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The study aims to monitor urban development around Mataram City and the correlation between Urban Heat Island. Also, analyze the vegetation and built-up changes surrounding Mataram City with Land Surface Temperature (LST) growth. The boundary of the study location is a 25-kilometer radius from the Mataram City centroid. The data used in this research is Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance for the period June-September in 2013, 2019 and 2023 obtained from Google Earth Engine. The Random Forest method is used to obtain land use classification with urban, rice fields, dry land, water bodies, and vegetation. NDBI values are processed from Shortwave infrared (SWIR) and Near-infrared (NIR), NDVI from Near-infrared (NIR) and Red, and LST from thermal bands. The data processing results indicate that Mataram City and its neighboring areas are showing growth, marked by rising NDBI and LST values. This growth is characterized by an expansion of built-up areas to the north, east, and south especially rings 4 and 5, simultaneously by higher NDBI values. Additionally, there is a decrease in vegetation cover, particularly in lowland areas within these rings, leading to a decline in NDVI values. Areas with increased NDBI values also show an increase in LST.

Northern wetlands and their productive tundra vegetation are of prime importance for Arctic wildlife by providing high-quality forage and breeding habitats. However, many wetlands are becoming drier as a function of climate-induced permafrost degradation. This phenomenon is notably the case in cold, ice-rich permafrost regions such as Bylot Island, Nunavut, where degradation of ice wedges and thermo-erosion gullying have already occurred throughout the polygon-patterned landscape resulting in a progressive shift from wet to mesic tundra vegetation within a decade. This study reports on the application of the normalized difference vegetation index to determine the extent of permafrost ecosystem disturbance on wetlands adjacent to thermo-erosion gullies. The analysis of a GeoEye-1 image of the Qarlikturvik valley, yielding a classification with five classes and 62% accuracy, resulted in directly identifying affected areas when compared to undisturbed baseline of wet and mesic plant communities. The total wetland area lost by drainage around the three studied gullies approximated to 95 430 m2, which already represents 0.5% of the total wetland area of the valley. This is worrisome considering that 36 gullies have been documented in a single valley since 1999 and that permafrost degradation by thermal erosion gullying is significantly altering landscape morphology, modifying wetland hydrology, and generating new fluxes of nutrients, sediments, and carbon in the watershed. This study demonstrates that remote sensing provides an effective means for monitoring spatially and temporally the impact of permafrost disturbance on Arctic wetland stability.