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This study presents an in-depth analysis of climate finance within the agricultural sector and its pivotal role in fostering sustainability in agrarian economies. It investigates the availability, accessibility, challenges, and effective utilization of climate finance. Climate finance emerges as a critical resource for establishing funding mechanisms and incentives that support sustainable agricultural practices, bolstering resilience and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Secondary sources, including books, journals, articles, policy documents, and reports, provide the data for this research. The findings of this study underscore a vital revelation: private investors play a crucial role in augmenting climate finance, thereby facilitating the transition to sustainable agriculture. It is evident that their participation significantly enhances the financial support available to farmers and agricultural stakeholders. Furthermore, the study reveals that a combined effort from both government and private investors has yielded considerable progress in advancing climate finance investment within India’s agricultural sector. This collaborative approach has proven instrumental in addressing the challenges faced by those seeking climate finance in agriculture. It has effectively increased awareness, streamlined application processes, and strengthened institutional support, ultimately driving the adoption of sustainable practices. The implications of this research extend to policymakers, agricultural institutions, and financial organizations, highlighting the pivotal role of private investors in improving climate finance accessibility. The future scope of this research suggests that the effective utilization of climate finance has the potential to catalyse the widespread adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The study emphasizes the importance of channelling climate finance through a variety of stakeholders to maximize its utility and make use of all available resources and instruments.

Energy saving is difficult in wireless sensor network (WSN) due to limited resources. Each node in WSN is constrained by their limited battery power for their energy. The energy is reduced as the time goes off due to the packet transmission and reception. Energy management techniques are necessary to minimize the total power consumption of all the nodes in the network in order to maximize its life span. Our proposed protocol Location based routing (LBR) aimed to find a path which utilizes the minimum energy to transmit the packets between the source and the destination. The required energy for the transmission and reception of data is evaluated in MATLAB. LBR is implemented on Multicast Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (MAODV) to manage the energy consumption in the transmission and reception of data. Simulation results of LBR show the energy consumption has been reduced.

Code refactoring is a “Technique used for restructuring an existing source code, improving its internal structure without changing its external behaviour”. It is the process of changing a source code in such a way that it does not alter the external behaviour of the code yet improves its internal structure. It is a way to clean up code that minimizes the chances of introducing bugs. Refactoring is a change made to the internal structure of a software component to make it easier to understand and cheaper to modify, without changing the observable behaviour of that software component. Bad smells indicate that there is something wrong in the code that have to refactor. There are different tools that are available to identify and remove these bad smells. It is a technique that change our source code in a more readable and maintainable form by removing the bad smells from the code. Refactoring is used to improve the quality of software by reducing the complexity. In this paper bad smells are found and perform the refactoring based on these bad smell and then find the complexity of program and compare with initial complexity. This paper shows that when refactoring is performed the complexity of software decrease and easily understandable.