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The present study aims at investigating the cyclic flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with varying depths. Five reinforced concrete beams with beam depth ranging from 250 mm to 750 mm were tested under reversed cyclic loading and the influence of beam depth on the flexural strength and ductility of reinforced concrete beams was investigated. In addition, OpenSees was used to model the test specimens and the analytical results were compared with the experimental reuslts. It is shown that there is no apparent size effect on the normalized ultimate flexural strength of the tested beams, while for the displacement ductility factor, a significant size effect is observed. Load-deflection hysteric curves of test specimens obtained by the fiber-based element of OpenSees with Concrete03 and Hysteric models are in good agreement with those from experimental tests.

Mobiles are becoming a part of our daily life and the usages of mobile phones are increasing day by day to simplify our lifestyle. The charging in the battery is very important to operate the mobile. However, the availability of charging points is very difficult to find in public places including bus stands, railway stations, most populated areas etc. Hence installing a charging device to charge various mobiles effectively is needed at many places in the society. Moreover, unlimited power supply is required to such a device for an effective operation. Further the utilizing of renewable energy sources to provide sufficient power supply to the charging device will be more effective. Renewable energy sources such as Photovoltaic (PV) and wind based hybrid power supply systemsare incorporated into the charging device to supply required reliable power. However, different voltage levels are required to charge batteries of various mobiles. Hence, a multi-output dc to dc converter along with a master control unit is implemented in this paper. OPAL RT modules are utilized to create a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) system, which showcases outcomes across different operational modes.

Energy storage and utilization-based systems are playing a vital role in power systems. Hydrogen energy based electrical power generation systems are most popular nowadays due to their ability to meet the load demand without any noise, or pollution. Usually, Fuel Cell Stacks (FCSs) are used to produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. Utility grid connected FCs can able to meet load demand quickly as well as improve the power quality at local load bus. Since the FC output is DC, an inverter with an efferent control technique is required to interface the FCs into the AC utility grid. The loads connected at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the FCs to the grid are varying randomly and in terms of their nonlinear and reactive power characteristics. These kinds of loads will affect the power system significantly and result in poor power quality at PCC. Proportional-integral (PI) controllers often cannot operate at their maximal efficiency when the system experiences random fluctuations in addition to the nonlinearities caused by the loads and the power electronic switches used to connect the FC to the grid. This is because these controllers have fixed gains.. One of the most effective solutions to get around these problems associated with using the fixed gain PI controller parameters is to use some adaptive controllers, such as Takagi-Sugeno (TS) Fuzzy controllers. Consequently, a novel control strategy for the inverter is suggested in this paper with the aid of TS-Fuzzy controllers in order to improve the power quality at PCC. Therefore, a novel control strategy for the inverter is suggested in this paper with the aid of TS-Fuzzy controllers in order to improve the power quality at PCC.. Hardware – in the – Loop (HIL) is established with the help of OPAL-RT technologies to enhance the significance of the proposed method. In this study, extensive results are provided and analyzed using HIL under different operating conditions to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in mitigating power quality problems.

Grid integrated renewable energy sources are greatly benefiting from the use of multilevel inverters, as they inject less total harmonic distortion (THD) and improve the quality of inverter voltage. However, these inverters face challenges due to their high number of switches and complex control. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new configurations with simpler and more effective control methods. In addition, Photovoltaic (PV) systems are being installed in numerous apartments and houses, typically connected to a single phase utility grid. It is crucial to ensure power quality through the use of an inverter connected between the PV system and the utility grid, controlled by the inverter itself. Since PV systems exhibit non-linear behavior, a DC to DC converter is required, along with an appropriate algorithm to maximize power output. However, the inclusion of an additional DC to DC converter can increase the size, cost, and complexity of the system. As a result, single stage grid connected systems have gained popularity for low power applications. Furthermore, the use of a Fuzzy controller has shown superior performance compared to PI controllers, thanks to its ability to adjust gains based on changes in solar irradiance and load. Therefore, this paper introduces a new configuration of a 7 level inverter for single phase single stage grid connected PV systems, incorporating a Fuzzy controller for control. This new configuration only consists of seven switches, making it more streamlined. The paper includes extensive results to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

The article concerns the main lines of reception of the philosophical ideas of B. Spinoza. Estimates of the work of this thinker, his role and importance have undergone significant changes in the course of the development of Western European and Russian philosophical thought. It focuses on the study of the transformations occurred in the approach and nature of evaluations of the main philosophical ideas of Spinoza in the Western European philosophical space, primarily in Germany and France. At the same time, we can state that the peak of interest in the philosophy of Spinoza in these national traditions seriously diverges in time. Initially, we can talk about the predominance of interest in Spinoza’s philosophy on the part of German-speaking thinkers. For a long time, Spinoza’s philosophy was characterized as atheistic and, in connection with this, was subjected to fierce criticism. It is the German enlighteners who are credited with reviving interest in Spinoza’s philosophy at a new level. At the same time, the philosophical views of this thinker not only cease to be assessed as atheistic, but are sometimes perceived in the exact opposite way - as imbued with genuine religious faith. F. Schleiermacher can be considered here as a striking example of such an approach to Spinoza’s philosophy. In the future, interest in Spinoza’s philosophy was maintained in the German-speaking philosophical space due to the reception of his ideas by Hegel, Feuerbach, and Neo-Kantians. In French-language philosophy, interest in Spinoza wakes up much later - in the middle-second half of the 20th century, which is associated primarily with such name as Deleuze. However, this “French Renaissance” of Spinoza’s philosophy can be considered as no less significant than the Renaissance of the age of German Enlightenment. It was “French Spinozism” that brought the study of Spinoza’s philosophy to the international level, significantly expanding their conceptual framework.

The life of the inheritor and the death of the inherited are both a condition that must be fulfilled before the inheritance can legally be carried out. This is a crucial condition that allows us to know those who deserve to be legally inheritors from those who do not. However, there are cases where it is difficult to fulfil such a condition—the case of mass death for example. In fact, there is no any stipulation in the Iraqi legal system pertaining to Personal Status Law on how to inherit in case of mass death, therefore, the only legal recourse left in such case is the rulings and principles of the Sharia Law in reference to article (1), paragraph (2) of the Personal Status Law. Furthermore, in reference to the opinions of the Fuqahah (Muslim Jurists), there is a clear legal difference as regards to the death inheriting other death. One opinion allows the death to inherit one another, while, one opposing opinion disallow such inheritance. The third opinion reconciles the other two opposing opinions stating that the medical advancement of today can help doctors determine, through autopsy, the exact time of the death of every deceased in the mass death in order to solve the problem and to determine the deservingly-legal inheritors. In fact, the doctors do not agree on one opinion as regards to determining the exact time of the death of every deceased. While some argue that the exact time of the death of every deceased starts right after the brain death, some others argue that it starts right after heart and lungs failure.

L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser les aspects épidémiocliniques, thérapeutiques et anatomopathologiques de la fistule urogénitale (FUG). L'étude rétrospective porte sur les cas de FUG admis dans le Service de Chirurgie Générale et Gynéco-obstétrique entre le 1er janvier 2014 et le 30 décembre 2015 y compris les 5 premières campagnes du projet fistule-Mali. La FUG occupe 19,53% de nos activités urologiques. L'âge moyen au 1er mariage: 16,57 ans. La majorité (96,70%) de nos patientes était analphabètes et non salariées provenant à 85,36% des communes rurales. La stagnation du travail était l'étiologie dominante avec 91,50% de mort-né. Les patientes étaient primipares à 43,33% et, parmi elles 53,60% n'ont effectué aucune consultation prénatale. Le taux de divorce lié à la maladie était estimé à 7,30%. La plupart des patientes ont bénéficié d'une fistulorraphie simple dont 121 par voie basse, 26 par voies hautes et 3 par la voie mixte. Les résultats ont été satisfaisants chez 65,33% et mauvais chez 34,66% des patientes. Les fistules type I et type V ont montré les plus forts taux de succès comparés aux fistules types IV. La fistule urogénitale demeure un réel problème de santé publique. Le traitement est surtout chirurgical et son pronostic est compromis par l'étroitesse du champ, la complexité des lésions et l'état du tissu environnant. L'accent doit être mis sur la promotion socioéconomique des filles et l'accessibilité aux soins obstétricaux d'urgence. La recherche et les échanges doivent continuer afin de faciliter la mise au point d'une classification standard.

Drilled shafts are often subjected to various lateral loads due to earth pressure, wind loads and/or impact loads. Many studies have investigated the behavior of drilled shafts under lateral loads. However, there is limited study on the effect of cyclic loading on drilled shafts, which is of great importance during a hurricane strike. This paper encompasses a numerical study using three-dimensional (3D) finite difference software, FLAC3D, which investigated interaction between a drilled shaft and an MSE wall under cyclic loading event. The backfill material was simulated by a stress-dependent model, which can account for the hardening due to confining stresses. The interactions between dissimilar materials were represented by frictional interface at the contacts. The numerical simulation scrutinized the effects of soil friction angle and the loading cycles on the performance of the drilled shaft and MSE wall under both loading and unloading conditions. The result indicates that the cyclic loading leads to gradual accumulation of the displacement, which cannot be effectively considered in current design method.

Shared ownership raises many disputes between partners because of the specificity of this type of ownership. Each partner has a full share, and this share relates to every part of the shared money and at the same time is considered as a foreign to the shares of other partners. This equation has made it difficult for partners to use shared money, so there are several ways to use shared money to ensure equity and equality among partners, and the beneficiary is one of these methods, but the most justice. The partners share the shared benefit of money, The Iraqi legislators organized their provisions in articles 1078-1080 of the Iraqi Civil Code, as well as by the Egyptian, Syrian, Yemeni and Egyptian legislators, and the United Arab Emirates legislator because it is the most common picture among partners to eliminate the overlap that this type of ownership raises. However, civil law has overlooked a number of important aspects of Islamic jurisprudence when organizing joint ownership. In this study, we wish to shed light on these aspects and to clarify the position of Islamic jurisprudence and the comparative laws of shared ownership,

Se estudia un bloque de piedra esculpido, procedente del poblado de «El Lomo» (Cogolludo, Guadalajara). Es un fragmento de estalagmita que, en su estado natural, podía sugerir una semejanza con los «ídolos ovoides», sobre guijarros, que se caracterizan por llevar una ancha acanaladura longitudinal. Esta sugerencia se completó por el procedimiento de tallar en la parte superior del bloque otra hendidura profunda que le confiere la apariencia de un «ídolo de cuernos». Estas piezas de intencionalidad simbólica son propias de ambientes eneolíticos. El ídolo de Cogolludo apareció en una hoya que corresponde precisamente a la primera fase, eneolitica, del poblado, a juzgar por las cerámicas que la acompañaban. Para esta fase (El Lomo I) contamos con dos fechas radiocarbónicas en torno al año 2100 a.C.