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The primary resource of a country is agriculture and crop production. The economic development of the country also resides on the agricultural products which ultimately determines the growth of the citizen. The major crisis in food production is the influence of diseases in plants. This ultimately abolish the economy of the country, as major portion of progress of the nation is dependent on agriculture and its products. The challenges faced by the farmers are the unawareness of the various diseases that affects different parts of the plants. They should be able to identify the early infection caused in plants by different pathogens like bacteria, fungi, virus etc., Main disease-causing agent is found to be the fungus which was the vital factor that produce serious loss in the agriculture. Again, the pesticides and fertilizers used by the agriculturist changes to be hazardous for human beings and wild life species. This problem should be considered as a chief calamity and an alternate measure must be found to support the cultivators. An innovative step adopted by the researchers are prompt detection of the diseases using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. These algorithms use different image processing techniques and computer vision process to classify the disease in plant parts at an earlier stage. This paper provides a detailed review on the fungal infection caused in plant leaves and its identification using deep learning methodology.

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lecanosticta acicola es el agente causante de la enfermedad de la Mancha marrón, está incluida en la lista de enfermedades de cuarentena de la Unión Europea. Es originaria de América del Norte y se ha detectado en Europa desde 1942. Hay registros de infecciones sobre 53 especies de pinos en Canadá, Estados Unidos, América Central, Asia y Europa y se está extendiendo en distintos países de este continente de forma creciente pero siempre en pequeñas superficies hasta este brote de 2018 en el País Vasco que está afectando a más de 30.000 has en esta Comunidad Autónoma y amenaza el futuro de las repoblaciones de Pino radiata en la cornisa cantábrica, con los tratamientos aéreos de cobre prohibidos por el Ministerio de Agricultura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Dès 1917, dans l'article où il décrit ses premières observations et propose le nom de bactériophage, Félix d'Hérelle rapporte une première utilisation de ces virus pour traiter des infections bactériennes, donnant ainsi naissance à la phagothérapie. Le développement de cette application a montré qu'il était possible de mettre en place des traitements ciblant spécifiquement les bactéries, tels que ceux basés sur l'utilisation d'antibiotiques. Ces derniers, de par leur très grande efficacité et simplicité d'utilisation, ont provoqué le quasi-abandon de la phagothérapie. Aujourd'hui, un nombre croissant de bactéries pathogènes pour l'homme présente des phénotypes de résistance à plusieurs familles d'antibiotiques. Les infections causées par ces bactéries imposent l'utilisation de molécules au spectre d'activité toujours plus large et placent certains patients en situation d'impasse thérapeutique. Cet état de fait a relancé les recherches pour permettre le déploiement de la phagothérapie afin de traiter des patients mais aussi des animaux et des plantes. En fait, les domaines d'applications thérapeutiques des bactériophages s'élargissent au fur et à mesure que les agents antibactériens de nature chimique sont remis en cause, voire interdits. Cette revue revient sur les principes fondamentaux des applications thérapeutiques des bactériophages et expose les données récentes dans les domaines pour lesquels une exploitation commerciale est en cours ou sur le point d'émerger. In the 1917 article in which Félix d'Hérelle describes his first observations and proposes the name of bacteriophage, he also reports the first use of these viruses to treat bacterial infections, thus giving birth to phage therapy. Soon after antibiotics supplanted bacteriophages. Today, bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics become a growing public health issue worldwide. This situation has revived research aiming at developing the antibacterial activity of bacteriophages to treat patients as well as diseases in animals and plants. In fact, the areas of applications of bacteriophages as antibacterial are widening as current solutions of chemical nature are questioned. This review summarizes the basic principles of therapeutic applications of bacteriophages and presents recent data in areas where commercial exploitation is occurring or about to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents abstracts on plant pathology topics which include the effect of barley cultivar and seeding date on deoxynivalenol accumulation, the role of pre-budbreak climatic conditions on the ascospore production and release in Venturia enaequalis, and fusarium graminearum as causal agent of potato dry rot.

Copyright of Phytoprotection is the property of Society for the Protection of Plants and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The purpose of benchmarking is to settle improvement processes by comparing the activities to quality standards. The proposed methodology is illustrated by benchmark business cases performed inside medical plants on some items like nosocomial diseases or organization of surgery facilities. Moreover, the authors have built a specific graphic tool, enhanced with balance score numbers and mappings, so that the comparison between different anesthesia–reanimation services, which are willing to start an improvement program, is easy and relevant. This ready-made application is even more accurate as far as detailed tariffs of activities are implemented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reports on the spatial dimension of plant disease development which was always neglected by epidemiologists despite its importance. It discusses that methods such as spatial scales, mapping and geostatics to be used for spatial analysis. It infers that the diffusion of the informations promotes better understanding of epidemics.

Abstract: In pear tree, Forficula auricularia and Forficula pubescens are considered as active predators of the pest Cacopsylla pyri, since that their dispersal characteristics are of crucial importance for biological control. We studied their movement using capture–mark–release–recapture techniques. The aim of this study was to underline a hedge effect as source of beneficials spreading through the orchard. Our results show that movements are mainly linked to the C. pyri fluctuations with a food specialisation for the two species when co-occurring. To cite this article: J.-F. Debras et al., C. R. Biologies 330 (2007). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Phytoprotection is the property of Society for the Protection of Plants and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents abstracts of certain research papers published related to plant diseases. In the research paper "Efficacy of PRO-MIX ® With Biofungicide Against Root Disease Caused by Pythium spp," the authors C. Martinez, G. Roy, and A. Bourassa, developed in the past few years peat-based growing media mended with a biocontrol agent, "Bacillus subtilis" MBI600. This strain was selected as the one showing the most efficient biofungicidal activity after screening. Additional research was conducted to evaluate more extensively the biofungicidal activity against Pythium spp., the causal agent of damping-off and root rot. The research paper "Evaluation of Alternative Control Strategies Against the Apple Replant Disease," evaluates the impact of different soil amendment combinations of canola seedmeal, soil fungicides, fumigation, a commercial mycorrhizal inoculant, and of four rotation crops on tree growth and to evaluate the contribution of nematodes to the disease complex under local conditions.

Copyright of Phytoprotection is the property of Society for the Protection of Plants and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Phytoprotection is the property of Society for the Protection of Plants and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analyzes the temporal and spatial dynamics of mycosphaerella blight from a central inoculum source in a pea field. Quantitative description of the temporal and spatial dynamics of mycosphaerella blight in field pea with mathematical models in combination with geostatistical analysis; Characterization of the disease progress over time at various distances and in various directions from the inoculum source using the logistic model; Quantification of the disease gradients using the exponential model.

Describes the new disease of the medicinal herb goldenseal. Use of dried rhizomes and roots of goldenseal in medicinal purposes; Effect of root disease on commercial plantings of the crop; Pathogenecity of fungus isolated from diseased roots.

Describes the use of a Fusarium graminearum strain, the predominant causal agent of fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America transformed with green fluorescent protein, to perform a study of the early events of colonization in wheat between FHB-susceptible and resistant cultivars. Preparation conditions; Targets of infection; Manner of fungus spread.

Cites a study from North America about the epidemiology and biological control of Gibberella zeae/Fusarium graminearum in cereals. Effect of rotation and tillage system on the epidemic; Contribution of weather in disease development; Elements of an effective biological control.

Examines the use of forecasting programs for plant diseases caused by Sclerotinia species in eastern Canada. Components of disease forecasting models; Barriers to the adoption of appropriate systems for many diseases caused by the species; Ability of the systems to improve crop quality and yield.

Cites a study from Canada regarding methods and issues of detection of deoxynivalenol, Fusarium-damaged kernels, and Fusarium species in commercial grain. Variation in requirements for technical investment in destructive wet methods; Advantages of nondestructive techniques; Considerations for selection of an approach.

Focuses on the impact of seed placement and row spacing, and their interaction with fungicides on leaf diseases and agronomic performance of barley. Evaluation of the effect of three seedbed utilization treatments and six foliar fungicide timing; Interaction between seed placement and fungicide application; Factors contributing to the severity of net blotch.

Examines the internal fruit rot caused by Fusarium subglutinans in sweet peppers. Development of a dot-blot hybridization technique for rapid and accurate detection and diagnosis of the plant disease; Differentiation of the disease from fruit rots of peppers caused by other pathogens; Capability of the dot-blot assay to detect F. subglutinans infection in the frozen and fresh host tissues.

Examines the portion of the life cycle dealing with the development of apothecia, production of ascospores, and host infection with respect to the prediction and management of diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on canola and bean in western Canada. Conditions that are conducive to disease development; Limitations of conventional plant disease prediction models; Relevance of timing of fungicide application on predicting risk.

Cites a study on acid invertase activity and gene expression in diploid wheat infected with powdery mildew. Importance of invertase in sink-related traits; Molecular aspects of nutrient transport across an infected epidermal cell; Contributions of soluble extracellular and vacuolar invertases to the wheat-powdery mildew interaction.

Cites a study on the incidence and detection of aster yellows, a disease caused by phytoplasmas, in carrots in Manitoba. Traditional methods of disease detection; Limitations of visual assessments; Seasonal variation in influx of leafhoppers carrying phytoplasmas.

Cites a study on the current status of fusarium head blight of oat in western Canada. Visual field symptoms; Effect of the disease on crop yields; Determinants of the severity of infection in oats.

Copyright of Phytoprotection is the property of Society for the Protection of Plants and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article describes a diagnostic protocol for Ciborinia camelliae. Camellia flower blight is one of the most serious diseases of Camellia spp. in the U.S., Japan and New Zealand. It reached Europe in the late 1990s where it is now present in several countries. The disease is specific to camellias. The flowers are normally the only part of the plant affected. Infected by ascospores in the spring, they become blighted and fall prematurely. The fungus develops sclerotia in the fallen flower remains that overwinter, producing apothecia and releasing ascospores during wet weather in the spring. These infect the petals of opening flower buds at temperatures of 15-21 degree celsius. The teleomorph was first detected in Europe in 2001. Small brown spots scattered over the petals develop into an aggressive, spreading brown rot that rapidly reaches the base of one of the petals.

A phytotoxin produced in vitro by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vasculorum has also been detected in infected susceptible host tissues. The toxin shows a strong affinity to a plant cellular fraction leading, in vivo, to a complex the involvement of which in the disease development is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]