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Summary: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthma among children in France. Methods: Data from 3 French national studies were analyzed: the Decennial Health Interview Survey conducted in 2003 among a representative sample of households and 2 surveys conducted among representative samples of schoolchildren from 9th grade in 2003–2004 and 5th grade in 2004–2005. In the Decennial Health Interview Survey, data on respiratory health were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that was filled in by 1675 children aged 11–14 years living in selected households. For the studies among schoolchildren, 7104 children from 5th grade and 7284 from 9th grade were interviewed by the school nurse or physician using a standardized questionnaire. Results: The cumulative prevalence of asthma varied from 12.3 to 13.4% depending on the survey and the prevalence of current wheeze (wheezing in the past year) varied from 8.3 to 10.1%. The prevalence of current asthma (current wheeze in a child having already had an asthma attack or treatment for wheezing or asthma in the past year) was nearly 9% in 5th-grade and 9th-grade schoolchildren. Asthma was not controlled (at least 4 attacks, 1 awakening per week, 1 severe attack, 4 unplanned medical visits, or 1 hospitalization in the past year) in 38.5% of the 598 asthmatic teenagers from 9th grade, and 29.2% did not declare any anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the past week in spite of the absence of asthma control. Conclusion: The prevalence of current asthma among children in France is estimated at 9%. Asthma control and treatment remain insufficient. Improving therapeutic and educational management of asthma among children and teenagers is necessary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The prevalence of asthma has increased rapidly since the early 1970s, and only changes in exposure to environmental factors; which go together with changes in lifestyle, are likely to explain such a rapid increase. Exposure to allergens is a risk factor for allergic sensitization, and allergic sensitization is a risk factor for allergic asthma. However, apart from indoor mold exposure as a risk factor for childhood asthma, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the associations between allergen exposure and asthma development are causal. A new challenge for research is to analyze the huge amount of data derived from the metagenomic characterization of the environmental and human microbiome, to understand the role of interactions between viruses, bacteria and allergens in the development of asthma. It is recognized that prenatal and postnatal exposure to air pollution and maternal smoking increase the risk of developing asthma in children. In adults, the data are scarce and the results remain controversial as regards these exposures and asthma incidence. Further research is needed to appraise the effect of exposure to phenols, phthalates and perfluorinated compounds, which are widespread in the environment and may be associated with asthma, especially in children. Frequent use of chemicals for home cleaning especially in the form of sprays - which is a common practice at the population level - is a risk factor for the development of adult asthma. The domestic use of cleaning products might also be a risk factor for asthma in children exposed at home. The chemicals involved in these relationships are still to be identified. Occupational asthma is a major phenotype of adult asthma. A significant part of these asthma cases might relate to occupational exposure to cleaning products. While there is evidence of associations between diet during pregnancy or during childhood and the risk of developing asthma in children, the data in adults are insufficient. Beyond genetic factors, body composition is influenced by dietary choices and physical activity. Further research is needed to clarify the complex interplay between these nutritional factors and asthma development. The new challenge for research is to decipher the role of all the environmental factors to which the individual is exposed since conception ("exposome") in the development of asthma, using a holistic approach., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Few data on change over time of asthma prevalence in French children are available., Methods: Data from the 2012-2013 national health survey of schoolchildren conducted in a random sample of almost 20,000 children in the last year of nursery school were compared to those which had been collected in 2005-2006 in the same grade level using the same methodology., Results: In the 2012-2013 survey, children had a lifetime prevalence of asthma of 11.0% with 11.8% reporting wheezing in the preceding year. Asthma was more frequent and more often uncontrolled in children from families with low socioeconomic status. Compared to the survey conducted in the same grade level in 2005-2006, the prevalence ratios adjusted for children's gender and obesity, family structure, parental unemployment and region were 1.13 [1.05-1.21] for lifetime asthma and 1.12 [1.05-1.17] for past-year wheezing., Conclusion: In France, the prevalence of asthma in young children increased between 2005 and 2012. The socioeconomic status of children's parents affects both asthma prevalence and control., (Copyright © 2016 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Few data on regional variations in asthma prevalence are available in France., Methods: The study was carried out during the academic year 2005-2006 in a random sample of around 20,000 children in the last year of nursery school. The lifetime prevalence of asthma and the preceding year prevalences of asthma-like symptoms and treatment for wheezing or asthma attacks were estimated by region., Results: Overall, the lifetime prevalence of asthma was 9.8 % and the past-year prevalence of wheezing was 10.7 %. An increasing trend in prevalence was observed from Eastern to Western France and in overseas territories. The regional variations in past-year prevalence of wheezing remained when adjusting for gender, family structure and the number of siblings. Among children who had wheezed or received a treatment in the past year, 42 % had experienced frequent or severe symptoms., Conclusion: Large regional variations in asthma prevalence among young children in France exist., (Copyright © 2012 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Allergic diseases represent a major health problem in Europe. They are increasing in prevalence, severity and costs. GA2LEN (Global Allergy and Asthma European Network), an FP6 Network of Excellence, was created in 2005 as a vehicle to ensure excellence in research bringing together research and clinical institutions to combat fragmentation in the European research area and to tackle Allergy in its globality. GA2LEN benefited greatly from the voluntary efforts of researchers who are strongly committed to this model of pan-European collaboration. The network was organized in order to increase networking for scientific projects in allergy and asthma around Europe and to make GA2LEN the world leader in the field. Besides these activities, research has been jointly made and the first papers are being published. GA2LEN achievements in general can be grouped as those for a durable infrastructure built up during the project phase those which are project-related work based on these novel infrastructures, and the development and implementations of guidelines. The major achievements of GA2LEN are reported in this paper.

Heme oxygenase (HO1) acts against oxidants which are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A (GT)n repeat polymorphism in the HO1 gene promoter can modulate the transcription of this gene in response to oxidative stress. We postulated that this polymorphism might be associated with the degree and decline of lung function in subjects exposed to oxidative stress (smokers). We genotyped 749 French subjects (20-44 years, 50% men, 40% never-smokers) who were examined in both 1992 and 2000 as part of the ECRHS. Lung function was assessed by measuring FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) and the FEV1/FVC (Forced Ventilatory Capacity) ratio. We compared long (L)-allele carriers ((GT)n > or = 33 repeats for one or two alleles) to non-carriers. During the 8-year study period, the mean annual FEV1 and FEV1/FVC declines were -30.9 +/- 31.1 ml/year and -1.8 +/- 6.1 units/year, respectively. The FEV1/FVC decline was steeper in L-allele carriers than in non-carriers (-2.6 +/- 5.5 vs -1.5 +/- 6.4, p = 0.07). There was a strong interaction between allele L and smoking. In 2000, allele L was associated with lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values in heavy smokers (J20 cig/day) only (p for the interactions, 0.07 and 0.002 respectively). Baseline heavy smokers carrying allele L showed the steepest FEV1 decline (-62.0 +/- 29.5 ml/year) and the steepest FEV1/FVC decline (-8.8 +/- 5.4 units/year) (p for the interactions, 0.009 and 0.0006). These results suggest that a long (L) HO1 gene promoter increases the risk of airway obstruction in heavy smokers.