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This study presents a load model of the Level II design for a steel pipe open Sabo dam. The Level II design is associated with a lower occurrence frequency than the conventional design concept, to the performance of debris flow trapping efficacy against higher discharge caused by heavy precipitation in recent years. A dynamic load model reveals experimental observations, and static models similar to the conventional design load models are evaluated from the viewpoint of a rational load. Dynamic and elastoplastic analyses are conducted for one structure, and three types of basin area models utilized Level II load models using a dynamic load. The safety evaluation results confirm that the design load models are composed of each other.

Local authorities and territories are "places" in which various "actors" compete while pursuing a common interest and improving the social system. By adopting this perspective and analysing Japanese and French cases dating back to the 1960s, this article seeks to explain how small local authorities or regions faced with a threat to their survival managed to overcome crises and understand the part played by the landscape in this process. To do so we applied our own approach which we have termed as “a diagram of the social-spatial structure” method. The result of our study confirmed the existence of a process of "regeneration of local history" consisting of four stages and enabled us to identify the following key concepts: "self-understanding", the "internalisation of otherness" and the "space of the public sphere". In this process, the landscape fosters a "rewriting of history", changing the understanding of "the meaning of a past heritage while creating future values".

Local authorities and territories are "places" in which various "actors" compete while pursuing a common interest and improving the social system. By adopting this perspective and analysing Japanese and French cases dating back to the 1960s, this article seeks to explain how small local authorities or regions faced with a threat to their survival managed to overcome crises and understand the part played by the landscape in this process. To do so we applied our own approach which we have termed as “a diagram of the social-spatial structure” method. The result of our study confirmed the existence of a process of "regeneration of local history" consisting of four stages and enabled us to identify the following key concepts : "self-understanding", the "internalisation of otherness" and the "space of the public sphere". In this process, the landscape fosters a "rewriting of history", changing the understanding of "the meaning of a past heritage while creating future values".

Synthesizing metal nanoclusters with diameters smaller than 5nm is challenging, but desirable because of the high ratio of surface area to interior atom. However, in this report it was achieved by utilizing magnesium-aluminium layered double hydroxide (Mg/Al-LDH) as a host for cobalt citrate anion precursor, which was later reduced into cobalt nanoclusters (Co-NC). Size of the Co-NC was controlled by changing the concentration of cobalt-citrate (Co-citrate) precursor during anion exchange. XRD and FTIR showed that Co-citrate precursor was successfully intercalated on the LDH while nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms confirmed that mesopores in the sample were formed after chemical reduction. Furthermore, TEM/STEM observations confirmed the formation of Co-NC. It was also verified that reducing the concentration of Co-citrate from 4mM to 0.5mM resulted in a reduction in the size of Co-NC from 4.4 to 1.3 nm. However, catalytic hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride (NaBH4) hydrolysis experiment indicated that catalytic activity decreased as the size of Co-NC decreases. This is mainly attributed to the limitation in mass transport within the interlamellar space of the smaller cluster LDH compared to the bigger one. Overall, Co-NC-LDH is a promising catalyst for NaBH4 hydrolysis. However, an optimum Co-NC size is critical for enhanced catalytic activity.

This paper presents analytical and experimental studies of the effects of supercritical CO2 injection on the seismic velocity of sandstone initially saturated with saline water. The analytical model is based on poroelasticity theory, particularly the application of the Biot-Gassmann substitution theory in the modeling of the acoustic velocity of porous rocks containing two-phase immiscible fluids. The experimental study used a high pressure and high temperature triaxial cell to clarify the seismic response of samples of Berea sandstone to supercritical CO2 injection under deep saline aquifer conditions. Measured ultrasonic wave velocity changes during CO2 injection in the sandstone sample showed the effects of pore fluid distribution in the seismic velocity of porous rocks. CO2 injection was shown to decrease the P-wave velocity with increasing CO2 saturation whereas the S-wave velocity was almost constant. The results confirm that the Biot-Gassmann theory can be used to model the changes in the acoustic P-wave velocity of sandstone containing different mixtures of supercritical CO2 and saline water provided the distribution of the two fluids in the sandstone pore space is accounted for in the calculation of the pore fluid bulk modulus.