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Anorexia causes body image disorders. The re-appropriation and acceptance of the body and its changes require specific care. Mirrors, 'morphing' software, photography, videography and the trying on of clothes in a store are tools which can help the patient reconstruct themselves., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: Certain research has pointed out the relative importance of cognitive distortions in the development of antisocial behavior. Distortions of social cognitions that facilitate aggression and other types of antisocial behavior have been described as self-serving cognitive distortions (Barriga et al., 2001 [2]). Considering the importance of the assessment of delinquent cognitive distortions, an instrument has been validated to measure self-serving cognitive distortions: the How I Think Questionnaire (HIT-Q, Barriga et al., 2001 [2]). Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity of a French version of the HIT-Q and its four dimensions (self-centered, blaming other, minimizing/mislabeling and assuming the worst)., Method: A sample of 972 French high-school students completed the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI ; Andershed et al., 2002 ; Andershed et al., 2007 [26,27]) used to evaluate the convergent validity of the HIT-Q. To investigate discriminant validity, participants also completed the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form (SMR-SF ; Gibbs et al., 1992 [28]) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI ; Davis, 1983 [29]) used to assess cognitive and affective empathy. To measure antisocial behavior, the French versions of the Self-Reported Delinquency Questionnaire (SRDQ ; Le Blanc and Frechette, 1989 [22]), the Antisocial Behavior Scale (ABS ; Schawb-Stone et al., 1996 [23]), the Self-Reported Delinquency Behavior (SRDB ; Elliott and Menard, 1996 [24]) and three items of the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES ; Koss et al., 2007 [25]) were used. Two samples were composed based on the same socio-demographic (age and gender) and socio-economic characteristics and ethnic background. French males scoring in the upper quartile on the antisocial behavior total score were classified in the antisocial group (n=135) and the rest of the sample in the non-antisocial group (n=306). Convergent and discriminant validity was determined using Pearson coefficients of correlation. One-way analyses of variance were used for mean scores comparisons. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the relative contribution of self-serving cognitive distortions to the prediction of antisocial behavior., Results: The French version of the HIT-Q showed acceptable reliability and validity and also a satisfying convergent and discriminant validity. The HIT-Q and its dimensions were positively and highly correlated to psychopathic traits (r=0.50 to r=0.61, p<0.05) ; these findings suggested a good convergent validity. The correlation between self-serving cognitive distortions and social moral reasoning (r=-0.23 to r=-0.28, p<0.05) and empathy (r=-0.13 to r=-0.20, p<0.05) appeared to be negative and low ; this relationship was conclusive and showed a satisfying discriminant validity. Mean comparison showed that participants in the antisocial group reported higher scores of self-serving cognitive distortions and its dimensions than the non-antisocial group. Self-serving cognitive distortions significantly predicted antisocial behavior (β=0.58, SE=0.02, p<0.001) and explained 34% of the variance., Discussion: The study of the convergent validity of the HIT-Q with the YPI as external criteria showed they were closely linked, which suggests self-serving cognitive distortion may be the cognitive expression of psychopathic traits. The discriminant validity of the HIT-Q with moral reasoning and empathy was satisfying and similar to previous results (Lardén et al., 2006 [20]). In concordance with previous studies, delinquent cognitive distortions appeared to be a significant predictor of antisocial behavior and moreover, participants in the antisocial group reported higher scores of self-serving cognitive distortions (Capuano, 2007 ; Barriga and Gibbs, 1996 ; Nas et al., 2008 [10-12])., Conclusion: The present study showed that the French version of the HIT-Q presents good psychometric properties., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Subjective feeling of schizophrenic patients has been underestimated in the study of this illness. Subjective experience associated with the onset of the disease is of interest in a clinical point of view but also in the study of the underlying mechanisms. The fields of cognitive psychology, but also neuroscientific inputs, provide new paradigms to understand schizophrenia. In a more global perspective, subjective experience has an important impact on quality of life and is highly related to symptomatology and treatments. Identification of these subjective dimensions is needed to develop more efficacious strategies., (Copyright © 2013 L’Encéphale. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Early maladaptive schemas developed during childhood are relatively stable. Once activated, these early maladaptive schemas could influence reality perceptions and create cognitive distortions. Previous studies showed that early maladaptive schemas are linked to depression: early maladaptive schemas could be a risk factor for depression (Young, 2001) and a vulnerability marker for depression (Dozoïs, 2007)., Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to explore the influence of early maladaptive schemas on depression severity among a French adult population., Method: One hundred and sixty-two participants (mean age 29 years; SD=13.86) were enrolled, 66 men (mean age 29 years; SD=13.65) and 106 women (mean age 30; SD=14.07). Participants were invited to complete the Young Schema Questionnaire, short version (YSQ-S1-Young 1994) and the Beck depression Inventory, 2nd version (BDI-II-Beck 1994). Fifty-six participants were randomly selected to complete a paper version of the scales, and 95 participants completed an online electronic version., Results: Fifty-two percent of the participants were not depressed, 15% slightly depressed, 17% moderately depressed and 16% met criteria of severe depression. All 15 schemas scores were positively correlated to depression scores. Comparing schema scores and depression severity it can be noted that for severely depressed participants all schema scores were significantly higher, and six of 15 schemas were significantly higher in the case of moderate depression. In addition, three schemas (imperfection, vulnerability, fusional relation) are significantly and positively linked to depression scores, whereas one schema (everything is owed to me) appears to be a significantly negative predictor of associated depression., Conclusion: This study confirms results of previous research concerning the link between early maladaptive schemas and depression. What is more, the results show that the importance of these schemas increases with depression severity. The most important variation was found on schemas concerning interpersonal relationships like "abandonment" or "social insulation and social exclusion" as well as schemas related to personal competence as for example "failure" or "dependence and incompetence". Further research will be necessary to explore the role of depression as an activator or/and by reinforcing early maladaptive schemas., (Copyright © 2011 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

First-rank symptoms of schizophrenia have been related to an impaired sense of agency (the sense of causing and controlling an action). The sense of agency is considered as one of the two components of self-recognition, the other component being the sense of body (awareness of one's body). The present study aimed at evaluating whether first-rank symptoms can be considered as a general impairment in self-recognition that will also concern the sense of body. A group of schizophrenic patients with first-rank symptoms, a group of schizophrenic patients without first-rank symptoms and a group of normal subjects were compared in a self-recognition task where they first had to execute hand movements simultaneously with the experimenter and subsequently to indicate the position either of their own or the experimenter's hand. The visualized locations of the hands could rotate by 0 degrees , 90 degrees , -90 degrees or 180 degrees from their real locations. This rotation allowed us to induce a distorted sense of body since there was a visual discontinuity between the patient's hand and the rest of his/her body. If patients present a perturbed sense of body we would expect a greater impairment in discriminating between their own hand and the experimenter's hand as the rotation values increased. This preliminary study shows that patients with first-rank symptoms are more impaired than normal subjects in distinguishing between their own hands and the experimenter's hands when the visualization of the locations of their hands were rotated respective to their real locations. However, both group of patients performed equally, thus showing that sense of body impairment is not specific to first-rank symptoms. These symptoms, compared to other symptoms of schizophrenia do not reflect general self-recognition impairment but rather a specific impairment of the sense of agency.

Chapman and colleagues have developed symptom-oriented scales based on Meehl's manual of schizotypy, such as the Social Anhedonia (SA) and Physical Anhedonia (PhA) Scales, the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS), and the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS). Whereas Chapman's scales of psychosis proneness are the most internationally used instruments for the assessment of schizotypy, some of them, such as MIS and PAS, were still not available in French. We reported here the validation study of the MIS and the PAS French versions that we had published previously. This study was conducted in a sample of 233 students (males: n = 108; females: n = 125; mean age: 21.17 +/- 1.47; mean educational level: 13.36 +/- 1.06). The French versions of the MIS and the PAS have high internal reliability (MIS: Cronbach's alpha = 0.85; PAS: Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). French norms are given for each of these scales. They are respectively 19/30 for the MIS and 17/35 for the PAS high cutoff scores without any difference when gender was considered. These results are very closed to those found by Chapman and colleagues for University of Wisconsin undergraduate students.

The case of a 19-year old patient suffering of transient metamorphopsia restricted to familiar faces and familiar objects is reported. This clinical sign resulted from a small right occipitotemporal haemorrhage due to a sub-cortical metastasis. The patient claimed that faces are distorted and look more pleasant. There were neither visual field defects nor visual agnosia. MRI revealed a small high signal area in the right fusiform gyrus. The structural and functional aspects of the metamorphopsia are documented and discussed in relation to aperceptive prosopagnosia. More specifically, it is suggested that facial metamorphopsia and aperceptive prosopagnosia express the same underlying disorder differing only in terms of severity.

In an information processing approach, this paper attempt to show how different levels of processing visual information can be organized Sensory processing makes local coding of some dimensions. Then comme a step of structuration consisting in "putting together" these locally coded dimensions. These informations have finally to be interpreted on the basis of cognitive representations. Several examples are presented illustrating how ambiguities can appear between sensory information and various cognitive interpretations.

Ignoring of emaciation (IE), fear of any weight recovery (Dalpha), and dismorphophobias (DPP) represent the central problem of AN, with different incidence. Fundamental need of being lean expresses, at lesss in girls, distress of personality insufficiently prepared to autonomous adult life, with its responsabilities. Obesity-DPP may correspond to projection upon the body of the obsessing conviction of being inferior, with regard to social and publicitary patterns, and get an active play in starting and management of weight loss. So AN is either an attempt to accomodate this critic situation, trying to incarnate actual female archetype, either, in the more severe cases, a renouncing with an obstinate physical and psychological recession to the state of a protected child. It seems to correspond to an attempt of negation of morbid character of this situation, so that it may be perpetuated and so that feeling of culpability can be decreased in front of familial recrimination. Constancy of these symptoms, and their relation with deep meaning of this illness, justify their introduction into a new definition of AN, diagnosed by association of at less 2 out of 3 major criterious (loss of weight superior to 10% premorbid weight, feed restrictions and Dalpha) and one out of 2 minor criterions (amenorrhea and IE).

We noted frequency of body-image disturbance (BID) and dismorphophobias (DPP) in 97 girls and 8 boys among 107 girls and 8 boys with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), seen since 1973 and coming up semiologic criterions of Laboucarie and Dally & Sargant. 91,5% of the girls and 7 out of 8 boys presented a BID at one time of their evolution. The other ones did not form a characteristic group. BID prevailed in no-perception of emaciation. No-perception of overweight was exceptional. That of variations of weight was frequent, explaining to need objective elements to measure real volume. BID seems to result from an incapacity to integrate well individually perceived details into a coherent image. Its apparition signals starting of AN, and it is a fundamental criterion of evolutivity. It's not frequent it's extended to body-image disperception of the close people, but it is often associated to an increase of mental representation of ingested feed volume.