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Objectifs L’antibiothérapie néonatale modifie t’elle les fonctions et le contrôle par le système nerveux entérique des fonctions digestives ? Matériels et méthodes du Métronidazole était administré per os à des ratons Spragues Dawley (7,5 g/kg/j) de J1 à J21 (AB). In vivo , les temps de transit, et la perméabilité paracellulaire intestinale par dosage sanguin de fluorescéine ingérée ou par mesure endoscopique en microscopie confocale de fluorescence après injection IV étaient mesurés. Ex vivo , la perméabilité et la morphologie histologique du colon étaient analysées après 15 jours. Résultats principaux A J21, le temps de transit est analogue, la perméabilité paracellulaire in vivo est augmentée dans le groupe AB. Après 15 jours, le temps de transit est plus court et e x vivo , la perméabilité colique proximale est augmentée dans le groupe AB. Histologiquement, sans changement morphologique, le nombre de mitoses et de cellules inflammatoires diminuait dans le groupe AB (0,4 vs 0,2 et 1,2 0,17 vs 1,04). En microscopie confocale, dans le groupe AB, les cryptes sont moins arrondies (L/l = 2.7 vs 1,8). Conclusion L’antibiothérapie néonatale entraine des modifications fonctionnelles du tube digestif, et des altérations microscopiques de la barrière épithéliale persistante. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of gut diseases is often limited by the access to human biological tissues and animal models that do not faithfully mimic the human pathologies. In this context, the development of intestinal organoids from human pluripotent stem cells is paving the way of gastrointestinal physiology and digestive disease study. In this review, we recall the embryonic development of the digestive tract and its translation to human pluripotent stem cell differentiation. We also present the different types of intestinal organoids that can be generated, as well as their applications in research., (© 2019 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)

Novel endoscopic techniques for the analysis of the digestive wall have recently been developed to allow investigating digestive diseases beyond standard "white-light" macroscopic imaging of the mucosal surface. Among innovative techniques under clinical evaluation, confocal endomicroscopy and optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) are the most promising. Indeed, these techniques allow performing in vivo microscopy with different levels in terms of depths and magnification, as well as functional assessment of structures. Some of these techniques, such as capsule-based OFDI, are also less invasive than traditional endoscopy and might help screening large groups of patients for specific disorders, for instance oesophageal precancerous diseases. In this review, we will focus on the results obtained with these techniques in precancerous, inflammatory and neuromuscular disorders., (© 2015 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)

No validated biomarker is yet available for Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical PD symptoms include dopa-responsive motor symptoms and dopa-resistant non motor symptoms. Some of the non motor symptoms begin during the premotor stage, like constipation, hyposmia or REM-sleep disorders. Dementia, gait disorders and dysarthria occur in later stages of the disease. PD pathology extends well beyond the substantia nigra. It affects autonomic and non autonomic nuclei in the brainstem and in the medulla, the olfactory bulb and the peripheral autonomic nervous system. Alpha-synuclein aggregates, called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, are detectable in these structures at early stages. The study of the enteric nervous system (ENS) displays the Lewy pathology in living patients through the digestive biopsies. Minor salivary glands analysis could be a good marker as well, but this needs confirmation. An anatomopathologic PD biomarker would be interesting at different stages of PD: for the positive diagnosis, to follow the progression and to develop neuroprotective treatments., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

It has become increasingly evident over the last years that Parkinson's disease is a multicentric neurodegenerative disease that affects several neuronal structures outside the substantia nigra, among which is the enteric nervous system. The aims of the present article are to discuss the role of the enteric nervous system lesions in pathology spreading (Braak's hypothesis) and in the gastrointestinal dysfunction encountered in Parkinson's disease. Owing to its accessibility to biopsies, we further discuss the use of the enteric nervous system as an original source of biomarker in Parkinson's disease., (Copyright © 2012 Société nationale française de médecine interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)