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In modern rhinoplasty, two foundational approaches for modifying the nasal dorsum developed in the beginning of the 20th century: -preservation and structural techniques. Preservation involves -maintaining the nasal structure by displacing the hump into the nose without directly resecting it. This method preserves structural integrity and avoids nasal valve collapse but can lead to mid-vault widening and hump recurrence. In contrast, structural rhinoplasty entails -directly removing bone and cartilage, offering precise hump reduction but risks over-resection, dorsal irregularities, and mid-vault collapse. The patient's individual anatomical factors guide the practitioner in choosing the most suitable -approach for correcting the nasal dorsum., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

Background: Hump reduction with traditional ostectomy is an invasive procedure performed in aesthetic rhinoplasty. Natural and flawless nasal dorsum can be obtained with wedge ostectomy (WO) technique., Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the nasal dorsum WO technique and examine its effectiveness in correcting nasal dorsum with absent and minor humps in patients undergoing aesthetic rhinoplasty., Materials and Methods: Senior author performed 488 rhinoplasty and septorhinoplasty operations from April 2009 to April 2021. After exclusion of major hump patients, the remaining 312 patients had a secondary evaluation for suitability for wedge ostectomy. After secondary examination, 87 patients, including 19 with absent humps (0 mm) and 68 with small humps (1-3 mm) were operated., Results: Nasal bone hump reduction with WO has proven satisfactory results in majority of patients, minimal revision in done in five patients but no complications were occurred related to this method., Conclusions: Nasal dorsum WO provides lesser invasive approach to bony hump reduction in selected patients, ensuring bone cortex continuity in nasal dorsum. It decreases possible dorsal nasal irregularities associated with conventional coronal plane ostectomies. At the same time, it provides a natural and anatomically accurate nasal dorsum., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Annals of African Medicine.)

Introduction: Inthe quest for a universal marker to describe the physiological function of facialmechanics, the author has found nasal ventilation at rest to be a major factor to beborne in mind., Materials and Methods: Factors related to embryology, anatomyand respiratory physiology, along with analysis of the literature in the relevantareas, now enable us to view the nose in a different light., Conclusion: The authorconcludes that nasal ventilation at rest constitutes a mandatory objective in theperformance of all types of therapy., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2018.)

Introduction: Orthodontists have long tried to predict future growth. It is one of the most difficult goals to achieve precisely despite the different methods of growth forecasting. A simple technique based on clinical and radiological analyses of the nose and premaxilla makes it possible, using no measurements, to accurately predict future maxillary growth and to deduce the therapeutic indications. A morphologic study of the nose is also an important item in the diagnosis of cranio-facial syndromes., Materials and Methods: Combining detailed semiologic and radiologic studies of the nasal and premaxillary structures, this article proposes a method for evaluating and predicting facial growth., Results: Experience based on many observations and current embryological knowledg can detect growth abnormalities of the ethmoïdo-nasal-premaxillary unit and provide valuable therapeutic information., Discussion: Combining clinical and radiologic analyses of nasal and premaxillary morphology is a good method to predict growth of the upper face. It is also an important feature in the diagnosis of cranio-facial syndromes., Conclusion: This technique should be included in the diagnosis of maxillo-dento-facial orthopedic cases., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2018.)

Introduction: Sagittal soft-tissue analyses made from photographic records (sagittal photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) allow orthodontists to quantify the sagittal dimension and situation of the facial soft tissues. These tissues maintain close anatomical relationships with the underlying dental arches. However, little importance has been given to the description and the comparison of the sagittal soft tissue morphology according to dental arches parameters. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue profile and the dental arches measurements., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of students. Standardized facial-profile photographs were taken with each student in natural head position, and relaxed lip posture. Photogrammetric parameters were measured on paper sheet using a graduated ruler. Dental arches measurements were also performed directly into the mouth with an electronic caliper. The strength of the association between sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue measurements and dental arches parameters was investigated by a Pearson's correlation. Results were regarded as significant at p=0.05., Results: The lips protrusion parameters were significantly and positively correlated with the dental arch lengths. The overjet was significantly and positively correlated with Ls/Sn-Sm. The overbite was significantly and negatively correlated with the sagittal labial parameters Ls/N-Ort, Li/N-Ort, Ls-E, Li E, Ls-S, Li S, Ls/Sn-Sm and Li/Sn-Sm., Conclusion: The correlations found in this study show the importance of taking into account the soft tissue in the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment of patients., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2015.)

To ensure optimal results, we must do our utmost to achieve targets based on order, symmetry and precision, our ultimate aim being to strive towards the desired harmony, planned contrast and exact proportions. Orthodontic-surgical treatments require specific finishing procedures, which most often call for multidisciplinary, or even transdisciplinary, collaboration. Finishing will involve the dental arches just as much as the orofacial environment. Above all, treatment of this kind demands a highly targeted approach in combination with well-defined and perfectly executed techniques. To finish a case satisfactorily, reasonable targets should be aimed for to ensure they are achieved. One must be ambitious and yet wise. A tight alliance of surgeon and orthodontist will nurture convincing and achievable projects and good, lifelong outcomes. Following the consolidation phase, roughly 4 to 6 weeks post-surgery, we can initiate the final orthodontic treatment, which, in effect, constitutes a mini-treatment in its own right. "Details make perfection, but perfection is not a detail" (Leonardo Da Vinci). "A lucid mind is the ante-chamber of intelligence" (Léo Ferré). In the order of life, every form of unity is always unique, and if each of us is unique, it is because everyone else is too. Ambition, wisdom, lucidity and efficiency will guarantee a successful result, the successful result. We must not be mere observers of our treatments, but the architect, project manager and site foreman at one and the same time. One could talk ad infinitum about finishing orthodontic-surgical cases because everything else leads up to the case-finishing and even the fullest description could never be exhaustive., (Copyright © 2015 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Facial soft-tissue analyses made from photographic records (photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) showed interracial dimorphism. Standard of these facial analyses, originally obtained from Caucasian might not be appropriate for the diagnosis and treatment planning of other groups of orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue profile characteristics between Senegalese and Moroccan adults., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of Senegalese and Moroccan students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Dakar. Standardized facial-profile photographs were taken with each student in natural head position, centric relation, and relaxed lip posture. Twenty four linear parameters were measured on paper sheet using a graduated ruler. For each variable mean and SD were calculated. In addition independent samples t-test was performed to detect sexual and racial dimorphism. Results were regarded as significant at p = 0.05., Results: Senegalese subjects had significantly more lips protrusion than Moroccan who had significantly a more elongated and more anterior positioned nose, a more chin prominence and a tendency to cutaneous class II than Senegalese., Conclusion: Further studies including different age groups subjects would allow having longitudinal data according to age.

Objective: We investigated how laypeople perceive persons with straight teeth and nose, mild to moderate modification of the nose, and mild to moderate modification of the teeth. The objectives were to determine: (1) how modification of the nose or teeth affects others' perceptions of target persons' facial attractiveness, (2) whether these evaluations are affected by the target persons' or raters' gender, (3) whether the frontal view or three-quarter view has any effect on the ratings., Materials and Methods: Survey data were collected from 226 college students at Seton Hill University (49% male, 51% female; age range, 18-25 years) who rated, on a 100mm VAS, photos of subjects with straight teeth and nose (control), mild to moderate modification of the nose, and mild to moderate modification of the teeth from the frontal and three-quarter views., Results: Male and female target photos with teeth modification were considered the least attractive. Both male and female target photos showed that female raters evaluated both control and nose modification conditions more positively than did male raters. For male and female target photos, the frontal view was less esthetically pleasing under teeth modification., Conclusions: Both male and female evaluators judged teeth modification as the least attractive compared to nose modification. It is recommended for rhinoplasty patients with malaligned teeth that it may be beneficial for cosmetic surgeons to establish an interdisciplinary approach working with orthodontists., (Copyright © 2015 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Children noses have special anatomical and functional characteristics. Early interventions performed before the end of the child's growth have been a main topic as they may cause adverse effects on the subsequent development and the function. This chapter describes the characteristics of the nasal pyramid and the septum at different stages of growth. Should one's approach be very cautious in children surgical indications, one should not hesitate opting for the treatment of congenital malposition or acquired when they jeopardize the nasal function. Considering possible procedures and specific conditions within pediatric field are discussed in this chapter., (Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the nose is an essential prerequisite for preoperative analysis and the understanding of surgical techniques. Like a tent supported by its frame, the nose is an osteo-chondral structure covered by a peri-chondroperiosteal envelope, muscle and cutaneous covering tissues. For didactic reasons, we have chosen to treat this chapter in the form of comments from eight key configurations that the surgeon should acquire before performing rhinoplasty., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Esthetic analysis of the face in some patients presenting a dental Class II can reveal the need for maxillo-mandibular advancement surgery. In these cases, mandibular advancement alone would provide a result which was satisfactory from the occlusal viewpoint but esthetically displeasing. Using bi-maxillary advancement, the impact of nasal volume is reduced and the nasolabial relationship is corrected. The sub-mandibular length is increased, thus creating a better-defined cervico-mental angle. This treatment technique involving a prior mandibular procedure has the advantage of restoring patients' dental occlusion while optimizing their facial esthetics., (Copyright © 2014 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The nose is a complex entity, combining aesthetic and functional roles. Descriptive anatomy is a fundamental science that it can be difficult to relate directly to our daily surgical activity. Reasoning in terms of aesthetic subunits to decide on his actions appeared to us so obvious. The aim of this paper is to resume the anatomical bases relevant to our daily practice in order to fully apprehend the restorative or cosmetic procedures. We discuss the limits of the systematization of these principles in nasal oncology., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism in facial cavity's volumes of untreated young adults., Methods: Sixty subjects, ages between 18 to 30 years, were selected and divided in two groups according to the gender. Volumes of orbital, nasal, sinusal and buccal cavities were measured from CT scans with AMIRA(®)software. The statistical studies were performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality followed by Student "t" test (p < 0.05)., Results: The gender comparison reflected statistically significant differences between the volumes of orbital, nasal, sinusal and buccal cavities, volumes being larger in males. Sexual dimorphism did not appear in the ratio of each cavity volume on the total facial volume., Conclusion: Absolute volume of facial cavities are larger in males, but no sexual dimorphism is detected comparing volume ratios. A difference in size, but not in shape, between genders might exist., (© EDP Sciences, SFODF, 2011.)

Introduction: Knowledge of the factors influencing traumatic injuries of the anterior teeth is useful to prevent their occurrence. The aim of this case control study is to test the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic factors and dental traumatism in adolescents., Materials and Methods: Cases are 32 adolescent consulting for dental traumatism at the University Dental Clinic Dakar (Senegal). Control subjects (49) are derived from the same population but were free from any dental traumatism. Logistic regression analyses are performed to identify factors that best predict the occurrence of incisor traumatism., Results: Stepwise logistic regression analysis identifies the angle between upper incisor axis to palatal plane (OR = 1.10; 95% CI; 1.01-1.19) and variables related to lip position as best predictors of incisors traumatism. Insufficient lip coverage in rest position increases eight times the odds of having incisors injury., Conclusion: Early orthodontic management of the identified factors may help preventing the occurrence of traumatic incisor injuries.

Objective: The authors developed an original and simple method of evaluation of the aesthetic lines of the nose adapted to the harmony of the face., Method: Initially based on their experience, the authors propose an evaluation of the nose in 2 stages and 5 sequencies based on the construction of single circuit lines according to various incidences. They checked thereafter the validity of this method on the operative project and on the appreciation of the results of the rhinoplasties., Results: Controlled on several types of faces, the method suggested by the authors proved to be reliable, simple, reproducible., Conclusion: The authors proposed a method of evaluation of the aesthetic lines of the nose integrated to the harmony of the face. This method relies on the construction, in 5 stages, of single circuit lines not requiring any particular material. The artistic method of evaluation of the nose proposed by the authors is very simple. Rapid and immediately usable, it makes it possible to schedule a rhinoplasty in a few minutes. The evaluation of the aesthetic results of the rhinoplasties is also very simple and reproducible. It has moreover the merit to propose a model of teaching making it possible to the rhinoplastician to criticize his results and thus to progress in its technical training and its operational indications.

Objectives: To highlight the morphodynamic anatomical mechanisms that influence the results of rhinoplasty. To present the technical modalities of nasal dorsum preservation rhinoplasties. To determine the optimized respective surgical indications of the two main techniques of rhinoplasty: interruption rhinoplasty versus conservative rhinoplasty., Materials and Methods: Based on anatomical dissections and initial morphodynamic studies carried out on 100 anatomical specimens, a prospective study of a continuous series of 400 patients operated of primary reduction rhinoplasty or septo-rhinoplasty by one of authors (YS) has been undertaken over a period of ten years (1995-2005) in order to optimize the surgical management of the nasal hump. The studied parameters were: (1) surgical safety, (2) quality of early and late aesthetic result, (3) quality of the functional result, (4) ease of the technical realization of a possible secondary rhinoplasty. The other selected criteria were function of the different nasal hump morphotypes and the expressed wishes of the patients., Results: The anatomical and morphodynamic studies made it possible to better understand the role of the "M" double-arch shape of the nose and the role of the cartilaginous buttresses not only as a function but also the anatomy and the aesthetics of the nose. It is necessary to preserve or repair the arche structures of the septo-triangular and alo-columellar sub-units. The conservative technique, whose results appear much more natural aesthetically, functionally satisfactory and durable over the long term, must be favoured in particular in man and in cases presenting a risk of collapse of the nasal valve., Conclusion: The rhinoplastician must be able to propose, according to the patient's wishes and in view of the results of the morphological analysis, the most adapted procedure according to his own surgical training but by supporting conservation of the osteo-cartilaginous vault whenever possible.

A good anatomical knowledge is a pre-requisite to all surgeries. In rhinoplasty, where many steps are performed without visual control and are only guided by palpation, anatomy must be mastered. Based on classical static anatomy and dynamic surgical modifications of the nose, this study analyses anatomical and surgical correlation and reports their technical implications. Correction of the shape of the nose is to be able to conceptualize the underlying skeleton and to program adapted surgical procedure for each case.

The author describes over a period of five thousands years the evolution of the esthetical criteria of the artists, painters and sculptors who have represented the nasal pyramid. Starting from prehistorical times to great civilisations: Roman and Greek, then to the age of the Renaissance, and to end in the modern times with impressionism, cubism and surrealism. As a conclusion, he draws a parallel between rhinoplasty and the different technical evolutions, according to the esthetic patterns of the rhinoplasticians and the different human qualities they should have to master this technique.

Articulators and facial arc always used in dentistry are not adapted to African black people. Their use provokes many errors in the setting of models on articulators. In this work, authors propose facial arc and articulator parameters conceptions that are suited to black Africans.

Nowadays aesthetic standards reflect a generalisation of western ones. We propose to outline an aesthetic concept about Ivorian face. A selected jury will have to judge fifty-three Ivorian faces, through photographs and also, we'll make the cephalometric analysis of flabby and osseous tissues. We expect then, to provide orthodontists with basic references whenever they have to establish treatment objectives, for Negro-African, (particularly Ivorian), patients with facial disharmony evaluated according to western norms.

Since a few years, more and more papers are published in the international literature about nasal anatomy, probably because of the growing popularity of the open rhinoplasty. So, new concepts, new anatomic entities have been established without equivalent in the French literature. The authors review the most recent notions of the surgical anatomy of the nose and propose a french terminology for several concepts developed in the international literature (e.g. supratip breakpoint). The surgical anatomy of the external nose is described.

Over recent years, an increasing number of papers are published in the international literature about nasal anatomy, probably because of the growing popularity of open rhinoplasty. New concepts and new anatomical entities have been established without any equivalent in the French literature. This paper reviews the most recent concepts of surgical anatomy of the nose and proposes a French terminology for several concepts developed in the international literature (e.g. supratip breakpoint). In this second part, the surgical anatomy of the nasal cavities is analyzed together with a glossary including the main concepts, some of them unpublished in the French literature.

Based on a sample of 51 living subjects, aged 21 years, whose sex was known and who has a teleradiographic tracing of the head (including soft tissues) in vestibular orientation, statistical mean types were established using the rectangular coordinates of 9 skeletal points and 10 cutaneous points. Spatial variability was demonstrated. The position of the skin points was placed relative to the homologue skeletal points and was used for simple and multiple "regression" equations for each of the coordinates. This study demonstrated that, despite application of sophisticated statistical procedures, there is a great degree of incertainty in the validity of facial "reconstruction" for a given subject.

Over the last two decades, the concepts of cosmetic rhinoplasty have advanced, essentially due to the influence of J. Sheen. The importance of the anatomy of osteocartilaginous structures, their dynamic role, and the repercussions of their modification on the external shape has led to a more conservative surgery. Innovations have essentially concerned nose tip surgery and cartilage grafts. The revival of external approach and its popularity constituted the second major development; this can be explained by the direct, visualisation of cartilaginous structures and by the desire or necessity to preserve or reconstruct these structures. The indications for cartilage grafts have become more frequent and graft techniques have been developed and refined. The difficulties encountered in the use of autologous grafts have favoured the development of many new implants. Parietal cranial grafts occupy an increasingly important place in the indications for nasal bone grafts.

This study consists in a three dimensional cephalometric approach of the pterygoid process and its relationships with the neighbouring cranio-facial structures, using biostatistical analysis. The authors present the results of this method comparing the variations of the pterygoid process in relation to the variations of the basi-cranium and the face.

In most reduction rhinoplasties, conservative rhinoplasty of the nasal roof and septum can be performed in the place of traditional rhinoplasty with resection of the hump. An anatomical and functional study of the nose justifies and explains this new surgical technique. However, impaction alone is not always sufficient, but, in some cases, must be combined with support or projection of the nose tip. In the rhinoseptoplasty proposed, the nasal roof phase is performed before the nostril roof phase. The advantages of this technique, particularly indicated in kyphosis, are related to the preservation of the natural appearance of the nose and its persistence over time.

The author endeavours to make a detailed description of the clinical examination of the face, which, if performed systematically, allows establishing an accurate diagnosis of the lesions in dysmorphosis and thus locating the latter's seat. The precise modalities of the surgical procedure are defined on the basis of cephalometry and of casts. Cephalometry does not define the site of surgery; it merely confirms it. In our opinion, the esthetic study of the face with the detailed clinical examination remains the key element for the assessment of dysmorphosis.

The objectives of this study is to challenge the soft tissue profile standards of esthetics and to compare them with the feeling and the sense of beauty of the large public. The facial profile of one hundred fifty-two cinema stars and top models (seventy-one men and eighty-one women) were analysed. Twenty three measurements were taken among the most used and widely accepted. These references come from the works of very reknown orthodontists and researchers: BURSTONE, HOLDAWAY, MERRIFIELD, PECK and PECK, RICKETTS, STEINER, WORMS (as described by MOSHIRI). The results demonstrate, after statistical analysis that: some values are very different compared with the references; those discrepancies neither concern the same values nor for the same amount, or to the same direction for the male or the female samples. The mean male soft tissue profile is more concave, prognathic type with more retruded upper and lower lips and more reduced lower face height than the standards described by the authors. The mean women soft tissue profile tends to be more convex with a relatively more protruded upper lip and a more retrognathic mandible than the "standards". The whole face height is significantly reduced with a more marked discrepancy for the nasal height and the lower lip length. The nasal prominence is also reduced compared with the norms. It appears then that we cannot trust anymore references that do not take into account differences between men and women ideal facial profiles for the analysis of soft tissue profile in orthodontics and maxillo-facial surgery. The values described by the authors, which are our daily standards, do not seem to match the large public sense of esthetics and therefore our patients feeling of beauty.

The static and dynamic aspects of nasal anatomy determine the characteristics of the air flow passing through the nose and the thermo-hygrometric and particulated conditioning of the inhaled air. Through rhinomanometry it is possible to measure nasal cavities resistance to the passage of inhaled and exhaled air. Ventilation obstacles in the nose are frequent and varied: they are examined with the consequences of nasal obstruction at local and zonal level.

The more precise term "mongoloid" should be used in the place of "oriental" and "asian". The nose of the Han race constitutes the most typical example. The description of "intermediary", usually used to describe this nose is insufficient, as it has a very particular type which contributes to the "Asian triad". A study conducted by Chengdu tries to overcome this deficiency. This information is particularly useful in that aesthetic rhinoplasty, performed increasingly frequently for this type of nose, raises specific problems and requires particular caution to avoid excessive correction which may be disastrous in a small face.

This work is about perceptions of "professionals" in projection of part of nose, lips and chin relations in well-balanced facial profile achievement and change in facial profile during the growth between 7 and 18 years. It's the first part of our research.

The sagittal and anterior position of the hyoid bone is at the origin of the changes in orientation of the palatine laminae. A posterior-anterior movement of this bone allows the tongue to liberate the posterior part of the oral cavity; the palatine laminae rotate forwards and downwards. The opposite case is verified in the same way; the naso-palatine canal is a very malleable area, allowing a lowering of the anterior part of the palatine laminae. The vertical variations of the hyoid bone have little effect on the palate.

The authors explain the great rules of the nose and chin interventions, isolated or combined. They dwell on the value of a strict analysis of the nose and the whole facial structures. These operations called "profiloplasty" are executed on a balanced face, regarding to its skeletal basis.

The existence of a cartilaginous facial structure, the mesethmoid, has been demonstrated in the newborn human infant. This structure is the peri- and post-natal tissue developed from the embryonic cartilaginous nasal capsules. Unrecognized during facial development, the cartilaginous mesethmoid, partly because of its multidirectional growth, is responsible for frontonasomaxillary osteomembranous centrofacial morphogenesis. Practical aspects are discussed, and studies to determine the post-natal structures derived from the mesethmoid are in progress.