits of nasal route administration of drugs, particularly of opioids.