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Cet article s'attache au phénomène de la vision, de la révélation et de l’accès à la connaissance dans Le Temps retrouvé. A travers les métaphores optiques, Proust parvient paradoxalement à établir une sémiotique cohérente de la contradiction pour avancer son projet esthétique. Cette sémiotique englobe les contradictions et les mensonges des êtres, surtout liées aux questions de sexualité ; en définitive, ce dernier livre, débuté en même temps que le premier, semble autant un manifeste esthétique et littéraire qu’une justification de l’œuvre même qu’est La Recherche. Au-delà, nous y lisons une démarche auctoriale, l’usage de « l’objet-littérature » permettant la révélation tant artistique que personnelle de l’auteur dans la proclamation codée d’une vérité masquée et bien sûr, sexuelle. Abstract This article focuses on the phenomenon of vision, revelation and access to knowledge in Le Temps retrouvé. Through optical metaphors, Proust paradoxically manages to establish a coherent semiotic of contradiction to advance his aesthetic project. This semiotics encompasses the contradictions and lies of beings, especially related to questions of sexuality; in the end, this last book, which was started at the same time as the first one, seems as much an aesthetic and literary manifesto as a justification of the work itself that is La Recherche. Beyond that, we read an auctorial approach, the use of the "object-literature" allowing the artistic as well as the personal revelation of the author in the coded proclamation of a masked and of course, sexual truth.

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is the most frequent heart disease after coronary artery disease and arterial hypertension and it is associated with a high incidence of adverse outcomes. Historically, calcific AS has been considered as "degenerative" because it was thought to be the result from aging and "wear and tear" of the aortic valve. However, this perception has changed over the years with the publication of several studies showing that the calcific AS shares many histological similarities with atherosclerosis, thus suggesting that this disease could eventually be modified by lifestyle or pharmacological therapies. Furthermore, recent data support the notion that AS is not an isolated disease uniquely limited to the valve. Indeed, AS is frequently associated with abnormalities of the systemic arterial system, and in particular with reduced arterial compliance, which may have important consequences on the pathophysiology and clinical outcome of this disease. Hence, the assessment of AS severity as well as its therapeutic management should be conducted with the use of a comprehensive evaluation that includes not only the aortic valve but also the systemic arterial system and the left ventricle, since these 3 entities are tightly intricated on both the pathophysiological and hemodynamic standpoints.

To evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and morbidity associated with gastrointestinal (GI) complications after cardiac surgery, with and without cardiopulmonary bypass, we carried out a retrospective cohort study at a university teaching hospital.We divided the 11,405 eligible adult patients into 2 groups: group A (operated on between January 1992 and June 1996) (4657 patients) and group B (operated on between July 1996 and December 2000) (6748 patients).We found 147 GI complications in 134 (1.2%) patients. The incidence of GI morbidity was similar for the 2 groups of patients (group A, n = 59/4657 [1.2%]; group B, n = 75/6748 [1.1%]. Patients from group B were older, obese, diabetic and presented with more peripheral and cerebrovascular disease. Bleeding, gastritis and ulcer with perforation, the most common of these GI events, were associated with the esophagus and stomach (67/147 [45.5%]). Other events that we documented included cholecystitis 10 (6.8%), pancreatitis 13 (8.8%), episodes of small and large bowel ischemia 17 (11.6%), pseudomembranous colitis 12 (8.3%) and diverticulitis 5 (3.4%). Mesenteric ischemia was responsible for 11 (37.9%) of the 29 deaths. Two hundred and ninety-three patients were revascularized without extracorporeal circulation during this study. In this group, we were able to pinpoint 5 (1.7%) GI complications with 3 cases of mesenteric ischemia. Multivariate analysis identified renal insufficiency, prolonged intubation and sepsis as significant, predictive variables of GI complications for the 2 groups of patients whereas the Parsonnet score and stroke were predictive for the second group.Although cardiac surgery is now being performed on older patients with significant comorbidity, we could not demonstrate a significant increase of GI complications after cardiac surgery. Off-pump coronary artery bypass does not seem to protect patients from these complications.

This research has two goals: (1) observing the field of application of PMRC's Singularity on brand-name objects in a competitive market, (2) studying the ways in which a company such as PMRC creates a model of analysis that is applicable in the field of strategy consulting for brands, founded on propositions emerged from academic research.The Indo-European imagination as it was analyzed in depth by Georges Dumézil is our key to understanding PMRC's model. But in order for the three functions of “magical and judicial sovereignty, physical and mainly belligerent power, peaceful and productive abundance” to be updated, we have formulated three complementary hypotheses, allowing us to take some distance from Georges Dumézil's ideological model : (1) the hypothesis of a global ideology, (2) the hypothesis of the articulation of symbolical and mythical forms in everyday productions, (3) the hypothesis of functions that are not organized hierarchically. Our study focuses on items of everyday use and is articulated around three collections of objects. First, the analysis of the components of Nespresso's Pixie coffee machine leads to the introduction of several tools of structural semiology. Our second source is a collection of ten contemporary objects of various kinds, and leads to the analysis of the relation between user and object, resulting in classifying tests based on Georges Dumézil's model and PMRC's “Noyaux de Singularité” (stones of Singularity). The third source inserts the originator (brand founder and creator of the object) in the relation object-user based on the study of the competitive market of five selected wireless speakers. The articulation of our two starting goals with the analysis of our three collections of objects leads to the suggestion of results, about the place of PMRC's model of Singularity in a scientific approach, as well as what this model actually entails for objects in the context of a strategic positioning in a market. Through contemporary anthropology we found “traces” of singularity in objects, founded upon information we had about the founders of our last collection of items. Some anthropo-semiotic connections between the type of the object's creator, as defined by PMRC, and the qualified and conditioned uses entailed for the user by the object, allow us to assert that PMRC's Singularity can be found partially in objects, in the form of thematic and practical types.PMRC's model, as it was created through the combination of several academic models with field experimentation, turns out to stand at the crossroads of several subjects originating in human and social sciences.; Ce travail de recherche a une double portée : (1) l’observation du champ d’application du modèle de la Singularité de PMRC sur les objets de marques s’inscrivant dans un marché concurrentiel, (2) l’étude sur la manière dont une entreprise comme PMRC crée un modèle applicatif d’analyse opérationnelle dans le domaine du conseil en stratégie de marque, à partir de propositions émanant de la recherche académique. L’imaginaire indo-européen étudié da manière très approfondie par Georges Dumézil est notre clé d’entrée dans le modèle de PMRC. Mais pour que les trois fonctions “de souveraineté magique et juridique, de force physique et principalement guerrière, d’abondance tranquille et féconde” soient réactualisées, nous avons posé trois hypothèses complémentaires qui nous ont permis de nous libérer du modèle idéologique élaboré par Georges Dumézil : (1) l’hypothèse d’une idéologie globale, (2) l’hypothèse d’une articulation des formes symboliques et mythiques dans les productions du quotidien, (3) l’hypothèse de la non hiérarchisation des fonctions. Notre étude se concentre sur les objets d’usage quotidien et s’articule autour de trois corpus. Le premier, la machine à café en dosettes Pixie de la marque Nespresso, est un objet dont l’analyse a permis d’intégrer différents outils de la sémiotique structurale. Le second corpus, constitué d’une dizaine d’objets contemporains de genres différents, permet d’analyser le rapport objet-usager pour aboutir à des tests de classements à partir du modèle de Georges Dumézil et des Noyaux de Singularité de PMRC. Le troisième corpus insère l’émetteur (fondateur de la marque et créateur de l’objet) dans le rapport objet-usager à partir de l’étude d’un marché concurrentiel de cinq enceintes Bluetooth retenues. L’articulation des deux objectifs de départ avec l’analyse de nos différents corpus aboutit à des propositions de résultats, tant sur la place qu’occuper le modèle de la Singularité de PMRC dans une réflexion scientifique, que sur ce qu’il apporte de manière opérationnelle sur des objets dans un contexte de stratégie de positionnement dans un marché. En passant par l’anthropologie contemporaine nous avons trouvé des “traces” singulières dans les objets à partir des informations que nous avions sur les fondateurs de notre dernier corpus. Certaines correspondances d’ordre anthropo-sémiotiques entre le type PMRC du créateur de l’objet et la pratique modalisée et thématisée occasionnée par l’objet chez l’usager permettent d’affirmer que la Singularité de PMRC se retrouve partiellement dans les objets sous la forme de types thématiques de pratiques. S’il fut donc construit par l’imbrication de plusieurs modèles académiques et une expérimentation de terrain, le modèle de PMRC s’avère donc être au croisement de plusieurs disciplines issues des sciences humaines et sociales.