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This article takes the stance that knowledge requires a commitment to literalism, defined as the Humean view that an object is nothing more than a bundle of qualities. But insofar as philosophy in its classical sense as philosophia must oppose all forms of literalism, philosophy cannot be a form of knowledge, and therefore cannot be viewed as continuous with science in any straightforward sense. Analogous cases are considered. A metaphor cannot be understood in literal terms, for the simple reason that metaphor enacts a rift between an object and its qualities rather than a bundled union. Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science gives us another case where the “that” and the “what” of a discovery such as oxygen are inevitably in conflict, casting doubt on whether science itself even has literal foundations. The article ends with some reflections on the differing attitudes required by the philosopher and the scientist.

Background National strategies from North America call for substantive improvements in entry-level pain management education to help reduce the burden of chronic pain. Past work has generated a valuable set of interprofessional pain management competencies to guide the education of future health professionals. However, there has been very limited work that has explored the development of such competencies for individual professions in different regions. Developing profession-specific competencies tailored to the local context is a necessary first step to integrate them within local regulatory systems. Our group is working toward this goal within the context of entry-level physiotherapy (PT) programs across Canada. Aims This study aimed to create a consensus-based competency profile for pain management, specific to the Canadian PT context. Methods A modified Delphi design was used to achieve consensus across Canadian university-based and clinical pain educators. Results Representatives from 14 entry-level PT programs (93% of Canadian programs) and six clinical educators were recruited. After two rounds, a total of 15 competencies reached the predetermined endorsement threshold (75%). Most participants (85%) reported being “very satisfied” with the process. Conclusions This process achieved consensus on a novel pain management competency profile specific to the Canadian PT context. The resulting profile delineates the necessary abilities required by physiotherapists to manage pain upon entry to practice. Participants were very satisfied with the process. This study also contributes to the emerging literature on integrated research in pain management by profiling research methodology that can be used to inform related work in other health professions and regions.

This study aimed to examine and analyze the impact of tax revenue on economic growth and the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Turkey for the period 2010 to 2020. This study purposed that tax revenue has a positive impact on economic growth and has a long-run relationship between variables. According to the ARDL model, results are significant at 5% that accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis which means tax revenue has a positive impact on economic growth. The tax revenue and economic growth have a long-run relationship by the bound test for the study period from 2010 to 2020 in Turkey’s economy.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Fibrinogen (Fib) are the model proteins extensively used for investigating drug-protein interactions due to their distinct binding characteristics and structural similarities to human serum albumin. The present report examines the interactions between Glimepiride (GM) [a sulfonylurea used for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus management) and Fib And BSA, respectively. Fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to analyze quenching mechanisms and binding constants at 298 K and 290 K, respectively. The results indicate that GM binds to BSA and Fib via hydrophobic forces, with binding and quenching rate constants showing significant interactions. The binding constant (kb) due to the interaction between GM-Fib was found to be 1.297 × 104 Lmol-1 and 1.262× 104 Lmol-1 at 298 K and 290 K, respectively with Gibbs free energy (ΔG) equal to -5.609 Kcal/mol, and -3.627 Kcal/mol at 298 K and 290 K, respectively. The binding constant (kb) for the interaction between GM- BSA was determined to be 1.24 × 105 Lmol⁻¹ at 298 K and 9.896 × 103 Lmol⁻¹ at 290 K. The ΔG associated with these interactions is -6.947 Kcal/mol at 298 K and -5.302 Kcal/mol at 290 K. The thermodynamic parameters suggest spontaneous binding processes due to a negative value of ΔG. The results provide valuable insights into GM’s stability and interaction mechanisms with Fib and BSA, contributing to understanding drug-protein interactions essential for drug development.

Abstract Background Coccidiosis is a major contributor to losses in poultry production. With emerging constraints on the use of in-feed prophylactic anticoccidial drugs and the relatively high costs of effective vaccines, there are commercial incentives to breed chickens with greater resistance to this important production disease. To identify phenotypic biomarkers that are associated with the production impacts of coccidiosis, and to assess their covariance and heritability, 942 Cobb500 commercial broilers were subjected to a defined challenge with Eimeria tenella (Houghton). Three traits were measured: weight gain (WG) during the period of infection, caecal lesion score (CLS) post mortem, and the level of a serum biomarker of intestinal inflammation, i.e. circulating interleukin 10 (IL-10), measured at the height of the infection. Results Phenotypic analysis of the challenged chicken cohort revealed a significant positive correlation between CLS and IL-10, with significant negative correlations of both these traits with WG. Eigenanalysis of phenotypic covariances between measured traits revealed three distinct eigenvectors. Trait weightings of the first eigenvector, (EV1, eigenvalue = 59%), were biologically interpreted as representing a response of birds that were susceptible to infection, with low WG, high CLS and high IL-10. Similarly, the second eigenvector represented infection resilience/resistance (EV2, 22%; high WG, low CLS and high IL-10), and the third eigenvector tolerance (EV3, 19%; high WG, high CLS and low IL-10), respectively. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified two SNPs that were associated with WG at the suggestive level. Conclusions Eigenanalysis separated the phenotypic impact of a defined challenge with E. tenella on WG, caecal inflammation/pathology, and production of IL-10 into three major eigenvectors, indicating that the susceptibility-resistance axis is not a single continuous quantitative trait. The SNPs identified by the GWAS for body weight were located in close proximity to two genes that are involved in innate immunity (FAM96B and RRAD).