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Les divers développements du programme de réintroduction du Gypaète dans les Alpes ont donné lieu à de nombreuses contributions dans les revues ornithologiques, y compris quant aux processus ayant mené à la disparition de cette espèce emblématique. Cependant, aucune mise au point historique intégrant l'ensemble des collections muséales de notre pays n'avait encore été entreprise. Cet article vise à combler cette lacune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant part of the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is based on monoclonal antibodies that do not have any specific drug interactions. However, data suggest that antibiotics and gut microbiota profiles can modulate the efficacy and immunogenicity of biotherapies. The choice of antibiotics during IBD is therefore important. It is also suspected that proton pump inhibitors can impact the efficacy of biotherapies or the natural history of IBD. Other molecules are regularly prescribed in the daily management of IBD such as azathioprine, methotrexate, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics; their association with each other or with other molecules that are a priori harmless, are at risk of drug interactions and sometimes severe toxicities. Finally, the arrival of small molecules, such as Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, warrants that we know their characteristics and their potential interactions, mainly with cytochrome P450 modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The foundations of the Curiosithèque project are presented here: the aim is to map and inventory the written production that accompanied collections of curiosities by bringing together for the first time in a digital library the scattered volumes and fragments of a library of curiosities (1565–1750). The possible applications of the project are demonstrated using a case study drawn from the printed works in the Gaignières collection.

The management of IBD is changing. A history of cancer is no longer an obstacle to biotherapy. Recent data open up the prospect of treating patients with cancer with anti-TNF biotherapy. A retrospective study describes no tumour progression during almost 4 years of follow-up in subjects treated for solid or haematological tumours. The use of combination biotherapies may be recommended by an IBD PCR in treatment-resistant patients. These combinations are beginning to be published in severe, treatment-naive patients. A combination of golimumab and guselkumab shows an 83% clinical response in the initial treatment of severe ulcerative colitis. This response at 12 weeks was prolonged when guselkumab monotherapy was continued for 6 months. Combination therapy was not associated with an increase in severe events compared to monotherapy with either compound. This study is the first step towards new therapeutic developments with the aim of influencing the natural history of IBD at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis), the only seal species native to Central America, was declared extinct in 2008, with the last confirmed sighting in 1952. This species historically had a broad range throughout the gulf of Mexico. This article discusses the history of Western science on the monk seal, from its first recorded sighting by a Western colonizer in 1492 to scientific collection in the 1800s and 1900s, as a history of the erasure of this species. Museum practices of collecting and displaying Caribbean monk seals have directly contributed to this erasure, and ways of writing a new history by giving the Caribbean monk seal the capacity to refuse erasure are suggested.

The article focuses on reflection on race has given rise to historiographical debates of French Revolution. It mentions Age of Enlightenment, particularly in the colonies, with the development of the natural sciences, a racist discourse asserts itself on a supposed hierarchy of groups humans based on visible differences. It also mentions citizenship and equality in law, the abolition of slavery in 1793/1794 and the institutionalization of a science of man.

Brazil’s Museu Nacional celebrated its second centennial in 2018, the same year that most of its headquarters and collections were destroyed by a fire. The date preceded by four years the commemoration of the second centennial of the country’s independence, when it was to play a prominent role in the general reflection and festivities prompted by the occasion. In the context of the restoration of the Palace of São Cristóvão and the general reconstitution of the institution, intense work was required to reassess the meaning of its traditional « national » character and its responsibility as the oldest museum in the country, leading to an awareness of the changes in the national social and cultural framework more broadly, particularly for a museum of natural history and anthropology. Discussing new facilities, collections, and future exhibitions is a strategic process in this reevaluation – with lasting implications for the institution’s service to the nation.

Monastic gardens, and especially the one in El Escorial, are central places in the process of creating natural history as an autonomous discipline in the modern era. The work of exploration and exploitation of the riches of America allowed the scholars of the Hispanic world to participate in the intellectual enterprises and networks of their time through the study of plants and their uses, especially medical. Family, diplomatic and academic ties allowed the circulation of knowledge and natural objects, of which tobacco is an exceptional example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefiting from exceptional credits voted in 1833, the Muséum national d’Hstoire naturelle de Paris had the opportunity to modernize the garden that houses it and was one with it: the Jardin des Plantes. The young architect Charles Rohault de Fleury (1801-1875), appointed a year earlier chief architect of the Museum, thus inherited the responsibility of designing new buildings and decorations that reflect the scientific ambition attached to this place: to preserve and exhibit all the natural productions of the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article shows the relationship between knowledge and politics at the end of the eighteenth century in the kingdom of Chile. The focus of the article is an object and a fortuitous event. Their peculiar stories were closely linked. The first is an object called «pino de Chile», which aroused the interest of naturalists and politicians. The second, is a particular event: at the end of 1780 the battleship San Pedro Alcántara, anchored in the city of Concepción, suffered a lightning attack that demonstrated the importance of wood in this historical period. This accident led to the discovery of new «pine forests» in the «país de indios». The discovery caused and mobilized cognitive and political actions both in Madrid and Chile, resulting in those involved locally taking formal action. This particular object and this unforeseen event showed not only the relationship between natural knowledge and politics, but also the importance of local empire management.

Résumé: L'introduction du traitement par acide ursodésoxycholique a considérablement modifié l'histoire naturelle de la cholangite biliaire primitive. Les patients traités à un stade précoce et ayant une réponse biochimique ont une espérance de vie normale. La cholangite biliaire primitive a acquis au fil des années au sein de la communauté hépato-gastro-entérologique une « réputation » de maladie plutôt indolente alors que 40 % des patients sont non-répondeurs au traitement et que le taux de transplantation hépatique dans cette indication n'infléchit plus depuis 10 ans. Plusieurs scores permettent de mesurer le risque de mortalité chez les patients traités par acide ursodésoxycholique (score Globe, Score UK-PBC). Près de 12 % de la mortalité est prématurée et 80 % des décès surviennent avant d'atteindre l'espérance de vie à la naissance. La transplantation hépatique pour cholangite biliaire primitive apparaît stable dans le temps avec en moyenne entre 30 et 40 patients transplantés par an en France et 200 en Europe. Les indications de greffe sont hétérogènes : ictère en plateau, prurit réfractaire, complications de la cirrhose et carcinome hépatocellulaire. The introduction of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy have improved the natural history of primary biliary cholangitis. Patients treated at an early stage and having a biochemical response have a normal life expectancy. Primary biliary cholangitis has acquired over the years within the hepato-gastroenterological community a "reputation" as a rather indolent disease, whereas 40% of patients are non-responsive to treatment and the rate of liver transplantation in this indication does not change for 10 years. Several scores are used to measure the risk of mortality in patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (Globe score, UK-PBC score). Nearly 12% of mortality is premature and 80% of deaths occur before reaching life expectancy at birth. Liver transplantation for primary biliary cholangitis appears to be stable over time with an average of between 30 and 40 patients transplanted per year in France and 200 in Europe. The indications for transplantation are heterogeneous: jaundice, refractory pruritus, complications of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article purports to locate Gray’s and Wordsworth’s journals in a transnational culture, which culminates with Humboldt, whose effort was to combine scientific and poetic language in the discovery of landscape. The two poets shared scientific interests, which they show not only in their lexical choice but also in the reproduction of their experience of the territory, based on the material circumstances of their apprehension of reality. Historical studies in the natural sciences enabled them to perceive phenomenons. Still, their pictorial sensibility and mastery of the language gave them the tools useful to communicate the uniqueness of the re-discovery of familiar paths, meadows and mountains.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the recovered pieces of a scientific mosaic, scattered by G. Bianchi in the correspondence with A. Catani, it emerges the image of a Neapolitan medical republic and a lively "naturaliter lincea" capital city, heir to the late seventeenth-century culture of the Accademia degli Investiganti. Despite the polemical temperament, Bianchi is able to recognize and appreciate the merits of the Neapolitan "novatores", the innovative discoveries and the printed productions of Domenico Cirillo, Domenico Cotugno, Francesco Serao and Giovanni Maria Della Torre. The itinerary traveled by the author intertwins, together with the esteem for Morgagni, the controversy over lithotomy, the condemnation of superstition and miracles, the confirmed fame of Bianchi, as an influential scholar of zoology, marine fauna and natural history.

Copyright of L'Année Ronsardiennne is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many of Marco Aurelio Severino’s works were published in Germany, thanks to the intercession of his pupils. The prestigious Nürnberg physician Johann Georg Volkamer was Severino’s closest pupil. A relevant manuscript letter (transcribed in the appendix) of Severino to Volkamer sheds new light on the context of the edition of Severino’s Zootomia democritaea. The correspondence between Severino and Volkamer was firstly studied by Luigi Amabile in the Ninteenth-century, and it was fully exploited by Maurizio Torrini about a century later.

Copyright of Médiévales is the property of Presses Universitaires de Vincennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Through the example Of Anne of Austria's disease (1601-1666), we will see how the physio-pathological and therapeutic concepts of breast cancer evolved in this pivotal period that was the second half of the 17th century in France. We will also be interested in the political meaning ofcancerous disease, and the food therapy that meets the belief of cancer-animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Aristotle enjoyed undisputed hegemony in education, as his writings offered a coherent system encompassing all disciplines such as logic, rhetoric, physics, zoology, natural sciences. It mentions that English politician Francis Bacon, mathematics professor Galileo Galilei, then philosophers Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes settled the fate of Aristotelianism as a coherent philosophy of nature, by ruining central doctrines relying on mathematics and empirical methods.

This paper focuses on the use of prosopopeia in naturalistic writing by questioning, from the perspective of contemporary animalistic philosophy, the values that can be associated with this form of anthropomorphism. Starting from the example of Michelet, it reveals a paradox that is constitutive of Romantic natural history, whose concern for the animal finds expression in ancient discursive forms that seem to deny the singularity and the very animality of animals. By comparing rhetoric with Michelet’s thought, this paper shows that at a time in literary and scientific history, anthropomorphism has paradoxically been the stylistic expression of a continuist and even animist philosophy.

Tentacular cephalopods appear regularly in film. Inspired by Hugo and Hokusai, stories of ferocious octopus attacking primates were invented. This fantasy of the Kraken was incorporated into monster movies in the 1950s with the cult of Cthulhu. Lovecraft describes a vision of the resurrection of prehistoric cephalopod monsters and reinterprets fragments from worldwide mythology. With the film King Kong (1933) as their distant origin, Godzilla (1954) and It Came from Beneath the Sea (1955) describe returns of monsters as recorded in ancient times. The Japanese film King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962) is interesting to consider in this context. Here, in a scenario possibly inspired by Japanese folklore, a huge octopus attacks King Kong, in a struggle that can be interpreted as a battle for initiative in the world of Cthulhu. Cthulhan pseudo-mythology is widely appropriated in later monster movies, although the racism is a stumbling block. In the movie Kong: Skull Island (2017), the monkey god returns like Cthulhu, but bites off the attacking cephalopod's tentacles. This evokes impressive scenes from both King Kong vs. Godzilla and Oldboy (2003). Here, Kong, seeming to extract Cthulhan racism, incorporates the powers of Cthulhu's intense tentacles and pseudo-mythological method.

This article contends that woodcuts in a partial German translation of Pliny’s Naturalis historia function as what Aby Warburg called Bilderfahrzeuge (image vehicles). Translated and compiled by Johann Heyden, illustrated by Jost Amman, Virgil Solis, and others, and published by Sigmund Feyerabend in 1565, 1571, and 1584, Bücher und schrifften von der Natur art und eigentschafft der Creaturen […] features “description” and “ornament,” but rarely epistemological rigor. Specifically, its zoological images are “true” for their aesthetic, pragmatic, and theological value. That most of these images previously appeared in other books published by Feyerabend, in Thierbuch Albert Magni (1545) and Gessner’s Historia animalium (1551–1557), confirms their mobility was prized more than their accuracy.

Almost a century after Walter Benjamin’s The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, and while the debate about the agency of objects is taking place, the subject of this article is the power of the «classical» in contemporary culture. In today’s world, the chronological order according to which artefacts are produced is no longer the deciding factor for understanding their historical value and aesthetic quality. If the Minoan Knossos invented in Crete by the archaeologist Arthur Evans (making ample use of cement during the first decades of the twentieth century) is classical, what is left of the classical once it is divorced from its past nature? According to Michel Foucault, for whom our age is organized around spatial rather than temporal criteria, originals and copies of Greco-Roman art can be thought of as natural bodies – variously distributed on a local and global scale –, and their relationships can be described by highlighting their topological relationships rather than their genetic ones. Relics and fossils. The reference method I use here is cladistics: a system of visualization employed in evolutionary biology that understands the history of life’s structure based on a series of branching diagrammes that represent the order of kinship between organisms, showing the path that is most likely to connect them. Instead of explaining evolutionary processes as a series of causes and successive effects whose connection produces isolated events, cladistics contemplates a range of possibilities visualized with a junction that represents the ensemble of shared characteristics that we would expect to be present in a hypothetical ancestor common to two or more species. This approach scientifically supports the evidential paradigm with which it has more than a few analogies. The history of borrowing between the natural and human sciences is thereby further enriched. Inserting the possible in the past, as Henri Bergson already suggested, allows us to rethink the process of imitation in terms of metamorphoses, and in particular «pseudomorphoses». Oswald Spengler used this mineralogical term to explain how new cultures penetrate alien cultures, assuming their form while corrupting the content, and becoming corrupted themselves, thereby giving life to an extraordinary process of pretence. This article ends by suggesting that the «classical» is, in its different incarnations, a uniquely pseudomorphic process, and that it is none other than this that allows it to participate in the dialectic between high culture and the profane world, which, according to media scholar Boris Groys, is what produces the new.

A new Other has arisen in our world. By emphasizing our vulnerability, he makes us more alone than ever, locks in our borders, our limits, our bodies. He makes sure that our slightest presence evokes a sense of shame, guilt, a sense of fault and generalized estrangement. We humbly consider ourselves harmful, potential transmitters, and unconscious supporters of this infernal Other. The appearance of the coronavirus is a critical health situation. It is, by its immensity and its great philosophical and cultural significance, a major event in natural history. An event that could potentially lead to a new phase in the relationship of man to the world. Animated, invisible, and terrifying, it is shaping and reforming our existence. However, the world has always been looked at by our anthropocentric vision as an object to explore, know, and use. This time this is the Other who looks at us and makes us objectified and exteriorized. In the present study, we apply the dialectical notion ‘Other-subject / Me-object’ to the Sartrean reading of the event to deal with this distortion of our existence and the possibility of rethinking and redefining our relationship to such new Others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of L'Année Rabelaisienne is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of L'Année Rabelaisienne is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The works of Charles Bonnet illustrate the contribution of imagination to research in natural history in the second half of the 18th century. In his Palingénésie philosophique(1769), Bonnet uses images and metaphors rooted in the philosophical and literary imagery of the Enlightenment to describe the evolution of life. This juxtaposition of scientific and literary discourses did not prevent Bonnet from being regarded as a forefather of modern biology by historians of science.

Quinet studies the logic of life in natural history, history and the arts from an epistemological viewpoint. He shows interesting similarities between different fields of study, and he explains the specificity of the épistémè of the 19th century. This paper will show the impact of the concept of the unity of knowledgeon the writing of Quinet’s book, and the ideological and religious implications.

The paper analyses how the work of Francisco Hernández (ca. 1514-1587) was constructed throughout the seven years he worked in Mexico, sent by Philip II as part of a profound renewal of government forms in the colonial domains, in a project which was at the same time—and not always in a harmonious way—his personal project and that which had been commanded by the royal power. Through this case study, we intend to reflect on the plurality of conceptions on what natural history was for 16th century European trained physicians, how to practice it and, above all, how to write it.

From the 1550’s onward, the Tiber increasingly became a topic for discussion in Roman medical debates. In treatises published in the city, several physicians were highly interested in the quality and composition of the river’s drinking water as well as its tendency to periodic flooding. Doctors engaged in a dialogue with the papal and municipal authorities who were responsible for projects aimed at intervening in the riverbed or at supplying the city’s drinking water. The article focuses on the role physicians played in these debates which involved urban and public policies and a medical culture that emphasized the relationship between humans and their natural environment.

The main aim of this article is to introduce and analyse the specific – and in the discourse of history of science hitherto largely neglected – subject of historia naturalis as it is found in letters sent in the 17th and 18th century by Jesuits of the Province of Bohemia, such as Simón de Castro (Šimon Boruhradský), José Neumann (Josef Neumann), Adán Kall (Adam Kall), Jan Steinhöfer (Juan Esteyneffer), Wenceslao Eymer (Václav Eymer), Juan Tilpe (Jan Tilpe), and others, from New Spain to Central Europe. Special attention is paid to analysis of the theoretical context (epistemic setting) within which Czech Jesuits acquired knowledge about the nature of New Spain. Discussed are also the particular techniques and practices through which they acquired knowledge of the new nature in situ. And last but not least, the article investigates the process of ‘translating’ the newly acquired knowledge of nature of New Spain for Central European environment. Taken into account are also some parts of the network that linked New Spain with the heart of Europe, a network within which circulated people, information, and objects (both naturalia and artificialia) which represents one of the spaces within which new, globalised science was forming.

This paper examines the system of production and circulation of knowledge linked to Spanish bureaucracy and the Atlantic trade. Based on primary sources from the General Archive of the Indies (AGI), the General Archive of the Nation (Argentina-AGN), the Archive of the Royal College of Surgeons (London-RCS), and on secondary bibliography, this article, rather than focus on the objects collected, considers the documents that resulted from the “necessity” of collecting minerals, plants and animals, revealing the true protagonists of this story: the pathways of bureaucracy and the flow of paperwork where data about nature and man in the Americas were generated and took shape. At the same time, it reflects on the adoption of the "three kingdoms of nature" defined by Linnaeus and adopted in the instructions to complete the Royal Cabinet of Natural History of Madrid.

The article provides information on the Barend Joseph Stokvis, focusing on natural sciences and medicine in Germany, methods used by the natural sciences and an importance capital for medicine and the art of healing. Topics include fermentation as a vital process, pharmacology and functions of special biological products.

Although scholarly attention has been mostly paid to the many connections existing between Kant and the exact sciences, the landscape of Kant studies has begun to noticeably change during the last decade, with many new pieces devoted to a consideration of Kant’s relation to the life sciences of his day. It is in this vein, for example, that investigators have begun to discuss the importance of Kant’s essays on race for the development of Anthropology as an emerging field. The bulk of the contributions to this recent trend, however, have focused on Kant’s remarks on organic life in the Critique of Judgment, such that Kant’s “theory of biology” is now seen to be firmly located in that text. Amidst such consolidation, there are a few pieces that have begun to address Kant’s appeal to organic vocabulary within the context of his theory of cognition, though these too remain dominated by the interpretive template set by the third Critique. My own strategy in this essay will be different. Kant did indeed borrow from the life sciences for his model of the mind, but in a manner that would reject a naturalized account. His preference for epigenesis as a theory of organic generation needs to be carefully distinguished, therefore, from the use he would make of it when discussing a metaphysical portrait of reason.