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Introduction: Knowledge of the factors influencing traumatic injuries of the anterior teeth is useful to prevent their occurrence. The aim of this case control study is to test the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic factors and dental traumatism in adolescents., Materials and Methods: Cases are 32 adolescent consulting for dental traumatism at the University Dental Clinic Dakar (Senegal). Control subjects (49) are derived from the same population but were free from any dental traumatism. Logistic regression analyses are performed to identify factors that best predict the occurrence of incisor traumatism., Results: Stepwise logistic regression analysis identifies the angle between upper incisor axis to palatal plane (OR = 1.10; 95% CI; 1.01-1.19) and variables related to lip position as best predictors of incisors traumatism. Insufficient lip coverage in rest position increases eight times the odds of having incisors injury., Conclusion: Early orthodontic management of the identified factors may help preventing the occurrence of traumatic incisor injuries.

Introduction: Knowledge of the anatomy of soft palate muscles is of great interest in cleft palate surgery, in surgical correction of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and in excision of maxillo-facial carcinomas. Some authors described the palatal aponeurosis as the expansion of the tendon of the two tensor veli palatini muscles, others stated that the palatal aponeurosis is a distinct anatomic entity., Method: Ten dissections of the soft palate have been performed to improve our knowledge of its anatomy., Results: The palatal aponeurosis is a distinct anatomic entity continuous with the periosteum of the nasal cavity. The tendon of the tensor veli palatini terminated on the inferior side of the aponeurosis. One fifth of the tensor's tendinous fibers terminated on the posterior border of the palatine bone and the others are spreading on the anterior and inferior side of the palatal aponeurosis., Discussion: In cleft palate patients, this aponeurosis is absent, the palatal muscles are attached to the posterior border of the palatine bones. So it seems to be logical to recommend a soft-palate "pushback" to create a new space between the posterior border of the palatine bones and the soft-palate muscles.

Vertical growth of the cervical spine, of the mandibula and the upper maxilla are normally anatomically and physiologically correlated. At a very early age the relationships are established between the cervical spine and the angle of the mandibula which is normally level with C2's antero-inferior angle. A parallelism can be noticed between the rhythms of the vertical growth of the cervical spine and the changes of the maxillary in relation to the skull. So relationships are gradually established between the palate level, the top of the odontoid, and the foramen magnum. These relationships are well objectivized on a lateral teleradiography by Delaire' analysis. Lateral teleradiography of the situation of the angle of the mandibula, in relation to the basis of the C2 body should be systematic. It provides much information concerning the growth potential of the condylar unit, and makes possible a differential diagnosis between true or false posterior vertical insufficiency (PVI) and true or false posterior vertical excess (PVE) and to recognize clinical types of skeletal class II and class III of vertical origin.

The study of the position of palatine anterior and posterior foramen with regard to some anatomic landmarks easily identified has to improve the local technical anesthesia for the palatal vault. In that manner, through a study carried on 98 skulls, we defined using five parameters, the situation of the emergence points of the vault palatal nerves; these landmarks give to clinician greater technical assurance.

This study consists in a three dimensional cephalometric approach of the pterygoid process and its relationships with the neighbouring cranio-facial structures, using biostatistical analysis. The authors present the results of this method comparing the variations of the pterygoid process in relation to the variations of the basi-cranium and the face.

This prospective study aimed to evaluate in 849 patients the Mallampati and Wilson scores for predicting a difficult intubation. All scheduled patients were included. Induction and tracheal intubation were carried out as usual. Intubation was deemed to have been difficult if any special procedure had been required (external compression excepted); difficult laryngoscopy was defined as grade 3 or 4 on the Cormack-Lehane scale. In accordance with these criteria, less than 36% of patients with difficult intubation or laryngoscopy were detected, with a high false positive rate (more than 75%) but a good negative predictive value (more than 90%). This study was not concordant with the results of the original studies. However, data from literature show a great variability of results between studies. Many factors may contribute to this variability: differences between samples of patients, evaluation of Mallampati or Wilson scale, protocols of induction and intubation or characterization of difficult intubation. This study suggests a poor reliability of the two tests.

The anatomical and radiological study of the greater palatine canal allows to show that this canal constitutes a significant communication between the oral cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa. It contains vessels and nerve directly related with the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery and nerve. The radiological and CT study of this canal allows a better understanding and accomplishment of surgical or anaesthetic treatments concerned with the posterior maxillary region.

The purpose of the present study based on the comparison of two populations showing a different average of age, was to see the possible action of the tongue on the mandibular morphology. This study included the examination of norma lateralis teleradiographs, while both facial and lingual musculatures were in rest position. If it appears that older subjects show a close correlation between mandibular divergence and lingual height, this relation doesn't take place in younger subjects although they present an earlier mandibular hyperdivergence. May breathing, a function hierarchically of the highest importance be more determinant in lower face organisation than deglutition and lingual equilibrium?

The sagittal and anterior position of the hyoid bone is at the origin of the changes in orientation of the palatine laminae. A posterior-anterior movement of this bone allows the tongue to liberate the posterior part of the oral cavity; the palatine laminae rotate forwards and downwards. The opposite case is verified in the same way; the naso-palatine canal is a very malleable area, allowing a lowering of the anterior part of the palatine laminae. The vertical variations of the hyoid bone have little effect on the palate.

The palatine fibromucosa is not the same throughout the various regions of the palatine vault and its role differs in maxillary growth. On can in fact distinguish: --the fibromucosa of the "palatine lamellae", thin and smooth, which occupies only the median and posterior portion of the vault, opposite the nasal fossae. Its importance derives from the fact that it covers the medio-palatine and palatino-vomerian suture complex, which has an essential role in transverse, vertical and also sagital maxillary growth; --the palatine maxillary fibromucosa, thick and striated, which surrounds the above as far as the gingiva. It plays a major role in transverse and vertical maxillary growth. In fact, it would appear that it possesses autonomous growth potential; --the "gingival" fibromucosa, smooth, which is located at the alveolar level (from the palatine maxillary to the gingivo-dental border) and is involved in the structure of the latter. A good understanding of the anatomical and physiological aspects of these three fibromucosae has a therapeutic relevance, in particular, in subjects suffering from congenital velo-palatine defects (isolated or associated with a labio-maxillary defect).

The description of a dense sensory network, first reported by Paccini-Vater, in the still undentated maxillary and mandibular crests, is given. This network has the same functional significance as the future teeth, and constitutes, with the tongue, a means of regulating ante-occlusal condylar growth. The model described by Petrovic is valid during this period. The Pierre Robin syndrome is therefore a "non-afferentation" of the mandibulolingual massive: glossopexy of any type is of no value. Only postural nursing from birth can enable the mandibular gesture to be "ingrained".

The role of calcium in the keratinization process has been studied in hypocalcaemic rats after surgical removal of the parathyroids. Intraperitoneal injection of Na2(35) SO4 allowed the study of the incorporation of sulphur in palatal and gingival epithelium. After parathyroidectomy, the calcaemia decreased strongly in the first week, reached its lowest value at the end of the second week and then increased progressively. In the control rats, the concentration of the silver grains increased from the basal layer to the stratum corneum, whereas in the parathyroidectomized rats the grains were concentrated in the basal layers. The variations of the values of the calcaemia and the number of grains were in correlation for the palatal and gingival epithelium. This correlation seemed to be confirmed for the palatal epithelium by the results obtained by radioactivity measurements. A relation between the calcium plasmatic concentration and the sulphur incorporation seemed to be confirmed. The hypocalcaemia was accompanied by diffusion anomalies of sulphur and glycoaminoglycans sulphation.