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Copyright of Etudes Romanes de Brno is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines how codas of Urhobo-English loanwords are adapted and shows that the strategies adopted in repairing loanword coda in Urhobo are driven by syllabification constraints and universal conventions. Syllabification conditions in languages that forbid filled coda will require that all the consonant sounds in a phonological word that are to be found in the phonetic string are parsed as onsets. Assuming this is true, it has implications for loanword adaptation. Urhobo exclusively permits the open syllable type. Implicitly, all the coda elements of loanwords are likely to be licensed as onsets, which may result in a possible ‘illicit’ onset cluster given the onset condition requirement of the language. Accordingly, this study examines the attested patterns of adaptation of English coda in Urhobo loanwords and their motivations as well as implications. The discussion is built around the theory of constraints and repair strategies.

The main objective of the present study is to observe the influence of English on the Cape Verdean language, taking into account the historical events and the linguistic contacts between the languages in question. It is intended to observe how Anglicisms have been introduced in different contexts, especially in recent times, therefore, without forgetting the British and American influence in Cape Verde in past cen-turies and its impact on the lexicon. The semantic fields covered include, among others, new technologies, sports and music (rap kriol). The present descriptive research is based mainly on digital sources, such as social networks, online press, dictionaries available online and song texts. In conclusion, the analysis carried out proves the constant presence of Anglicisms in Cape Verdean reality, as well as their flow related to the emergence of new phenomena that need to be named.

Copyright of Lengas is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is a mere fact nowadays that linguistic loans are progressively adopted by a great amount of native Romanian speakers. Facing this reality, linguists tend to respond either by accepting the fatality of influence or by attempting to reject the entire process, turning language into a battle field of such extreme ideas as imposing laws against excessive linguistic borrowings. Even the middle path that was taken by researchers since 1990 (the reference point for the linguistic boom of English words in Romanian language, a boom that currently affects our floating communicational standards) relies on extralinguistic criteria such as necessity or futility, linguistic trends or linguistic supremacy, political correctness or cultural decadence, mass colonization or snobbery. Nevertheless, these criteria do not exclude a well-balanced statistical analysis, a moderate tone, and a dual perspective that, in the end, brings forth the intrinsic speakers’ motivations along to their extrinsic ones. Under these circumstances, our paper discusses the influence that English loanwords bring upon the communicational level of contemporary Romanian language. Namely, we focus on two loanwords (targetand hostess), as well as on a semantic calque (ospitalitate– hospitality), in order to grasp the hidden complexity entailed in the process of linguistic globalization. Our explanatory endeavour integrates the corpus within the conceptual frame of normative grammar, lexicology, and semantics. Generally speaking, we illustrate how particular lexical-semantic phenomena, namely calques and barbarisms, may generate discourse trends and, moreover, communicational patterns or habits which, in time, become vectors indicating more or less dramatic linguistic changes. From a lexical and semantic perspective, these shifts are a sign of creativity and dynamics. From a normative perspective, they show some points of vulnerability regarding the communicational dimension of language.

The influence that English exerts on different languages has been widely examined. Particularly, many studies that have brought the classification of Anglicisms according to thematic fields into focus have shown that, in relation to various languages and varieties, sports is the area in which Anglicisms seem to appear most frequently (Seidel 2010, Andersen 2011). Considering Spanish, when introducing English names of sports, the two main choices are either to adopt/adapt these foreign names or to calque them into the recipient language. This paper aims to clarify which of these two options has been the most successful one and whether diatopic variation plays a part in this respect. To fulfil this goal, a series of equivalent pairs and their variants are looked up in CORPES XXI, and the statistics provided by this corpus in relation to geographical distribution are analysed. Results show that diatopic variation affects disparity in the frequency of use of the different forms of English ball sports names in Spanish.

Copyright of Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the book Caracterización lingüística de los procedimientos de creación léxica by Érica Vega Moreno. The aim of the work is to delineate the most important concepts of neology and to show proceedings of how the Spanish language can enrich its lexicon. In this paper special attention has been given to qualities of the book but it also shows passages which may be subject to further discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate French loanwords in Persian, whose number is noticeable. Their entrance to Persian dates back two centuries ago, but during the time with the progress in different international domains and the political, social, and cultural relations between the two countries, borrowing the words has continued. Specifically, the study investigates the evolution of these loan words from the phonetic, semantic, and social points of view in Persian and finds out the reason for the probable changes. The research method is based on Guidère’s experimental method using HypothesisResult principle. In the theoretical framework of the study, we have also used the ideas of the linguists such as Blank (1995), Lev-Ari et al (2014), and so on. To create the necessary corpus and gathering the related data, we have used our knowledge and referred to French dictionaries to check their accuracy. The results of the study showed that some of the loan words have undergone phonetic changes, and some of them show some degrees of semantic changes. Socially, some of them are used by different social classes in daily conversations, but some are used as special terminologies for some occupations. The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has tried to make equivalents for some of them and even created some neologisms, but some are used as French words without any change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an analysis of the changes observed in the Bulgarian vocabulary during the years after the fall of the communist regime in 1989. It is based on the current state of the language and it pays particular attention to the modification of civility titles and terms linked to different professional and social sectors. The socio-professional vocabulary that is analyzed is taken from lexicographical works and electronic sources, such as job sites respecting the national and international standard classification of professions and trades and newspapers specialized in the field of economics and finance. The study of these written sources is complemented by observations on the common language practices of the speakers. After an overview of the constitution of the socio-professional vocabulary with regard to the general evolution of modern Bulgarian, the selected corpus is analyzed in two steps. It is related, on the one hand, to the lexical fields reflecting major transformations in Bulgarian society after 1989. It is examined, on the other hand, in terms of the neological methods implemented in the composition of the socio-professional terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergie Tunisie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the authors’ fi eldwork, the aim of the study is to fi nd out the degree of penetration of Bulgarian loanwords (along with loanwords from other languages) into the terminology for clothing worn by the Vlach-Tsaran people (in the territory of the communities of Zaječar (Zaječar district), Negotin and Kladovo (Bor district), i.e. in such historical areas as Timočka Krajina, Negotinska Krajina, and Ključ; they live in the neighboring regions of northwestern Bulgaria – in the Vidin region (the communities of Vidin, Bregovo and Boinitsa). To solve this problem, ethnological and linguistic materials are used. The wide usage of archaisms, Slavisms, words without a clear inner form (regionalisms), transformation of the meanings of lexical units, and assimilation of lexical borrowings from the modern Serbian language are typical for the vocabulary of the Tsaran dialect. Almost every Vlach village has formed its own version of traditional costume (while preserving the general type of the costume complex characteristic for all Vlachs in the area studied). The variety of folk dress has predetermined a considerable variability of terminology: in separate cases in the neighbouring settlements, not only could the same costume element be called diff erently, but one nomination could denote completely diff erent realities. Among the names of clothing elements, obvious borrowings from Bulgarian are terms such as pisté lcă or pristélcă ‘apronʼ, vấ lnic ‘woman’s loose-fi tting waistwearʼ, propoádă or broboádă ‘long headscarfʼ. Other terms of Slavonic origin are also recorded: ciupág (ciupágu, ciupáge, ciupágili), n., ‘the upper part of a shirt, blouseʼ; poálă (poála, poále, poálili), f., (usually in the plural – poále) ‘lower (separate) part of the shirtʼ, ‘lower skirtʼ; súcnă (súcna, súcne, súcnili), f., recorded in the village of Bukovče in Negotin region, is used here to mean “skirt” or, less commonly, “traditional unmade women’s waistwear”. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that the distinctive feature of the VlachTsaran dialect is that it has a number of denotative loanwords from Bulgarian and that some Turkisms appeared in it through Bulgarian, and not Serbian, as in the Banat cf. e.g. dialects (Olten. chébă and Banat. cébă and şébă; Olten. chiúrc and Banat. ciúrc). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the influence of words of African origin on the formation of American English [AE] word stock. It provides new interpretation of Africanisms and shows the significance of this part of vocabulary in determining the characteristics of the American culture. The investigation is based on the existing sources (mainly lexicographic works) and is aimed at their new structural and functional analysis. As a result of the research, it became clear that most of the words of African origin were introduced to English spoken in America in the 17th century and some in the 18th and 19th centuries. The number of words and expressions from African languages that were introduced was closely related to African Americans’ way of living, their spiritual believes, rituals and attitudes and various objects used by them such as weapons. The word stock of the English language was enriched due to the assimilation of loanwords from languages of Africans living in America. A significant contribution to AE is the great amount of words naming animals, fruit, foodstuff, names of states, rivers and lakes, cities and towns.

One of the specificities of Arabic is the agreement in grammar, which includes several language units. The parts that correspond to other language units are gender, numbers, and cases. Conformity is also found in the definiteness, personal pronoun, from phrases to sentences. Deciphering the sentence from its constituent structure can show the suitability and relationship between the language units. This parsing model is equivalent to I'rāb in Arabic grammar. The model will be applied in sentences focused on loanwords. From this, it is known that loanwords try to adapt to Arabic grammar morphologically and syntactically. Agreement is not only a phonological adjustment that has been known from various linguistic researches, but also morphological and syntactical. Loanwords adjustments between units in dominant sentences include agreement in gender, amount, cases, and definition.

This paper examines the proportion between borrowed and non-borrowed words in Slovene dialects. The vocabulary is presented through linguistic geography, while lexical maps of Slovene dialect vocabulary from the semantic fields of 1) ‘human body’, 2) ‘family’ and 3) ‘friends’ show the spatial distribution of lexemes in Slovene dialects.

This paper deals with the traditional distinction between necessary and unnecessary loanwords as a problematic one because it marginalises the functions of so-called unnecessary loanwords. By adopting a cognitive-linguistic approach, this paper aims to highlight the importance of both types of loanwords from a language user’s point of view. To this end, we examine anglicisms in Montenegrin on the basis of a new pragmatic model which distinguishes between catachrestic and non-catachrestic loanwords (Onysko, Winter-Froemel 2011). Our study has shown that the pragmatic distinction of anglicisms is possible in Montenegrin, thereby proving it is unacceptable to divide them into necessary and unnecessary ones. The results also show that anglicisms do not always have all the characteristics typical of their categories, which brings us back to the cognitive-linguistic approach we have taken in our study.

Copyright of Carnets: Revue Electronique d'Etudes Françaises / Revista Electrónica de Estudos Franceses is the property of Associacao Portuguesa de Estudos Franceses (APEF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the etymology of the word gibbon, which is not yet clear. The article presents a phonemic analysis using the ALINE algorithm which suggests that the root word is Northern Aslian kbɔɲ, used by Menraq communities in the heart of Peninsular Malaysia. This article reviews morphological, ethno-geographical, semantic, historical and linguistic evidence that supports this hypothesis. The article proposes Malay as an intermediary, noting that several other Aslian words entered European languages via Malay.

In this article, we intend to follow the spread and circulation of the fake news loan in French, Polish and Czech. We will analyze in particular the way in which this lexical unit is assimilated by these three languages, from a phonetic, graphic, morphological and semantic point of view and we will be interested in examining the possible equivalents proposed, either spontaneously by the speakers, or by official French sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows the influence of French on Jordanian Arabic, which may seem to be hardly visible because of the geographical and historical distance between France and Jordan. The present article first addresses the reasons why French loan words can be found in Jordanian Arabic. Secondly, it describes and analyzes the typology of these loans. Finally, it shows the semantic changes that these loans have undergone in the borrowing language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to compare a sample of neological loanwords from the gastronomic sector in French and Czech. The idea of the comparative conception mentioned in the title of the article is based on the international project entitled "EmpNéo" (Neological Loanwords), which aims to compare the diffusion of neological loanwords in various languages. In this study, we would like to focus on the word fresh and its perception in Czech and French. Our aim is to find out if this word is known to the general public or, on the contrary, it works as an argotic expression, which is only known to a limited audience. To answer this question, we analyzed the different kinds of corpus and also studied in detail the occurrence of this word in the press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergies Chili is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Качан Б., Остапчук О. Общая лингвистическая характеристика терминологической лексики профессионального языка педиатрии в сравнительном аспекте относительно их образования. В статье рассмотрено общую лингвистическую характеристику терминологической лексики профессионального языка педиатрии в сравнительном аспекте относительно их образования и установлено специфику происхождения терминов-номинантов детских болезней, где этимологическую базу терминообразования составляют интернациональные и автохтонные элементы терминоединиц, которые полностью или частично заимствованные и имеют в языке национальные соответствия. Ключевые слова: терминология, педиатрия, этимологическое происхождение, автохтонность, заимствованные слова. Kachan B., Ostapchuk O. Common linguistic characteris- tics of terminological lexis of professional language of pediat- rics in comparative aspects as to their formation. In the article the common linguistic characteristics of terminological lexis of professional language of pediatrics in comparative aspects as to their forming were reviewed and the specific of terms origin of children’s diseases was determined, where the etymological basis of terminology is based on international and autochthonous ele- ments of terms and has the national matches in professional language. Last decade terminology research processes is becoming increasingly important in both Ukrainian and foreign linguistics. Scientific and technological progress with his discoveries and inventions determines the need for the creation of nominative units to describe new phenomena and processes in various industries. The study of lexical-semantic and structural and morphological features of terms enables to estimate the level of appropriate terminology and to identify priority areas of standardization. Updating terminology as part of professional is based on the general principles of derivation, characteristic of a national language. Productive ways of creation of lexical innovation in many Indo-European languages are osnovo- and compounding, as compact in form compound words capable of simultaneously calling various features objects of reality. A comparative lexical-etymological analysis of terminological notations in the pedigree of the specialty language of medicine has made it possible to establish a certain specificity of the origin of terms-nominees, where the etymological basis of terminology consists of international and autochthonous elements of the terminology units that are fully or partially borrowed and have national correspondences in the professional language. Summarizing the foregoing, we arrive at the conclusion that German, English, and Latin pediatric terminology is an open terminology system, which is constantly supplemented by new concepts and terms that require a specific nomination for their designation. The study of terminology and the correct use of medical terms in a foreign language of professional orientation is one of the factors of the successful enrichment of professional communication. Key words: terminology, pediatrics, etymological origin, autochthony, loanwords.

Die meisten alten baltischen Entlehnungen des Ostseefinnischen sind mithilfe ostbaltischer Entsprechungen ihres Originals entdeckt worden. Vergleichsmaterial aus dem Slawischen ist jedoch viel relevanter als bisher gedacht. Dies wird durch die hier vorgetragenen 20 ostseefinnischen Baltismen bestätigt. Das Original von acht Fällen ist ausschließlich im Slawischen erhalten. In den übrigen 12 Fällen kann entweder die Bedeutung oder die Form des Originals ohne slawisches Material nicht rekonstruiert werden. Diese Lehnetymologien stützen damit den baltischen Ursprung des Urslawischen.Die verschwundene Mundart, aus der das Mittelurfinnische dieses Lehngut während des letzten vorchristlichen Jahrtausends erhielt, lag lautlich dem rekonstruierbaren Urbaltoslawischen nahe.

Copyright of Estudis Romànics is the property of Institut d'Estudis Catalans and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Białostockie Archiwum Językowe is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Monde Méditerranéen is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Italie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is a lexicological analysis of words imported from French into the modern English language of medicine. We replace the different contributions of the French language in their historical perspective. We endeavour to give a description of the origin of the words that entered the English language during two periods of time: that following the Norman conquest of England, illustrated by the entry of words such as malady, leprous, or palsy; and that between the 18th and the 19th centuries, marked by contributions in specialties dominated by the French such as obstetrics and gynaecology (accouchement, effacement, curettage, etc.), clinical medicine (bruit, rale, souffle, etc.), neuro-psychiatry (petit mal/grand mal, cri-du-chat, folie à deux, etc.), and surgery (bougie, curette, etc.). Because eponyms are a prominent part of the medical lexicon, and many French physicians have left their marks on the modern English medical language (Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, Descemet’s membrane, Lembert’s suture, etc.), we examine them separately. Our objective is to show that English has not always been pre-eminent in the language of medicine

We analyse the phonological processes underlying the adaptation of French gastronomic terms into Czech. After setting out a paradigm of adaptation processes, we describe an empirical survey in which a group of 28 informants from four different social groups were asked to read sentences containing 30 orthographically non-adapted gastronomic terms. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The studied items exhibit a very high phonological variability, which represents a consequence of their peripheral status in the lexical system. (2) The conceptual knowledge of a term increases the chance that its phonological realisation will be closer to the reference form. (3) For unknown items, speakers tend to rely on spelling, using Czech grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules. (4) Although the informants had no knowledge of French, they sometimes used elements of French phonology in their pronunciation. (5) The group of informants working in the restaurant industry did not achieve significantly better results than other speakers living in Prague. The lowest score was recorded in the group of speakers living in rural areas. (6) Pronunciation variants elicited from informants who knew other languages were closer to the reference forms.

In this paper we would like to emphasize the importance of the diversity of elements that are part of the expansion of linguistic influences. We believe that linguistic factors converge with political or sociocultural ones in the evolution of languages. The history of Romanity shows us that the territories where the current official Romance languages have developed had different factors, which contributed to the diversification of vulgar Latin and the formation of new languages. Later, contacts between these languages were maintained, more or less intensive, under the influence of extralinguistic factors. We will focus on the position of French and its role in the formation of the lexicon of the main Romance languages. It is well known that any language, as a result of contacts of various kinds, receives (and provides) a certain number of words, expressions and expressions. This is the case of mutual influences between French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian. We will deal in particular with two cases, that of Spanish and Romanian. These two languages are opposed as to their position in relation to French: while Spanish is a neighboring language, with deep and uninterrupted contacts, Romanian is the most distant Roman language, but has nevertheless received many influences from French due to a Francophone tradition, in Moldova as well as in Romania. We will try to explain the circumstances and causes of these facts, using examples of loanwords from French. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study I explore the phonological behavior of the hypocoristic suffix /-oʃ/-/iʃ/ in Turkish. Such a suffix is common to many of the Balkan languages. Turkish differs in its introduction of the front vowel variant of the suffix, presumably to satisfy the vowel harmony requirements in Turkish for backness and rounding in high vowels. However, in spite of the potentially alternating suffix allomorphs, collection of naturalistic data as well as of elicited survey data reveals that the majority of nickname outputs are disharmonic. I conclude that the Turkish data provides further evidence for Ito and Mester’s (2009) key insight that different strata of the lexicon may operate according to different rules/constraint rankings. However, the Turkish data is not consistent with their specific faithfulness-based approach. The hypocoristic lexical stratum exhibits a greater number of vowel harmony violations, but not due to more faithfulness to vowel inputs/underlying forms. Rather, the harmony violations in this stratum are gratuitous – I argue, precisely in order to distinguish this stratum from the lexicon at large. An approach such as Pater’s (2010) indexed constraints model better accommodates this type of lexical variation.

This article investigates the stress patterns of loanwords in contemporary English, and in particular the primary stress location (/1/). Using three source languages (Italian, Japanese and French), it turns out that three distinct aspects of phonological transfers are highlighted and that the creation of a typology of loanwords in English, which would be based on the connection between the source language and the target language is made possible with the parameters of faithfulness/replication and assimilation/adaptation.

In this article, the oldest Bantu dictionary hitherto known is explored, that is the Vocabularium Latinum, Hispanicum, e Congense, handed down to us through a manuscript from 1652 by the Flemish Capuchin Joris van Gheel, missionary in the Kongo (present-day north-western Angola and the southern part of the Lower Congo Province of the DRC). The manuscript was heavily reworked by the Belgian Jesuits Joseph van Wing and Constant Penders, and published in 1928. Both works are currently being digitized, linked and added to an interlingual and multimedia database that revolves around Kikongo and the early history of the Kongo kingdom. In Sections 1 and 2 the origins of Bantu lexicography in general and of Kikongo metalexicography in particular are revisited. Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to a study of Van Gheel's manuscript and an analysis of Van Wing and Penders' rework. In Sections 5 and 6 translation equivalence and lexicographical structure in both dictionaries are scrutinized and compared. In Section 7, finally, all the material is brought together.

Rakstā analizēts uzvārdu došanas un nostiprināšanās process Ērģemes draudzē, pamatojoties uz Vidzemes 1826. gada dvēseļu revīziju materiāliem (LVVA 199. fonds). Kā papildmateriāls izmantotas Ērģemes evaņģēliski luteriskās draudzes metriku grāmatas (LVVA 235. fonds, 7229. fonds). Atbilstoši 1819. gada 26. martā izdotajiem "Vidzemes zemnieku likumiem" visiem Ērģemes deviņu draudzes muižu iedzīvotājiem 1826. gadā ir minēti uzvārdi. Kopējais doto uzvārdu skaits ir 524 (neskaitot ortogrāfiskos, fonētiskos un morfoloģiskos variantus). Atsevišķos gadījumos par uzvārda rakstību rodas šaubas rokraksta neskaidrības vai kāda lapas mehāniskā bojājuma dēļ. Visi fiksētie uzvārdi ir analizēti tradicionālo semantisko grupu ietvaros: 1981]:1. No sugasvārdiem radušies uzvārdi: 1) faunas semantikas uzvārdi, 2) floras semantikas uzvārdi, 3) cilvēka ārējā izskata un rakstura motivēti uzvārdi,4) etnonīmiskas semantikas uzvārdi,5) amatu un profesiju semantikas uzvārdi,6) fizioģeogrāfiskas semantikas uzvārdi,7) citi konkrētas semantikas uzvārdi,8) citi abstraktas semantikas uzvārdi.2. No īpašvārdiem radušies uzvārdi: 1) antroponīmiskas izcelsmes uzvārdi, 2) toponīmiskas izcelsmes uzvārdi. Samērā daudziem uzvārdiem šobrīd nav iespējams noteikt semantiskās paralēles, kas varētu būt saistītas vai nu ar dialektālo leksiku, vai arī ar aizguvumiem no ģermāņu vai somugru valodām.No visiem 1826. gadā Ērģemes muižās dotajiem uzvārdiem trešdaļu veido floras un faunas semantikas uzvārdi, kas apliecina seno latviešu saikni ar apkārtējo vidi, kā arī norāda, ka latviešiem pašiem ir bijusi pietiekami nozīmīga loma uzvārdu došanā. Līdz ar to uzvārdi Ērģemes draudzes kultūrvidē ienes pārliecinošu latvisku akcentu, jo pēc skaņu sastāva un atsevišķām morfoloģiskām pazīmēm arī daudzi šobrīd neatpazītie vārdi ir vai nu seni izloksnes vārdi, vai arī mūsdienās zuduši latviešu kopvalodas vārdi. Tikai atsevišķeim neidentificētajiem uzvārdiem varētu būt arī somugriska cilme. Pēc 1826. gada pieaug gan uzvārdu, gan to variantu skaits, kas lielā mērā varētu būt saistīts ar zemnieku brīvlaišanu un tai sekojošo pārvietošanās brīvību. Šai laikā, kā to liecina gan Ērģemes draudzē jaundzimušajiem dotie priekšvārdi, gan arī uzvārdi, vērojams jauns igauņu skaita pieaugums.Atbildes uz vēl neskaidrajiem jautājumiem var sniegt dziļāka Ērģemes draudzes baznīcas grāmatu sadaļu, arklu revīziju un dvēseļu revīziju materiālu analīze. Nepieciešama arī katra hipotētiskā un neskaidrā mājvārda un uzvārda sastatīšana gan ar citu Latvijas draudžu materiāliem, gan ar Igaunijas vietvārdu un uzvārdu datubāzēm un publikācijām.

ŽMOGŲ APIBŪDINANTYS LIETUVIŠKI SKOLINIAI LIETUVOS LENKŲ TARMĖSE. SEMANTINIS IR ETNOLINGVISTINIS ASPEKTASSantraukaLietuvos lenkų tarmėse į žmogaus semantinį lauką patenkantys lituanizmai sudaro apie 24 procentus skolinių iš lietuvių kalbos. Ypač gausūs emocionalizmai ir ekspresy­vizmai, pasitelkiami žmogui įvertinti tais atvejais, kai šis neatitinka tam tikroje socialinėje grupėje įsigalėjusių normų ir grožio kanono.Kai kurie tirti leksikos vienetai yra bendri tarminei ir šnekamajai lenkų kalbai bei lie­tuvių kalbai, (pvz., dryblas „aukštas žmogus“, tarmėse dar ir „žioplys“, liet. dribla, driblia; kurdupel, kurdupelek „žemo ūgio žmogus“, liet. kurdupelis, kartupelis „bulvė; neūžauga, susitraukęs žmogus“); taip pat rasta labai išplitusių žodžių, vartojamų lenkų kalbos tar­mėse Lietuvoje ir baltarusių bei rusų tarmėse (pvz., kurstać ir iš šio žodžio sudarytos priešdėlių pod-, wy- (pa-, iš-) formos, kurių reikšmė „raginti, skatinti“, balt. крстаць iš liet. kurstyti „dėti į ugnį kuro“, prk. „raginti, skatinti, žadinti, įkalbinėti, siundyti“). Šie lituanizmai yra prigiję slavų kalbose ir labai praverčia įvairių žmogaus išvaizdos ir psichi­kos aspektų konceptualizavimui.Aptariamas žodyno sluoksnis semantiškai gana įvairus. Čia randama stilistiškai kono­tuotų žodžių, kuriais žmogus priskiriamas tam tikrai kategorijai pagal jo kūno ypatumus: a) nuo normos nukrypstantį ūgį ir akivaizdžius kūno defektus (pvz., kliszawy „šleivas, šleivakojis“, kupraty „kuprotas“; b) vaikščiojimo būdą (tupotać / tupiniać (tupenti) „eiti smulkiais žingsneliais, bidzenti“; c) aplaidžią išvaizdą (murziak, liet. murzius „išsitepęs, nešvarus (apie vaiką)“, sutra, liet. sutra, „netvarkinga, nevalyva moteris“ ir kt. Išskirtini ir žmogaus proto gebėjimus pagal jo elgesio racionalumą vertinantys žodžiai (kiemny „išmanus, nuovokus“ liet. kieminti „orientuotis, numanyti, jausti“, kwajszas „kvailas, žio­plas“), būdą ir įvairius įpročius nusakantys žodžiai, pvz., polinkį į plepumą (sakotucha „čiulbuonėlė“). Žmogų apibūdinančiame semantiniame lauke yra ir afektonimų (giarut­ka „mieloji, mylimoji“) bei pravardžių, vartojamų kitiems, arba svetimiesiems, pavadinti (klaus'ik „lietuvis“), ir neutralių leksemų, pavyzdžiui, kūno dalių pavadinimų (kulsza „šlaunis“, pirst „pirštas“). Ekspresyvūs yra tik lytiškumo sferai priskiriami žodžiai (bibis / bibas „penis“, putia / put’ka / putiulka „pudmen muliebre“, szykna „užpakalis“).Lituanizmų reikšmių kitimas, palyginti su pirminėmis leksemomis, rodo stiprų jų atropocentrizmą. Šalia pagrindinių skolinių reikšmių lenkų tarmėse yra atsiradę nemažai šalutinių, kurios šnekamojoje kalboje labai nuodugniai charakterizuoja žmogų. Pastebė­tas ir stilistinių registrų pasislinkimas bei pirminės neutralios žodžio reikšmės pasikei­timas: pasiskolinusioje kalboje žodis įgauna emocinį krūvį arba skolinamasi būtent tik emocinė reikšmė (liet. polisemiškas žodis kerėpla „išsikerojęs, išsišakojęs medis, krūmas; nepatogus daiktas; nerangus žmogus, nevėkšla“ → lenk. tarm. kiarepła, paniekinamai „nevėkšla“).Kodėl būtent lituanizmais lenkų tarmėse Lietuvoje paprastai konceptualizuojamas žmogus? Lietuvių šnekamosios kalbos ir tarmių leksika yra be galo turtinga ir išraiški (tai akivaizdu iš kunigo Antano Juškos žodynų), ypač gerai tinkanti reikšti įvairias emocijas ir vertinimus, todėl natūralu, kad joje slypintys neišsemiami įvairių formų ir prasmių re­sursai pasitelkiami skirtingomis kalbomis kalbančių žmonių apibūdinti pasaulio sąrangą įvairiose egzistencinėse situacijose.