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This article addresses the broad research aim of understanding migrants’ experiences of homelessness during the Coronavirus Disease of (COVID-19) pandemic through a novel combination of linguistic and sociological analysis. In our analysis of life story interviews, we find that the United Kingdom (UK) Government’s Everyone In initiative, which suspended eligibility criteria to provide support and accommodation to those experiencing homelessness or deemed to be at risk of rough sleeping, was hugely beneficial for migrants. This indicates what is possible when there is the political will to end rough sleeping. In its analysis of life stories gathered during the pandemic, the article proceeds to identify deeper-rooted problems relating to the weak and restricted structural position of migrants experiencing homelessness. Having spent time in the UK with an ‘inferior status’, with limited access to work and welfare, economic and social capital, and often with experiences of trauma in the UK and/or in their countries of origin, many of our research participants express a lack of control and a sense of being controlled in their conditions of existence. Further, their isolation and loneliness in the individual rooms provided in the emergency accommodation is indicative of a deeper-rooted sense of separation deriving from years spent sleeping rough or living in temporary and insecure accommodation. Experiences of isolation and the sense of a lack of control are corrosive to mental health, and during the pandemic, mental health problems were also exacerbated by welfare checks and other rule-based practices that are potentially re-traumatising.

Background: Zimbabwean undocumented migrants rely on the South African public health care system for treatment of non-communicable and communicable diseases, surgery and medical emergency services. A gap remains to understand undocumented migrant experiences at a time when accessing public healthcare has been topical in South Africa. Aim: This article aimed to describe and understand the experiences, challenges and health-seeking alternatives of undocumented Zimbabwean migrants in accessing healthcare services in Nellmapius in Pretoria. Setting: The study was conducted at Nellmapius in Pretoria. Methods: A qualitative descriptive research design was used. Structured interviews with 13 undocumented migrants were conducted by applying purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. The data were thematically analysed. Results: Migrants reported that the attitudes by healthcare officials suggest unwillingness to provide services to undocumented migrants, aggravating their vulnerability and perennial illness. Migrants faced challenges of discrimination, a lack of professional service delivery, a lack of financial capacity to pay for services and a lack of documentation evoking health-seeking alternatives. Conclusion: Migrants continue to face challenges while accessing subsidised health care. This study confirms that medical xenophobia is generally present in the public health care centres, at least for the sampled undocumented Zimbabwean migrants. The majority of undocumented migrants cannot afford to pay for private healthcare. Contribution: The findings of this study inform national, provincial and local healthcare facilities to be ethical and provide dignified quality healthcare to undocumented migrants in line with international practices.

This article focuses on two very different categories of learners of other languages - migrant learners and third-age learners. It shows that, in both these cases, recounting the experience of language learning seems to yield benefits for the process, and the fact of this same outcome for two such different groups would appear to imply that, whatever the category of learners such benefits accrue.

Le principe du non-refoulement qui permet de garantir un accès effectif aux procédures d’asile est consacré par la Convention de Genève relative au statut des réfugiés de 1951, repris par le Protocole de New York de 1967 et par d’autres instruments régionaux. Ce dernier interdit aux États de renvoyer une personne dans un État « où sa vie ou sa liberté serait menacée en raison de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un certain groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques ». Cette étude fait voir que malgré cette protection juridique, le principe de non-refoulement est désormais de plus en plus menacé par d’autres pratiques administratives et aussi par des impératifs d’ordre sécuritaire. Comme conséquence, le demandeur de protection se voit opposer l’irrecevabilité de sa demande et renvoyer vers son pays d’origine ou de transit.

La politique multiculturelle russe se reflète dans deux dimensions : vis-à-vis des peuples indigènes et vis-à-vis des migrants provenant principalement de l’espace post-soviétique. Bien que la migration post-soviétique existe depuis maintenant trois décennies, la stratégie politique correspondante a été mise en œuvre tardivement. Elle est tantôt incohérente, tantôt désordonnée, ce qui laisse son empreinte sur la formation de l’opinion publique sur ce sujet de grande actualité et sur les formes d’interaction de la population locale avec les migrants. L’étude porte sur les discours officiels contradictoires concernant l’image des migrants et la politique de leur intégration dans la société russe.

Depuis le Romantisme et la naissance du Wandermotiv, la thématique de l’exil est restée centrale dans l’espace germanophone, et ce notamment d’un point de vue esthétique. À travers l’analyse croisée de deux films d’auteur récents – Western de Valeska Grisebach, sorti en 2017 et Transit de Christian Petzold, sorti en 2018 – nous montrons que le cinéma allemand contemporain travaille le motif de l’exil dans une tension entre intériorité et extériorité, l’écriture cinématographique oscillant ici entre tradition(s) et modernité.

COVID 19 created many problems around the world and it affected everybody including migrants and immigrants. Many countries halted asylum seeker procedure in order to stop COVID 19 spreading but some countries restarted asylum seeker procedure since many people were in dangerous situation and they needed protection. Migrants and immigrants are highly vulnerable and can be infect by COVID 19. Many organizations especially international Organization played and are playing very important role to protect them against COVID 19. Migrants are working in frontline, they are in contact with other people, and the risks are very high to infect by COVID 19. Many of them hit globally very hard because of the COVID 19 especially due to the economic shut downs for example food, accommodating and personal services. Many countries closed their borders and they halted asylum seeker procedure. The number of restrictions and measures that imposed on migrants and immigrants reached 4600 around the world. Many countries have imposed travel ban especially on new comers.

Résumé : Au cours de la période du conflit libyen opposant les milices de Misrata à celles de Zintan en 2014, les migrants subsahariens ont investi avec le plus de succès l’espace économique du marché public de Souk tlata de Tripoli, au point de détenir un quasi-monopole sur le secteur de brouetta, ou transport manuel de marchandises. Quand les milices autochtones de Tripoli ont repris le dessus par la suite, notamment en Avril 2017, elles s’en sont prises aux intérêts des étrangers dans le marché, par divers moyens dont l’obligation de détenir des titres sanitaires. Les employés africains du marché ont dû recomposer avec ces règles ou partir vers d’autres opportunités de travail. Partant d’une approche ethnographique, l’article propose de décrire les modèles de gestion milicienne territorialisée qui ont conditionné les rapports sociaux existant entre les autorités miliciennes successives et les migrants subsahariens. Ensuite, il propose de mettre en lumière la place du migrant subsaharien sous sa fonction d’agent de brouetta dans l’espace économique du Souk tlata. Enfin, l’article s’est penché sur le processus de remplacement des migrants subsahariens par l’intermédiaire de l’imposition du titre de santé pendant la gouvernance des milices locales.

For thousands of years, the Mediterranean area has been a space of roaming and migration. Furthermore, migrants have always been confronted with borders and otherness. Their arduous journey fuelled the imagination of both ancient and contemporary authors. The Ancients’ works include epics of foundation and odysseys telling the return of heroes like Ulysses. They bring out several common and recurrent elements which form the basis of the heroic figure of the ancient migrant. They also convert the Mediterranean basin into an epic space. The contemporary literature inherits this imagination. Well-known writers, like Tunisian Fawzi Mellah and Frenchman Laurent Gaudé, reinvent the migrant’s quest for freedom. They enhance its tragic scope and add a new complexity to this timeless figure and its universe of physical and psychological Mediterranean wandering. In their critical novels of the elusive dreams, improvement and relief are never guaranteed.

De acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI, 2017) de México, la migración es el cambio de residencia de una o más personas ya sea de manera temporal o definitiva, con el propósito de mejorar la calidad de vida, el desarrollo personal y familiar; no obstante, la desigualdad de género hace que las causas y las consecuencias de la experiencia migratoria sean muy diferentes para hombres y mujeres, por la misma razón contribuye a que mujeres migrantes sigan invisibilizadas. En este sentido, según Godoy (2007) las desigualdades de género y los estereotipos de género permiten tener un acercamiento de esta situación, las redes empleadas para hacerlo, la inserción social y laboral en el país de acogida, así como los significados que las personas en general le atribuyan. La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el estereotipo que tienen habitantes del estado de Sonora, México acerca de la mujer migrante con el propósito de contribuir a la visibilización. En el estudio participaron 144 personas, utilizándose el modelo teórico de contenido del estereotipo o SCM (Fiske, Cuddy y Glick, 2006; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick Y Xu, 2002) como referente. Como resultado, las definidoras que se reconocen como más representativas de la mujer migrante son: valientes, fuertes, trabajadoras, vulnerables, luchadoras, pobres, perseverantes, necesitadas, guerreras, soñadoras, resilientes, búsqueda, responsables, tristes, amables, esperanza, mujer y oportunidades. Por lo que se concluye que a la mujer migrante se le percibe de manera positiva por la población.

Cet article se propose de porter un regard critique sur l’utilisation du mot migrant dans le discours spécialisé et médiatique. Depuis la crise migratoire de 2015, le mot migrant ne cesse d’être employé et recontextualisé dans divers types de discours. Son usage suscite des analyses suivant deux approches : une approche terminologique dans le cas du discours spécialisé, et une approche orientée vers l’analyse du discours (avec la notion de « formule ») dans le cas du discours médiatique. Ces points de vue croisés permettent de saisir les finesses de la notion de migrant telle qu’elle est employée dans le discours pour décrire la réalité contemporaine.

MONOGRAFÍA: ENSEÑANZA DE LA GRAMÁTICA EN ELE: RESULTADOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y NUEVAS PROPUESTAS Teniendo en cuenta que la erosión lingüística de la lengua materna de los inmigrantes es un proceso prácticamente inevitable, nos interesa saber si los profesionales de la lengua española (profesores de ELE, traductores y periodistas) en Israel procedentes de Argentina son más o menos inmunes a este desgaste lingüístico que sus compatriotas para quienes el español no es su principal herramienta de trabajo. Si bien el nivel lingüístico más afectado por la erosión –y el más estudiado– suele ser el léxico, en este trabajo se presentan datos sobre la erosión en el nivel morfológico de la lengua. Esta investigación pretende contribuir al debate sobre el profesor nativo/no nativo de lenguas, aportando datos desde la perspectiva del desgaste lingüístico. ABSTRACT Considering that first language attrition is an almost unavoidable process that immigrants go through to various extents, we aim at exploring whether Spanish language professionals (teachers, translators and journalists) in Israel who migrated from Argentina are more or less immune to attrition than non-language professionals. Even though the lexicon is usually the language level most affected by attrition –and the subject of most research–, in this article, data about attrition at the morphological level is presented. This research aims to contribute to the debate about the native/non-native language teacher from the perspective of L1 attrition.

Fenomenul migraţiei nu este un fenomen nou, dar și totodată, inedit pentru sistemul european de protecţie a drepturilor omului. Dreptul la azil nu a fost codificat în Convenţia Europeană a Drepturilor Omului. În pofida faptului că în Convenţie nu sunt prevederi cu privire la dreptul de intrare și ședere a străinilor pe teritoriul statelor părţi, aceasta nu reprezintă un impediment de a garanta aplicabilitatea drepturilor garantate de acest tratat faţă de toate persoanele care se află sub jurisdicţia statului parte în corespundere cu art. 1 CEDO. Astfel, fiind un instrument de protecţie a drepturilor omului care în mod expres nu se referă la instituţia azilului și la fenomenul migraţiei, în calitate de instituţie complexă a dreptului internaţional, jurisprudenţa CtEDO vine cu o practică constantă la capitolul garantării drepturilor recunoscute în Convenţie faţă de diverse categorii de migranţi.

In this paper the author presents a critical examination of the Italian currently legislation on chil- dren’s rights, in particular those of migrants. The author remarks that some rights, including those of migrant children, are devoid of univocal regulation in the blinding legislative will to probe what are the “priorities” of the Country. Despite the complexity of the subject, the “hu- manism” perspective could be considered, according to the author, a valid anchor to refer to for a change of perspective. A change of perspective through which it is possible to reach full awareness of the fact that we all belong to mankind and, therefore, each of the members of human existence must experience his being in respect of his peers.

Illegal migration is a global phenomenon, Romania being no stranger to it. In postmodern society, the attempt to analyze this type of phenomenon is not without obstacles, given its dynamics, the proportions reached, as well as the actors involved, whether it is migrants, traffickers or authorities. From a criminological point of view, a possible path to be followed in the analytical approach is therational choice theory, but although this model of analysis is a valid one, taking into account its limitations, it is necessary to compensate them by elements derived from other types of theories used in criminological science.

Migrants in Theatre is a movement made up of first-generation migrant theatre artists who joined efforts to campaign for more and better representation of UK based migrant theatre artists in British theatre. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the movement was able to garner momentum that has initiated change in the industry for when theatres reopen in the U.K.

This paper offers an anthropological analysis of Bekim Sejranović’s last novel, The Diary of a Nomad, approaching it as the ethnography of the novelist’s own migrant experience. The goal of the paper is, on the one hand, to answer the question how, in the process of constant movement between cultural boundaries, the identity of the author himself is being constructed and reconstructed, and how it is being shaped through the very process of writing. On the other hand, the paper looks at how the author imagines Norway, and thus potentially participates in the way in which a region is imagined in the context in which the reception of the novel takes place. Finally, it sheds light on the reasons why the author feels like a stranger in his “new/Scandinavian homeland”, even though he has spent more than twenty years there and has Norwegian citizenship, how he perceives himself as being externally categorized as a stranger, why he self-identifies relationally as a non-Norwegian, and also why he strategically self-identifies as a Norwegian when this particular self-identification is to serve as a basis for building legitimacy for his criticism of Norwegian society.

Donald Trump's accession to the White House January 2017 and his first migration policy initiatives provoked opposition from a number of American cities and states. The challenge to federal measures resulted in the revival of a "sanctuary movement" that shows a return of dissident strategies in the field of city diplomacy. The purpose of this text is to highlight the variety of registers of opposition to central state policy that draw inspiration from the spaces of politics (electoral struggles), policies (production of public policy in the fields of security and economic development), as well as polity (principles and values). These controversies raise the question of broader dynamics of power relations between the State and local authorities.

Fundamental rights are universal and indivisible, applying equally to all; in the context of forced return operations, only specific aspects of them are applicable and not their all encompassing form. At European level, a mechanism has been set up to monitor the respect of fundamental rights during forced return operations, which contributes substantially to the protection of the rights of all persons involved in a return operation, be them returnees, escorts, observers, medical personnel, or others.

This paper aims to explore implications of large-scale land investment for local citizenship, with a particular focus on customs and mobility. The concept of local citizenship is a neglected aspect of land investment debates. We argue that the use of the concept helps us to identify how large-scale land investments work to invoke the hegemonic and customary power of indigenes and undermine local citizenship identity of migrants. The paper explores why and how this power invoking happened through a critical examination of experiences of five communities that experienced large-scale jatropha investments. Using survey data derived from 350 informants, this paper confirms the existence of deep-rooted land insecurity of migrants. Indigenes invoked the concept of local citizenship identity in land claim, as large scale agri-investments influenced local citizen status through changing value of rural lands, and exposed the use of hegemonic power of indigenes over migrants’ rights to land access.

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The aim of this work is to reflect on the materialities behind the contacts established between the subjects, others and cities. This in order to defend the thesis that within the relational framework that is woven between the city and the migrant subjects, the protagonists of the novels remain prisoners of a constant wandering that makes their permanent inscription difficult, which would bring with it difficulties at the level of their subjectivation. This would then make the subjects install themselves from a position that supposes the tension between two spaces, which makes their affirmation in the terrain of the city difficult but, at the same time, they cannot abandon it completely either.

In this paper, I would like to question the political power of images in the urban space. To do this, I rely on the confrontation of two types of images displayed in Calais, a city now associated with the "migrant problem". On the one hand, I will study four interventions by street artist Banksy. On the other side, I will analyse images made by anonymous artists, in remote, less visible sites, on the walls, on the doors or on the windows of squats including migrants. While Banksy's images convey a political message denouncing the situation of migrants, politicians in Calais have said they want to protect these paintings. Conversely, anonymous images, which do not convey any political message, are systematically erased or rendered inaccessible. Based on the work of Michel Foucault, Jacques Rancière and Étienne Balibar, I would like to show that this paradox is perhaps explained less by the celebrity of Banksy than by the relation of images to space: Banksy’s murals maintain, even perpetuate, the divisions of space and the relations between social groups constituting the established order, whereas anonymous images suspend them for a while, to make heterotopic places exist.

Migrants living in precarious conditions face many health-related vulnerabilities, particularly in the area of sexual health. This is a real challenge for healthcare professionals, who need to adopt appropriate approaches in order to help them become anchored in a care pathway., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

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Copyright of Confluente is the property of University of Oradea, Confluente and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This contribution consists of two parts. The first is a corpus-based survey on a corpus of tweets obtained from the archive of Twitter by searching for keywords within predefined time spans. Purpose of the investigation is to verify what terms are most commonly used today in Italy to define the people who arrived in the past three years through the Strait of Sicily on makeshift means of transport. In the second part of the research, the lexical evolution will be subsumed under Moscovici (1976; 1984; 1997)’s framework of social representations, through which I will argue the different designations of the migrant are the expressions of different forms of social representations of this figure, more or less oriented and stereotyped. Finally, the imaginary will emerge as the thrust which triggers the evolutionary lexical process. The social imaginary theorized by Castoriadis (1975; 1988), will be, then, identified as the force that continually creates new senses for words.

Le discours politique et médiatique français est saturé par la thématique de l’intégration des migrants : nécessaire, recherchée, incomplète, imparfaite, refusée, toutes les variations existent ; elle reste néanmoins un impératif prescriptif dont l’absence suscite débats et marque, pour tous les bords ou presque, un échec. Au contraire de nos sociétés contemporaines, l’intégration des migrants n’est pas un but clairement poursuivi à l’époque moderne, ni par les autorités publiques, ni par les migrants eux-mêmes. À partir de l’exemple des verriers italiens des xvie et xviiie siècles, l’article illustre la gamme assez variée des rapports possibles entre migrants et « société d’accueil » à l’époque moderne.

The foreigner is a person who comes from a country and enters another sovereignty, leaving their limited rights under the law that recognizes the Basic Law of the country they arrive in Mexico Article 33 of the Political Constitution of the Mexican United States, states that foreigners are those who do not possess the qualifications specified in Article 30 of the constitution and enjoy human rights and guarantees recognized by the Constitution. The Social Security Law is a human right of access to health, medical assistance and means of subsistence that requires the individual to survive.

We report the case of a 19-year-old Malian patient, who presented with urethritis and a vesicular rash during the summer of 2022, following a probable heterosexual intercourse. The epidemic context among the male homosexual population and the clinical picture without genital lesions or lymphadenopathy allowed us to discuss both chickenpox and mpox, the latter being finally confirmed by the detection of Monkeypox virus DNA from vesicular fluid., (Copyright © 2023 SFMTSI.)

Cet article porte essentiellement sur la vie du migrant pour études dans la famille d'accueil au Congo- Kinshasa. Cinq migrants, dont une fille, ont constitué des cas concrets, illustrant la vie que mènent la plupart des jeunes pour atteindre, un jour, la plénitude d'une vie réussie grâce à la magie d'une formation de caractère. Au terme de cette étude, nous sommes arrivé à la conclusion selon laquelle un migrant pour études qui évolue dans une famille d'accueil est correctement formé aussi bien physiquement, mentalement que psychologiquement, contrairement à celui qui a passé sa vie à l'internat, qui a été locataire et surtout, par rapport à celui qui coule des jours tranquilles aux côtés des parents biologiques. Un migrant pour études, avant de terminer son cursus scolaire, est censé être passé par des étapes extraordinaires qui l'ont préparé à affronter la vie. Ce qui atteste sa capacité d'adaptation sociale et de réussite dans la vie professionnelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous former migrant workers are retiring to France despite, for some, a weak knowledge of French. Although their access to health care is relatively easy, this poor knowledge excludes them from educational support. Like all the population, these retirees suffer from chronic pathologies, in particular a high prevalence of diabetes. The goal of the project is to bring this educational support closer to the patients in their place of life, by using local translators. The arrival of a social mediator in a very large household (550 beds) in Vitry-sur-Seine enabled patients and translators to be mobilized around a series of 5 sessions translated into Bambara and Soninké. These sessions were prepared in advance by specific training of translators and the sending of their content in writing. The success of the action formulated by the patients as well as by the translators and the social mediator pushes to renew it around the cardiovascular questions. The ethical and methodological issues of such a system are discussed, particularly in the fight against social inequalities in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can political, economic and religious migrants be studied together ? Is it possible to jointly analyze the Spanish migrants and their descendants in Venezuela ? Historiography responds negatively and the sources may corroborate this idea of a separate approach. Nevertheless, the fact of isolating the migrants, the exiles and the missionaries does not seem consistent with the reality of the Spanish migration in Venezuela during the years 1940-1950. Therefore, the aim of this article is to study the Spanish and their descendants as a whole, which may possess its own internal logic - despite its heterogeneity. We realized 20 interviews of Spanish migrants and exiles in Venezuela and Spain, moved by the desire to assess the reality of migration patterns. Paying a great attention in the way the respondents restituted and recontextualized the story of their migration, we were able to compare the life trajectories and memories of these different kinds of migrants. ​

Résumé L’association entre troubles psychiatriques, notamment de psychose, et migration a largement été établie dans plusieurs études depuis des décennies. Ce risque est en lien avec le processus d’immigration en tant que tel, provoqué par le changement de société, la perte des repères familiers et la confrontation à un nouvel environnement, mais il découle aussi de la qualité de l’interaction entre les groupes migrants et la population du pays d’accueil, et plus largement ses institutions et son contexte social. En France, un Français sur quatre a des origines immigrées sur deux générations. En revanche, les études épidémiologiques psychiatriques de la population migrante en France sont récentes et peu nombreuses, et l’existence des groupes migrants ayant un risque accru de troubles psychiatriques ainsi que les facteurs de risque associés sont encore mal connus. Dans cet article nous présenterons les connaissances actuelles sur la santé mentale des migrants en France ainsi que sur les facteurs socio-économiques et sociétaux spécifiques au contexte français qui pourraient influencer la vulnérabilité psychique de ces populations. Ensuite nous discuterons des limites méthodologiques actuelles de la recherche sur les migrants en France et des perspectives d’études à venir. The association between migration status, ethnic minority position and mental disorders is well established in many European countries. In France, although near 25% of the population is a first or second-generation migrant, epidemiological studies on their mental health are scarce. One reason for this is the lack of ethnic statistics in the French census, which contributes to the invisibility of immigrants’ descendants in quantitative investigation. Nevertheless, recent studies have been showing evidence of higher incidence and prevalence rates of mental illness, especially of psychosis, in this population (including internal migrants from the French overseas departments). Besides, psychosocial factors of vulnerability of mental illness in the French society are observed among migrant groups and their decedents. They experience more inequities in health and living conditions, social trajectories and access to resources than non-migrants. They also report day-to-day experience of discrimination interactions and experience of racism (related to skin color and origin). Therefore, more studies are needed to better know to what extent migration and ethnicity are associated to mental disorders in France and to better identify the correlates and the ethnic groups at higher risk in the French context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Continuity of care is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of somatic and mental conditions in precarious migrants. This study explored the barriers and facilitators in the continuity of care provided to precarious migrants in general practice., Methods: A qualitative study was carried out based on semi-directed interviews with twenty precarious migrants. The term “medical follow-up” was used in the interview grid to represent the concept of continuity of care. The verbatims were analyzed using the grounded theory approach, with data analysis triangulation., Results: Precarious migrants described the medical follow-up as repeated access to the same doctor for all their health problems. This follow-up was limited by difficulties in accessing health insurance and guidance in the health system, and by language and cultural barriers. Conversely, the physician’s clinical and interpersonal skills, the presence of a translator, the support from the migrants’ family circle and associations, and some organizations of the care structure facilitated their medical follow-up., Conclusions: Relational, managerial, and informational continuities of care provided to precarious migrants should be optimized in a synergistic manner. To achieve this, it is necessary to improve doctors’ training in communication with migrants, medical information sharing and migrants’ education to the appropriate use of the healthcare system, in order to encourage their gradual empowerment in their care pathway.

In the process of gathering their life stories, migrant women interviewed talked about their daily relationship to writing which is complex, revealing sometimes strong contradictions between discourses and practices. These practices, among which the learning of French language, are specific and differ from those usually observed among more literate people in France. In that way, they appear as specific adjustment of expected literacy standards. This might explain why those people tend to mistrust their own practices, showing how the adoption of dominant social norms can be strong. This raises the question of the relevance of categories such as – “illiterate”, “lacking formal education”, “slightly literate” to qualify people who make daily and diversified uses of the written language. What norms, restrictions and idealisations are at work in this discredit put on ordinary knowledge? What are the prospects for learning?

Having taken advantage of the diversification of sources of foreign labour, Nepalese workers are relatively recent newcomers to the Persian Gulf. In Qatar, they number more than 350 000 out of a total population of 1.7 million. Employed mainly as low skilled workers, Nepalese migrants often find themselves stuck in the same niche they are put in upon their arrival. The positive image of them that has been spread throughout the Gulf by Indians who are used to working with them in India, makes them highly sought after but confines them to unskilled jobs. Their earnings are still low, and their chances of any upward social mobility are very slim.

Salman Rushdie’s novel The Satanic Verses presents its readers with a striking perspective on apocalypse. Taking place in the context of a modernist, migrant worldview, this apocalypse works to unsettle its participating characters by teaching them how to create a world in which they might someday belong. Though often defined as destructive, the apocalypse as I define it involves a reaching for or gesture towards the impossible, which the Verses achieves through massive temporal distortion. Linear time finds itself subverted; characters’ narratives speed up or slow down, forcing them to question their various adventures in 1980s London. Rushdie’s protagonist Saladin Chamcha re-grasps and reinvents his world; his other protagonist, Gibreel Farishta, does not. For one man, apocalypse becomes a means of empowerment; for another, it develops into a black hole. Unlike real black holes, however, Rushdie’s apocalypse does not kill all who venture into it, but instead stretches its hardiest entrants both emotionally and intellectually before dropping them into a new universe. Apocalypse and the post-apocalyptic are not therefore to be feared but to be reached for: worthy achievements for those individuals who can survive the risk, the compression, and the disorientation to emerge in a ‘post’ that is not a wasteland but a realm of ceaseless energetic creation—a realm which allows migrants to construct for themselves better lives in the 21st century world.

In today’s global world, the urban/ rural opposition is increasingly becoming a more relevant marker of the acculturation of foreigners whose adoption of national values is reflected by the spaces they inhabit. As they bring with them traditions related to the healing and balancing forces of the earth, immigrants prompt a reconsideration of the urban/ rural dichotomy in the metropolitan spaces they come to inhabit. Rural landscape in American culture has a long tradition of acting as a source of an alternative symbolic imaginary, responsible for boosting people’s feelings of patriotic commitment that are crucial to national integration. Diasporic American fiction has increasingly combined this tradition with symbolic magic and natural elements brought over from the “other” cultural backgrounds their authors come from. This paper aims to study the socio-political negotiations in a few instances of cultural translation within the urban/ rural dialectic in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s novels The Mistress of Spices and Queen of Dreams. I will suggest that Divakaruni’s female protagonists work their initial experience of dislocation into a discourse of nature and the earth free from boundaries, based on a rejection of urban alienation and the discovery of the reconciliatory potential of America’s nature.