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Introduction: the purpose of this study was to assess the compliance with hand-hygiene practice of health-care workers in the General Reference Hospitals (GRH) of the city of Kisangani and to identify factors contributing to it., Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study in the Maternity, Surgery, Pediatric and Emergency Departments at four GRH of the city of Kisangani over the period 13 th -20 th June 2018. One hundred and twenty professionals recruited from among doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians and attendants were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire to assess their level of knowledge and a grid indicating the compliance with hand-hygiene practice in 44 health professionals (1920 opportunities)., Results: the rate of overall compliance with hand-hygiene practice was 39% [CI95 0.37; 0.41]; friction with hydroalcoholic solution was much less frequent (5%); cleaners and physicians had higher compliance rates (49% and 44% respectively) than nurses (33%). Approximately one third of professionals were aware of the indications for hand-hygiene according to the WHO; 37% of health professionals declared that they had followed a on-the-job training on hand-hygiene and 36% knew the importance of hand-hygiene in the healthcare environment. The gap in knowledge was not significant between the occupational categories studied (p >0.05)., Conclusion: this study and the results obtained from it allowed us to conclude that the level of compliance to precautions standards including hand hygiene by healthcare professionals is insufficient. It is therefore necessary to strengthen the compliance with hand-hygiene practices through training and awareness programs for healthcare professionals, the supply of hygiene products and the awareness of healthcare providers., Competing Interests: Les auteurs ne déclarent aucun conflit d’intérêts., (© Eugène Basandja Longembe et al.)

Objectives: This work aims to provide staff accreditation methodology to harmonize and secure practices for parenteral nutrition bags preparation., Methods: The methodology used in the present study is inspired from project management and quality approach. Existing training supports were used to produce accreditation procedure and evaluation supports., Results and Discussion: We first defined abilities levels, from level 1, corresponding to accredited learning agent to level 3, corresponding to expert accredited agent. Elements assessed for accreditation are: clothing assessment either by practices audit or by microbiologic test, test bags preparation and handling assessment, bag production to assess aseptic filling for both manual or automatized method, practices audit, number of days of production, and non-conformity following. At Angers Hospital, in 2014, production staff is composed of 12 agents. Staff accreditation reveals that 2 agents achieve level 3, 8 agents achieve level 2 and 2 agents are level 1. We noted that non-conformity decreased as accreditation took place from 81 in 2009 to 0 in 2014., Conclusion: To date, there is no incident due to parenteral bag produced by Angers hospital for neonatal resuscitation children. Such a consistent study is essential to insure a secured nutrition parenteral production. This also provides a satisfying quality care for patients., (Copyright © 2016 Académie Nationale de Pharmacie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective was to test the application of barrier precautions and hospital organization during an influenza pandemic, in accordance with the national program of influenza pandemic training and the "Influenza addendum" of the hospital guidelines in case of a major disaster., Method: A practical exercise was performed on December 18th 2007 in two areas of high viral density and one of low viral density. This exercise involved all the people in these areas, without disturbing the normal care activity., Results: Two hundred and forty-five people were evaluated. Seventy-five per cent of whom had been trained in the hospital. Hand hygiene complied with pre-established procedures in 32% of cases, was acceptable in 44%, and deficient in 24%. Surgical mask application was unacceptable in 21% of cases. These precautions were well accepted by 36% of the personnel, accepted by 54%, and a burden for 10%. The poor sealing capacity of mask FFP2 (national allocation), depending on facial features, its poor tolerance, the lack of water stations, and the presence of groups of people were all noted., Conclusion: This exercise was rated as satisfactory with a good participation. However, it revealed unexpected dysfunctions such as application of barrier precautions. Also, that the FFP2 mask was not suitable for all people, especially for children, a problem in case of a pandemic. Finally, this exercise should lead to corrective actions and to completing the various training sessions initiated in other institutions.

ICU activity has to be authorized by regional hospital agencies. The structural aspects of ICU have been defined in official text in 2002. Thus, quality related to structural issues should be settled in the next future. The challenge is now focused on team building and managerial skills that should be developed in ICU in order to improve quality and security. Every effort should be developed to improve motivation and self-accomplishment of personnel working in ICU (period of integration for new nurses, basic and continuous education, clear tasks identification, formal interviews). It is important to follow alert indicators (absenteeism, important turn over) in order to detect burn out and take preventive measures. It is necessary to develop a new culture, team-oriented, with common goals. This new quality-security oriented policy must be supported by the institution. The volume-outcome relationship has been demonstrated across a wide range of medical and surgical procedures. On average, higher volume is associated with higher quality and better outcome.

Emergencies are very diversified: clinical setting, age, sex, circumstances, medicine, surgery, psychiatry, specialties. The admission into the specific departments depends on geographical, demographical features (distances to be covered...). They are theoretically unscheduled but sometimes out-hospital messages can be sent to improve the reception or to decide a very short circuit. Emergency rooms exist in most hospitals and are not so often appropriate. Emergency reception requires a place and a technical assistance where to get in touch with and to perform as quick as possible the formalities, first diagnosis and first aid procedures and orientation to the appropriate department. As a main frame in the network of assistance and care, emergency department ought to be a unique place with multiple disciplines (medicine, surgery, psychiatry), where universal first aid technical assistance and unified working would open to al hospital departments or a piece of hospitals. This structure relies on well dispatched areas, with easy ways, many examinations, simultaneous actions, urgent complementary tests and families reception. A hospital, practitioner must be in charge, whom speciality deals with emergency. Staff must include on-call doctors who can be helped by at-home physicians and many competent paramedics: nurses, health workers, stretcher-bearers, X-ray handlers, drivers, operators, secretaries, social workers, hostesses... Specific arrangements must be taken for special X-rays, biology and hospital reception of medico-surgical, obstetrical, psychiatric, social, medico-legal and medico-judicial emergencies. Running of that structure, mainly facing severe emergencies, must go together with out-hospital medical advises, patients admission for some time or a brief relief (control and social cases). In all cases, connection between out-hospital set-ups, various medical sittings and hospitals in the main goal which must be achieved with the S.A.M.U. Emergency medicine is universal, sequential, discontinuous with a social aspect open to a town or a district. If someone wants to be technically irreproachable, he needs to get together most of the existent structures to have a performant material and as much and efficient staff as possible.

The organization of trauma care within the country is essential. Hospitals able to provide optimal care for the injured patient must be selected. Every hospital have to evaluate its capabilities and resources and its places in the emergency medical services system. The number of hospitals defined to take care of severely injured patient should be defined by many factors: geography and population density, capable personnel immediately available priority of access to sophisticated laboratory and radiologic services, operative rooms and intensive care units. University Hospitals should have a trauma service connected with the department of surgery to take care of severely injured patients. General hospitals are an important resource to take care of others trauma patients.