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After Eugène Boré's (1816-1891) unsuccessful attempt of 1839, the first French grammar intended for Persian pupils was not published before 1882 and was entitled Orthographie française ou Règles de l'orthographe de la langue française simplifiée et rendues à leurs principes naturels. Its author, Jules Richard (1816-1891), presented just the part pertaining to articulations and parts of speech and never managed to publish the entire work that he prepared for the Teheran polytechnic school pupils and which was to include a specific part for syntax. His son, Joseph Richard (1285 [1868/69]-1354 [1935/36]), tried to overcome this problem by Publishing the Nouvelle méthode pratique et facile pour apprendre la langue française (1894), which is a kind of 'Ahn's method' whereby grammar was reduced to definitions or applications. The Orthographie is especially characterized by the number of theoretical topics presented as footnotes written entirely in French, by the use of rare terms, by some original terminological translations into Persian, and by the neutralization of some French verbal oppositions at the time of the translation of paradigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to show the contribution of historical sources in the understanding and identification of the characteristic elements of gardens during the Qajar period in Iran from the end of the 18th century to the early 20th century. Particular focus is given to an excerpt from an early 19th century Persian book titled "Tārikh-e Kāshān" (history of Kāshān), written by Soheil-e Kāshāni, which describes a garden entitled Paradis oriental (Ferdows-e mashreqi) situated in Borzābād in Kāshān, Iran, close to the royal garden of Fin. The author highlights the garden's Persian and European characteristics and discusses topics related to its entrance, its buildings including a palace, and the organization of its trees, flowers, and vegetables.