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The equivalent circuit model (ECM)-based traditional state-of-charge (SoC) estimate approaches combine all state variables into a single enhanced state vector. However, the stability and accuracy of the estimates are compromised by the correlations between RC voltages and SOC. In this article, the four battery chemistries have been discussed for their state variable characterization i.e. state of charge (SOC). The battery types considered are lead acid, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion. The manufacturer’s battery discharge curves are used to determine the model parameters, and a method is also described for doing this. An improved battery model is suggested in this study that can be applied to HEV design and analysis. By incorporating the electrical characteristics of the battery, the model generates precise results.

Because they fully utilize the filler and matrix features, dielectric composites are a beneficial addition to the family of energy conversion and storage materials. An overview of current advancements in the production of high-performance polymer-ceramic dielectric composites is the goal of this essay. High performance applications, thermal stability, electromechanical energy conversion, solid-state cooling, and capacitive energy harvesting and storage are prioritized. Dielectric composites are produced using new methods such as electrospinning, cold sintering and 3D printing.. The limitations of these approaches as well as their possibilities for further study are covered. In order to develop high- performance dielectric composites, the benefits and drawbacks of popular theoretical computational techniques—such as the phase field model, the finite element model, and machine learning approaches—are investigated. To wrap up this analysis, let me briefly discuss how composite dielectrics will evolve in the future.