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This project's primary goal is to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles in power networks by strategically using unified power flow controllers, or UPFCs. The optimization process is enhanced by the combination of Fuzzy Logic and Archimedes Optimization Algorithm (AOA) techniques. The current injection model has been used to optimize the sizing of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) by the application of the Archimedes optimization method. The suggested approach demonstrates how simple it is to manipulate ideal power flow assessments. Fuzzy systems are used to compute the voltages and power loss at the best places. This paper is a demonstration of how to reduce power loss and enhance voltage under different load scenarios, such as light load, normal load, and overloading cases. It also shows how to apply UPFC to improve system performance on IEE-14 and IEE-30 bus systems.

This project looks at the best locations for Distributed Generation (DG) units in power distribution networks to reduce system losses and simultaneously enhance voltage profiles. The suggested methodology makes use of a hybrid optimization approach that blends fuzzy logic with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Golden Section Search Algorithm (GSS). To evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the suggested method, the study focuses on the IEEE-15 bus and IEEE-69 bus systems as test cases. This project thoroughly evaluates the suggested methodology on the IEEE-15 bus and IEEE-69 bus systems in order to validate and assess it. Comparative research indicates that fuzzy logic hybrid PSO and GSS are better than classical optimization techniques. The results demonstrate a noticeable improvement in loss reduction and voltage profile improvement

The challenging situations of growing energy consumption, waste collection and destruction of the surroundings had been made greater apparent by means of the explosive rise of the global population and commercial interest. Modern techniques based on the 5R principle (Recycle, Reduce, Reuse, Recover, and Repaired) are critical to efficaciously addressing these problems. One promising way to turn non-recyclable waste into beneficial power assets is waste-to-power (WtE) the conversion method. This work presents a comprehensive evaluation of various WtE technologies, consisting of pyrolysis, gasoline production, anaerobic digestion, and combustion, highlighting their ability to reduce waste associated troubles. Furthermore, as supplementary techniques for sustainable waste control methods, it seems at the combination of progressed waste control (IWM), higher landfill mining, and sustainable substances control (SSM). The impact on the environment of waste-to-power changes are evaluated through a radical evaluation of current research and technology advancements, emphasizing decreases in landfill utilization, GHG emissions, and the promoting of renewable energy resources. The consequences highlight the essential role that WtE generation performs in accomplishing power efficiency improvements, cleaner production, and the development of the round financial structure. Ultimately, the article makes suggestions for future studies initiatives and coverage recommendations intended to optimize the economic and environmental gains from WtE deployments.

Concrete is a strong and durable material with serviceability and long-lasting properties demand for concrete is increasing with the growth in the infrastructure globally, concrete is more robust in compression than tension, and lesser tensile strength can lead to reduced crack formation resistance. The utilization of concrete using nanoparticles is starting to show promise as a modern development to improve concrete’s properties, these materials range from 1-100 nm in size, can occupy a larger surface area, and play a significant role in the hydration process, the nanomaterials were available in various shapes, forms and dimensions, graphene oxide (GO) is an output from the oxidation process of the graphene material, graphene is one of the strongest material globally. The present study mainly focuses on the impact of GO on the M25 grade concrete’s strength and workability, made with Silica fume (SF) as the partial replacement for cement with the proportion of 5, 7.5, and 10% along with the addition of GO with 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% to the weight of cement, test results obtained were indicated that the 0.05% addition of GO shown optimum values.

This review paper explores the impact of air pollution on human health, focusing on indoor and outdoor air quality. It highlights the importance of pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds, which contribute to diseases like lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory issues. The paper also examines sources and types of air pollutants, including industrial activities, transportation, and natural events. It presents a comparative analysis of air quality issues across different regions, highlighting the complexities and severity of pollution. The paper examines pollution control technologies for industry and transport, innovative approaches like hydrogen fuel utilization and intelligent transportation systems. It also discusses the influence of regulatory standards on indoor environmental quality and the challenges posed by regional differences. The paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on air quality management and encourages the development of more robust pollution control measures.

Nowadays, there is an increase in vehicle traffic everywhere, particularly in cities. In the future, intelligent traffic control will become a critical issue as the number of road users continues to rise. Traffic congestion is starting to become a major problem. Many cars are stuck at traffic signals for extended periods of time, which increases human time consumption and causes numerous issues for those who commute to work and for business purposes. The current system does not regulate traffic in accordance with density and does not lessen the impact of traffic in urban areas. Nowadays, there is an increase in vehicle traffic everywhere, particularly in cities. So by using image processing based on the density the signal will display along with the timer and also has the priority for the emergency vehicles.

The plant shop floor layout of a company manufactures gear bush is analysed in this study along with the application of the systematic layout planning (SLP) technique as a means of resolving the issue.The interaction between machines, operational tasks, and material flow is taken into consideration when deciding where each machine should be placed. The relationship between machines and plant area has looked into in detail, together with the activity relationship chart, process chart and plant layout. The proposed production shop floor plan was designed using the SLP technique, and the performance of the proposed layout in terms of material travelling distance, travel time, and labour cost was compared to that of the existing layout. The measures included the layout's actual sizes, the activities between machines, the separation between machines, and the material travelling between machines in the plant. The total distance travelled by the material is reduced to 799ft. from 1227ft., production is doubled and ideal time is eliminated.

This paper addresses the concerns in irrigation mechanisms and employs a Sensors and cloud-based platform to monitor and control an irrigation system. In order to monitor the soil’s moisture level in real time, moisture sensors are placed in the field. These sensors wirelessly provide data to the NodeMCU, which processes and relays the information. The NodeMCU gathers the sensor data and processes it, considering standard deviations and crop-specific parameters. Using this information, the system starts the water pump and opens the solenoid valves to begin the irrigation operation. The NodeMCU coordinates with these valve-opening devices via wireless communication. In addition, the system uses online weather prediction data to provide more precise watering schedule optimisation. The system dynamically modifies the irrigation schedule based on analysis of weather patterns, evapotranspiration rates, and crop water needs to save water during times of rain or high humidity. The solution makes use of cloud-based platforms to improve scalability and accessibility. The gathered sensor data and command instructions are safely transferred to the cloud server. This allows farmers to remotely check on and adjust the irrigation system by means of the web or mobile apps. In addition, data analytics methods may be used to infer information and provide suggestions for improved methods of water management and crop care. In conclusion, the Internet of Things (IoT) NodeMCU smart irrigation system provides an automated and intelligent approach to water management in agriculture. Water is saved, crop yields are boosted, and sustainability is enhanced thanks to the capacity to irrigate precisely based on real-time soil moisture data, weather predictions, and crop needs.

This study focuses on developing an adaptive bicycle prototype with a manual charging mechanism for renewable energy. In response to environmental concerns and the demand for eco-friendly transportation, the research introduces a sustainable approach for short-distance travel. The goal is to demonstrate human power as an effective alternative to non-renewable energy by converting cycling’s rotational force into electrical energy. This energy is stored in a specialized battery and used to power the bicycle with an electric motor’s assistance. The methodology involves constructing and testing a prototype to capture and store energy during pedaling, analyzing mechanical components, electrical conversion, and battery efficiency. Controlled experiments assess the adaptive bicycle’s functionality and effectiveness in self-charging without external power. Results indicate successful integration of the manual charging mechanism with an average energy conversion efficiency of X%. The adaptive bicycle offers a sustainable solution for short-distance commuting, minimizing environmental impact and promoting an eco-friendly mode of travel. This innovative approach highlights the integration of renewable energy into everyday transportation, addressing environmental concerns by reducing dependence on non-renewable sources.

In the contemporary globalised and dynamic landscape, the phenomenon of innovation transcends territorial limitations. The research paper titled “Designing Beyond Borders” examines the field of E-Design and virtual collaboration, investigating their significant contributions to promoting contemporary innovation on a global scale. The proliferation of sophisticated digital technology and the increasing prevalence of remote work have greatly enlarged the conventional boundaries of innovation, resulting in a significant increase in opportunities for creativity, problem-solving, and worldwide collaboration. This study utilises a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature, case studies, and expert interviews to explore the various aspects of E-Design and virtual collaboration. This statement elucidates the profound influence of these approaches on several sectors, encompassing product design, software development, architecture, and healthcare. This study offers useful insights into the techniques and tools that facilitate teams in overcoming geographical boundaries, time zones, and cultural differences to create extraordinary innovation outcomes, through the examination of real-world instances and best practises. the research study titled “Designing Beyond Borders” delves into the complexities and constraints related to EDesign and virtual cooperation. It specifically focuses on the obstacles of establishing trust, ensuring effective communication, and safeguarding intellectual property in the context of a digital environment without geographical boundaries. The text also delves into the psychological and sociological dimensions of virtual teamwork, emphasising the significance of cultivating a sense of belonging and shared purpose among individuals collaborating remotely. The study highlights the significance of E-Design and virtual collaboration as both a reactive measure to global disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and a proactive approach for fostering sustainable innovation in the long run. In the current day, it is crucial for organisations to possess a comprehensive comprehension of virtual collaboration and E-Design in order to maintain competitiveness and relevance amongst the dynamic digital landscape.

The international community is currently confronted with an imperative to effectively tackle the increasingly pressing issues of resource depletion, environmental deterioration, and waste management. The publication titled “Waste to Wealth: Innovations in Resource Utilisation and Minimization” examines novel strategies and methods that address the urgent matter at hand. It not only seeks to alleviate the adverse consequences associated with resource utilisation and waste production but also tasks to convert these challenges into prospects for sustainable development. This extensive investigation explores several industries, such as agriculture, manufacturing, energy, and technology, to demonstrate how innovative individuals, corporations, and communities are rethinking trash as a valuable resource. Through the use of cutting-edge technologies, adherence to circular economy principles, and the adoption of sustainable practises, a transformative shift is occurring in our perception and management of garbage. This shift is paving the way for novel avenues of economic advancement and the preservation of our environment. This research presents a comprehensive examination of case studies, advanced research, and practical examples to underscore the potential of resource recovery, recycling, upcycling, and waste-to-energy technologies in mitigating the strain on natural ecosystems and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, this analysis explores the significance of regulatory frameworks, public-private partnerships, and education in facilitating the shift towards a more sustainable and circular economy. The research on “Waste to Wealth” not only demonstrates the beneficial effects of innovations in resource utilisation and minimization, but also emphasises their crucial contribution towards the attainment of global sustainability objectives, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the context of a world facing growing resource limitations, this study provides a source of optimism and motivation by showcasing the viability and necessity of converting trash into valuable resources. It highlights the potential for a more wealthy and environmentally sustainable future.

In recent years, the development of nano materials has garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields. However, the influence of process parameters on the size and properties of these materials remains a complex and largely unexplored area of research. In this study, we systematically investigate the effects of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and reaction time on the size and properties of nano materials synthesized via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Using advanced characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), we analyze the morphology, size distribution, and crystal structure of the synthesized nano materials. Our results reveal a strong correlation between the process parameters and the size of the nano materials, with temperature and pressure being the most influential factors. Furthermore, we observe a significant impact of the process parameters on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the nano materials. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of process parameters for the synthesis of nano materials with tailored properties, paving the way for their application in diverse fields such as electronics, energy storage, and catalysis. Our study contributes to the fundamental understanding of the relationship between process parameters and the properties of nano materials, offering a comprehensive framework for the design and synthesis of nano materials with desired characteristics.

This design focuses on the analysis and design of silos exercising the post-tensioned system, aiming to facilitate these critical storehouse structure’s structural effectiveness and safety. Silos are extensively used in colourful diligence to store bulk accoutrements, and their structural integrity is of consummate significance to ensure dependable and secure operations. The study involves a relative analysis between conventional silo designs and those employing the post-tensioned system. The geste of silos under different loading conditions is simulated and evaluated. The assessment considers key performance indicators such as load-bearing capacities, deflection, cracking behavior, and overall stability. The findings indicate that post-tensioning significantly enhances the structural performance of silos. The post-tensioned method offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional silo construction by reducing cracking and improving overall stability. The results contribute valuable insights to the optimization of silo design, offering engineers and stakeholders in the industry a practical and efficient solution for industrial storage requirements. In conclusion, the analysis and design of silos using post-tensioning techniques provide a promising approach to enhancing the effectiveness and safety of silo structures. Implementing these innovative methods can improve performance and reduce maintenance costs, making them an attractive option for future silo construction systems.

This article investigates the possible synergy between geopolymers and plastics as a method for sustainable composite materials, addressing the growing worldwide need for environmentally responsible solutions. Geopolymers, which provide low-carbon alternatives to traditional building materials, are being studied alongside plastics, which are recognised for their flexibility and lightweight properties. The research emphasises the ability of this composite to attain increased mechanical, thermal, and chemical qualities by investigating molecular-level interaction processes, enhanced material properties, and applications in diverse sectors. Furthermore, the research assesses environmental consequences, such as decreased carbon emissions and energy usage, while also analysing manufacturing and scaling problems. This work lays the way for a unique route in material science, poised to greatly contribute to a more sustainable and resilient built environment, by giving insights into both present accomplishments and future research possibilities.

This abstract describes the smart grid management system is an emerging technology that utilizes machine learning algorithms for efficient energy distribution. The paper presents an overview of the architecture, benefits, and challenges of smart grid management systems. The paper also discusses various machine learning algorithms used in smart grid management systems such as neural networks, decision trees, and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The advantages of using machine learning algorithms in smart grid management systems include increased energy efficiency, reduced energy wastage, improved reliability, and reduced costs. The challenges in implementing machine learning algorithms in smart grid management systems include data security, privacy, and scalability. The paper concludes by discussing future research directions in smart grid management systems based on machine learning algorithms.

In computer science and digital electronics, a bit matrix multiplier (BMM) is a mathematical operation that is used to quickly multiply binary matrices. BMM is a basic component of many computer algorithms and is utilized in fields including machine learning, image processing, and cryptography. BMM creates a new matrix that represents the product of the two input matrices by performing logical AND and XOR operations on each matrix element’s binary value. BMM is a crucial method for large-scale matrix operations since it has a lower computational complexity than conventional matrix multiplication. Reduced computational complexity: When compared to conventional matrix multiplication algorithms, BMM has a lower computational complexity since it performs matrix multiplication using bitwise operations like logical AND and XOR. Faster processing speeds are the result, particularly for complex matrix computations. Less memory is needed to store the binary values of the matrices in BMM because these values can be expressed using Boolean logic. As a result, less memory is needed, and the resources can be used more effectively.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of transverse reinforcing bars of self-compacting concrete mix (PSCC) and hybrid glass fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete mix (HFRSCC) grade M 40 under monotonically increasing axial compression. was performed for cylinders enclosed in . The behavior of SCC cylinders surrounded by a circular ring and having different volume ratios and clearances was compared under axial compression. In this work, we present a mathematical model developed to predict the stress-strain behavior of SCC and FRSCC under constrained and unconstrained conditions and validate the model using experimental results. To develop SCC, Nan Su blending method based on filling rate 1.12 and 1.14, S/A ratio 0.50 and 0.57 is applied. The steel and glass fiber usage in the hybrid fiber reinforced SCC mixture is assumed to be 1% and 0.05% of the concrete volume respectively. M 40 grade plain self-compacting concrete mixes (PSCC) and hybrid glass/steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete mixes (HFRSCC) constrained to different volume ratios, stresses, strains, elastic moduli, plasticity ratios, ductility ratios, and unlimited strength ratios ) has been evaluated experimentally. The following conclusions can be drawn from the stress-strain diagram: 1) Maximum load-bearing capacity and strain at peak stress are higher for his HFRSCC than for PSCC. 2) The presence of steel and fiberglass increases the strength bearing capacity and allows it to withstand greater loads at peak loads. 3) If the containment is in the form of a lateral ring boundary, the effect of fibers is almost negligible. This clearly shows that HFRSCC has a stronger containment effect compared to his PSCC. The strength confinement factor is lower for HFRSCC, suggesting that HFRSCC offers a superior confinement factor compared with his PSCC.

Ferrock is the commercial name given by the Dr Stone working with university of Arizona which holds the patent on this novel material. This is an alternative material developed for structural applications in place of concrete. In this paper, ferrock mortar is prepared with various solids such as iron powder, iron dust, cement and fly ash to establish the optimum combinations of solids for preparing the high strength ferrock systems. Iron dust in the form of powder (size less than 90 microns) and fine aggregate (size between 150 microns to 2.36mm) is used in the study to develop the iron carbonate matrix which is major binding material in ferrock. For the process of iron carbonation, carbon dioxide is prepared from the chemical reaction of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid. Iron dust cubes are carbonated to form iron carbonation matrix upon fusion. This material has very high strength than the references cement mortar samples.

Pile foundations are used to support both vertical and horizontal loads in many geotechnical projects, such as coastal and offshore engineering. In this project, the Finite Difference Method is proposed to solve the differential equation governing the lateral and axial pile response. Initially, the behaviour of the pile subjected to lateral load will be analysed. The effect of various parameters like pile head fixity, the cohesion of surrounding soil, pile diameter, and length of the pile on lateral pile response will be analysed. Finally with these conditions, the deflections profile of the pile subjected to both lateral and axial load is investigated. By using python code we can easily find out the increase in diameter of pile, cohesion of surrounding soil effect on pile head and effect of increase in combined load will be studied. The above stated parameters will be studied for combined loading also under the free and fixed head conditions.

The paper states the advantages of web-based Primavera P6 for structural planning and scheduling Bridge building framing the problems and difficulties experienced in the construction schedule and resource availability. Only Bridge Design and Plannings taken for the project consideration. After the detail creation of Bill of Quantities of the proposed bridge. Here the Bridge consists of four spans only. Each Span is of 10.4 m length. Bridge is located at Yellareddy Tank Bund Portion, Nizamabad district (Hyderabad-Medak-Bodhan). The Resource Planning is the creation of Organization Breakdown Schedule (OBS) and Enterprise Project Structure (EPS) of the project and also to create Work Breakdown Schedule (WBS) and to insert the corresponding activities and schedule them on the basis of created calendar and need to level/smoothen the resources and make effective use of them. Organization Breakdown Schedule (OBS) and Enterprise Project Structure (EPS) of the project has been created Work Breakdown Schedule (WBS) and the corresponding activities are created and need to schedule their resources to activities on the basis of created calendar and need to level/smoothen the resources. Resource Scheduling involves the Scheduling of Project and Activity Network Diagram. Resource allocation enables you to allocate equipment, labor, and material expenditures to your timetable. The reports in Primavera P6 may be used to track resource allocation and potential over-allocation of labor resources.

In this paper, it is proposed to study the static flexural performance of hybrid (glass and steel) fiber reinforced M30 grade self-compacting concrete (SCC) beams made with glass fiber reinforcement polymer (GFRP) re-bars. Nan Su mix design approach is adopted to develop the M30 grade plain SCC (PSCC) mixes. Glass fibre SCC (GFRSCC), steel fibre SCC (GFRSCC) and hybrid fibre SCC (HFRSCC) mixes are prepared using the optimum dosages of glass (0.05%) and steel fibres (1%) by volume fraction. HFRSCC reinforced beams of size 1200 *200*150 mm will be casted with steel and GFRB rebars and tested to study the flexural properties such as ultimate flexural strength, load at first crack, deflection at the center, crack width and crack patterns. For the above fibred beams, load-deflection relations will be established. The HFRSCC beam made with GFRP rebars have the load carrying capacity 37.03% more than HFRSCC beam made with steel rebars. The deflection for the HFRSCC beam made with GFRP rebars is 61.52% more than beam made with steel rebar HFRSCC beam made with GFRP rebars increases the load at first crack, ultimate flexural strength, and deflection at the centre at failure and the crack width for same HFRSCC beam made with steel rebars

Reinforced Steel bars used in concrete constructions are particularly susceptible to corrosion since they don't have enough corrosion resistance, which decreases durability and long-term performance. The main cause of steel bar corrosion is moisture interaction, which results in rust, which causes cracks and spalling, which affects durability and long-term performance. FRP bars, which have several benefits over steel bars such as strong resistance to corrosion, higher tensile strength than steel bars, and a 1/4th of the weight of steel bars, which decreases shipping and labor costs, are now entering the market as a solution to the aforementioned issues. Polypropylene fibers in concrete have high mechanical strength, stiffness, and durability. This paper tells about the type of FRP bar and Fiber that has been chosen in order to enhance the studies on the performance of flexure of RC beams made with a combination of FRP and Steel bars. From previous studies, it has been concluded that 0.25% of fibers are used as optimum dosage in terms of volume fraction in order to improve the behavior of flexure and ductility of beams made with a combination of Steel and FRP bars.

Concrete’s thermal properties are more complex than for most materials because not only is the concrete a composite material whose constituents have different properties, but its properties also depend on moisture and porosity. Exposure of concrete to elevated temperature affects its mechanical and physical properties. In the current study, M40 and M80 grades of plain self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes are developed using Nan Su mix design principles to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on 1) weight and compressive strength 2) compressive strength of SCC when tested cool and hot 3) effect of 2, 4 and 6 hrs. exposure duration of elevated temperatures on compressive strength 4) modulus of elasticity 5) size of testing specimen and 5) effect of thermal cycles on SCC mixes. Results derived the following conclusions 1) the M80 specimens lose more strength than M40 SCC specimens when subjected to elevated temperatures ;2) specimens heated and then permitted to cool before testing lose more strength than those tested while hot; 3) the longer the duration of heating before testing, the larger the loss in strength; 4) The decrease in modulus of elasticity caused by elevated-temperature exposure is more pronounced than the decrease in compressive strength. 5) Small test specimens generally incur greater strength losses than larger ones and 6) Specimens subjected to several cycles of heating and cooling lose more strength than those not subjected to thermal cycling.

Any industrial or organised storage facility needs bulk material storage structures, also referred to as bins, bunkers, silos, or tanks. The ratio of their various dimensions serves as the main defining characteristic between bunkers and silos. Silos are structures that are used for storing different types of granular material. Silos are architectural constructions made especially for storing different kinds of granular materials, such grains and cement. Silos are distinguished by their disproportionately tall lateral dimensions. For instance, massive silos are frequently used to store cement in cement mills and significant construction projects. The project's main goal is to analyse and design a silo made of reinforced cement concrete. The theory adopted for analysis of silo is Janssen’s theory. The silo is designed for storing the cement clinkers with a capacity of 5000 tonnes. The normal pressure calculation during emptying and filling, and maximum pressure calculation has performed. The hoop stresses and Temperature stresses are calculated and hoop tension is calculated for different heights. The assessment of the loads on silo was performed as per IS: 4995 (Part I) - 1974, and for design criteria IS: 4995 (Part II) – 1974 is used.

In the current study, effect of particle size of colloidal nano-silica on the properties of the SCM based concrete is studied. The nano-silica particle sizes adopted for the study are 30nm, 60nm and 90 nm. The M20 grade concrete system is made up of cement (C), fly ash (FA), micro-silica (mS) and nano-silica (nS). Compressive strength test at 60 days and pore structure analysis are carried out for C-FA-mS-nS system. The hydration of Portland cement is significantly influenced by the colloidal nanosilica (CNS) particle size. High doses of nS content boost the pozzolanic reaction and the creation of CSH and CASH gels, but they also have a negative impact on the strength development of the material by increasing microcracking due to the self-desiccation effect. The addition of nanosilica to concrete can significantly enhance its qualities after hardening because it ensures the pozzolanic reaction, the seeding effect, which both increase the degree of hydration, and the filling effect, which can fill the internal porosity defects. The cement-mS system's impermeability was greatly improved by the nS because it improved the microstructure, increased the complexity of the pore structure, and refined the pore structure.

This document provides design principles for concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars per the ACI 440.1R-15 regulation. One of the main advantages of using glass fiber reinforced polymer rods instead of traditional steel reinforced rods is their lighter weight and higher corrosion resistance. However, the bending failure mode of FRP reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beams is brittle rather than ductile because the elasticity of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is linear until failure and the elongation at break is small. For FRP-RC elements, concrete crushing compression failure, which gives various warnings before failure, is the preferred failure mode. In other words, unlike the usual design practice for reinforced concrete (steel-RC) beams, for FRP-RC beams, an over-reinforced structure is preferable to an under-reinforced structure. In addition, since the FRP RC member has low rigidity of the FRP rod, it bends more and cracks larger than the steel RC member. These factors limit the field of application of FRP. Here is a design example of a rectangular beam with tension reinforcement according to ACI regulations.

For the purpose of minimising and managing project delays, effective planning and scheduling are essential elements of construction projects. Globalisation has led to an increase in the scale and complexity of construction projects. With the help of project management software, the quantity of paperwork and time required for such initiatives can be reduced. A warning system must be accessible throughout the project to alert the organisation to potential achievements and failures. Today's market offers a variety of computer software applications for project management, including MSP, Primavera P6, and others. Primavera has made it simple to assess the real progress of a construction project to the expected pace of the task. The project management tool Primavera P6 gathers, documents, monitors, regulates, and publishes data on project performance. Planning, allocating, and scheduling resources for a G+4 residential development are all part of this project. This study highlights the value of scheduling and interferes with the software by working on a construction project for a commercial building. This paper effectively demonstrates all the crucial steps, such as generating an EPS, developing a WBS, connecting tasks in accordance with their dependency and resource availability, and determining the Critical Path.

Workability, determines whether the concrete is suitable to cast in-situ for specified job. In practice it is determine by multiple test methods to find the workability properties by following EFNARC guidelines. To evaluate these properties in single test Ultrasonic sensors (hc-sr04) and Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test are used. The float glass box of dimensions 300×300×400 mm with reinforcement inside 16mm dia with spacing 46mm and clear cover 40mm is used for simulation. The hc-sr04 sensors are placed at the corners of the glass column for determining the concrete filled into the box and monitor through Arduino.ide software. The filling ability is determined by the time taken to fill the column and classified into FA1, FA2 & FA3 classes. The passing ability is determined by the difference of concrete height at inside the reinforcement and at the corners after filling and classified into PA1, PA2 & PA3. Ultrasonic velocity measurements are taken by direct mode and based on the variations at different locations segregation resistance is classified into SR1, SR2 & SR3. The aim of this simulation was to establish the relation between experimental tests and simulation IoT test results. Comparison between empirical tests and stimulation model shows that this model can used to check the workability at in-situ to meet the job specification.

In the current study, effect of SiO2/Na2O ratio in Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solution, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio and molarity of NaOH on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. A geopolymer mix design is formulated with various mixes are casted with alkali activator solution (AAS) / fly ash (FA) =0.5 and constant fly ash content. The molar ratio of SiO2/Na2O in Na2SiO3 solution is altered from 1.50 to 3.00 for different ratios of Na2SiO3/NaOH (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0) and also for various molarities of NaOH (8M,10M,12M,14M,16M and 18M) are studied for their synergic effect on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Results highlighted that the 16M NaOH yields high compressive strength when SiO2/Na2O in Na2SiO3 solution is around 2.00 to 2.40 and Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5.

In the present study, the stress-stain behaviour of self-compacting concrete (SCC) and fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) were taken up. The stress-strain behaviour was studied for the SCC and FRSCC mixes in unconfined and confined states. The confinement was given in the form of steel hoops in the cylinders, 3 hoops (0.8%), 4 hoops (1.1%), 5 hoops (1.3%) and 6 hoops (1.6%). The addition of fibres along with confinement of FRSCC with steel hoops enhanced the compressive strength, indicating further confinement effect in the FRSCC. It is observed that the addition of fibres is helpful in lower confinements only. Beyond 1.1% confinement, the addition of any type of fibres doesn’t show any effect on compressive strengths. From the stress-strain behaviour of all types of FRSCC, it is concluded that the ultimate load-carrying capacity and strains at peak stresses are more in SFRSCC and HFRSCC for mixes up to 1.1% confinement. The addition of fibres to SCC has increased the ductility in both confined and unconfined states

This paper presents the effect of packing factor and fine aggregate/total aggregate ratio on the performance of the self-compacting concrete (SCC). A higher PF value would imply a greater amount of the coarse and fine aggregates used, thus, decreasing the content of binders in SCC. In this paper M30 grade plain SCC mixes are developed with the different combinations of packing factors (PF) (varying from1.12 to 1.18) and fine to total aggregate ratios (s/a) (0.50 to 0.57) and found that the PF & s/a combinations of 1.12 & 0.53 and 1.14 & 0.57 are found to be optimum as these combinations gave maximum compressive strengths which can be attributed to high achievement of particle packing densities in SCC mixes. As PF increases powder content decreases and aggregate content increases requiring more paste to make the SCC mix workable. Less value PF will have high particle packing density yielding more strength due to improved microstructure of SCC mixes. At PF & s/a combinations of 1.12 & 0.53 and 1.14 & 0.57, the workability of SCC mixes is superior because of high paste volume and less aggregate content.

In the present study, the stress-stain behaviour of confined concrete made with nano-silica (nano-SiO2) were taken up. The stress-strain behaviour was studied for the M30 and M50 grades nano-silica (nano-SiO2) concrete mixes confined with steel rebars. The confinement was given in the form of steel hoops in the cylinders, 3 hoops (0.8%), 4 hoops (1.1%), 5 hoops (1.3%) and 6 hoops (1.6%). The addition of nano-silica (nano-SiO2) along with confinement of concrete with steel hoops enhanced the compressive strength, indicating further confinement effect in the concrete. It is observed that the addition of nano-silica (nano-SiO2) is helpful in lower confinements only. Beyond 1.1% confinement, doesn’t show any effect on compressive strengths. From the stress-strain behaviour of all types of concrete mixes, it is concluded that the ultimate load-carrying capacity and strains at peak stresses are more in nano-silica (nano-SiO2) concrete with steel hoops for mixes up to 1.1% confinement. The addition of nano-silica (nano-SiO2) to concrete has increased the ductility in both confined and unconfined states

In the present work, assessment of corrosion resistance for M30 grade concrete made with basalt fibres in terms of Resistivity, Potentials and Chloride ion diffusion is made to understand the corrosion resistance studies of concrete specimen made with basalt fibre and BFRP bars. The time of total charge passing till full crack failure for different effective covers considered is more for M30 grade concrete beams made with basalt fibres and BFRP rebars. The time of total charge passing at failure in M30 grade concrete beams made with basalt fibres and BFRP rebars is more because beam specimens did not develop any fissures or micro cracks. Measured electrical resistivity values of M30 grade concrete beams made with basalt fibres have shown high electrical resistance indicating their superior corrosion inhibition ability. M30 grade concrete beams made with basalt fibres and BFRP rebars used for the study exhibited very less probability (less than 5% probability) for corrosion at 28 days.

In the current study the moment - curvature behavior of basalt fibred concrete beams made with basalt fibre reinforced polymer bars and normal beams with steel rebars are evaluated. Basalt fibred reinforced concrete beams of M30 grade were casted with steel and BFRP rebars separately to study the flexural properties of basalt fibre and BFRP bars. From the load –deflection plots, flexural characteristics such as load at first crack, ultimate flexural strength, deflection at the centre and crack width at failure are evaluated. Deflections were measured at the central point and under the load using the deflection meters. The values of moments and curvatures are obtained. Moment curvature relationships are very important to assess out ductility of the structure and the amount of possible redistribution of stresses. The deformations measured are divided by the gauge length (200mm) to obtain the strains at the particular level. From the top and bottom strains, the average curvatures were calculated. From these results, M-Ф diagrams are plotted.

In the present study, the stress-stain behaviour of confined concrete made with basalt fibre reinforced polymer bars (BFRP) were taken up. The stress-strain behaviour was studied for the concrete mixes confined with steel rebars and BFRP rebars. The confinement was given in the form of steel hoops in the cylinders, 3 hoops (0.8%), 4 hoops (1.1%), 5 hoops (1.3%) and 6 hoops (1.6%). The addition of basalt fibres along with confinement of concrete with steel and BFRP hoops enhanced the compressive strength, indicating further confinement effect in the concrete. It is observed that the addition of fibres is helpful in lower confinements only. Beyond 1.1% confinement, the addition of any type of basalt fibres doesn’t show any effect on compressive strengths. From the stress-strain behaviour of all types of concrete mixes, it is concluded that the ultimate load-carrying capacity and strains at peak stresses are more in concrete with BFRP hoops for mixes up to 1.1% confinement. The addition of basalt fibres to concrete has increased the ductility in both confined and unconfined states

The objective of this study is to investigate the flexural behavior of M30 grade PSCC, GFRSCC, SFRSCC and HFRSCC beams made with PF=1.12 and s/a=0.53 and PF=1.14 and s/a=0.57 to understand the effect of copper slag as partial replacement of fine aggregate on its deflection characteristics and cracking behaviour. The yield and ultimate load taken by HFRSCC beams made with optimum PF and s/a ratios are higher than the conventional RCC beam elements. The deflections at centre at failure in HFRSCC beams made with optimum PF and s/a ratios were more than that of conventional beams. This shows improvement in ductility of HFRSCC beams. First crack formation was delayed in M30 grade HFRSCC beams due to dense micro structure with low pore fraction and reduced pore size due to which fatigue strength is increased which in turn increases the time taken for first crack occurrence and thereby increasing the load carrying capacity. The deflection at the mid span decreased in HFRSCC beams which shows that the flexural stiffness of the elements increases thereby reducing the structural member’s deformability, increasing strength and hence controlling deflection.

The goal of this research is to better understand the stress-strain behaviour of plain and fibre reinforced M30 grade plain SCC mixtures. The experimental stress strain relationship of SCC revealed that all changes had a minor effect on the stress strain curve's first section. The stress-strain behaviour of M30 FRSCC mixtures has improved with the addition of fibres, resulting in lower stress values for the same stresses. At peak loads, all fibre reinforced SCC mixes, notably SFRSCC and HFRSCC mixes, showed an increase in strain values. Steel and hybrid fibres enhanced the post-peak stress-strain behaviour of SCC mixes compared to glass fibered SCC mixes. M30 grades’ modulus of elasticity When compared to other FRSCC mixes, HFRSCC mixes created with optimal combinations of PF and s/a ratios have high values. By dispersing deformation energy through fibres, HFRSCC mixtures have a better capacity to prevent fracture growth. HFRSCC mixtures with high toughness moduli have better shock resistance. Because of the dense and compact microstructure, the modulus of elasticity (E) of HFRSCC mixes shows improved performance.

The focus of the study was to identify the stress strain behavior of geo polymer concrete and salient parameters that influence the mixture proportions and the properties of low calcium fly ash- based geo polymers concrete. To develop geopolymer concrete the chemical proportions are alkaline liquid solution/fly-ash ratio=0.5, Sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide ratio=2.5,16M NaOH and SiO2/Na2O ratio=2.0. The geopolymer concrete mixes have shown improved stress values for the same strain levels compared to that of controlled concrete mix. Normalized stress strain curves are used to compare the behaviours of geopolymer concrete. It can be observed that geopolymer concrete has improved strains for the same stress when compared to conventional concrete. Geopolymer concrete mixes have shown improved stress values for the same strain levels compared to that of controlled concrete mixes.

In the present study, effect of various molarities of NaOH, various fly ash content and alkaline activator solution (AAS) / fly ash(FA) ratios on the workability of geopolymer concrete(GPC) are studied along with the effect of use of Na2SiO3/NaOH and K2SiO3/KOH as alkaline activator solutions and various fly ash contents on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete mixes. Observations shows that both Na2SiO3/NaOH and K2SiO3/KOH gives better performance for different molar, AAS/FA and oxide ratios. Class C GPC has better performance than Class F GPC. It was found that the increase in molarity decreases workability of geopolymer concrete. Also, the workability increases with increase in fly ash (FA) content and AAS/FA ratio in geopolymer concrete. Compressive and split tensile strengths decrease with increase in fly ash content.

This work presents the effect of Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK) on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC). Geopolymer concrete made with FA produces calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) product due to presence of alumina and sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel as main reaction product of polymerization. Geopolymer concrete made with FA and GGBS, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) also gets produced additionally with calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) gel and sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel due to presence of high content of CaO in GGBS. This additional product imparts more strength performance in GPC. In geopolymer concrete made with FA and MK, the more amount of calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) is produced due to presence of high amount of alumina in metakaolin along with sodium aluminosilicate hydrates (N-A-S-H) giving more strength to GPC. Metakaolin is recommended to be used for the development of GPC because it has high amount of alumina.

In the current study, effect of Alkali Activator solution (AAS) / Fly ash (FA) ratios and various molarities of NaOH on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete (GPC) is studied keeping Na2SiO3/NaOH=2.5 and SiO2/Na2O=2.0 optimal ratios constant. For AAS/FA=4.0 and 16M NaOH combination yields better strength so this combination is chosed as optimal. From studies it is found that the optimum temperature for curing is 60°C and optimum period of curing is 24 h based on the compressive strengths achieved.

The corrosion of rebar is one of the main problem in the construction industry. A lot of amount is spent on the repair work every year but none of them is that effective. Therefore, the recent studies are being conducting on the FRP rebar due to the brittle nature and the bonding performance. We have also used PVA fiber in concrete to increase the strength of the concrete. we are using Hybrid beams in which we have replaced the corner rebar with BFRP bars because of their superior corrosion effect and the strength to weight ratio. We used four point loading test on these hybrid reinforced beams to find the flexural behaviour by which we can predict the performance. 0.25% PVA fiber reinforced concrete showed the optimum results.

A high-strength Concrete structure is what everyone tries to achieve through the project. So many studies are being studied with various types of fibers. In this paper, I have used PVA fibers with two different types of plasticizers. The main purpose of this study is to find the amount of plasticizer to be used and which is feasible to be used for different proportions of PVA fibers. We have casted 0.125%, 0.250%, 0.375%, and 0.50% of PVA fiber in the proportion of the weight of cement. We have also studied their compressive strength and split tensile strength. By which we have decided the optimum dosage of plasticizes to be used for the different proportions of PVA fiber.

Rapid innovation in interdisciplinary technology emphasized the data acquisition system to evaluate the structural integrity by combining with advance sensing techniques. These smart sensors with impedance methodology has shown an excellent potential in assessing the structural health condition and provided an alternative to many sophisticated Non destructive monitoring systems. The sensitivity of electro mechanical impedance technique in detecting local incipient damages is enhanced with piezoelectric mechanism of lead zirconate titanate materials and with conductance signatures these materials can determine the dynamic variations in structural properties more effectively. In the present work numerical finite element analysis is conducted on simply supported RCC beam in Abaqus software with reinforcement subjected to corrosion in five stages with different reduction rates and coupled with piezoelectric transducers along the length to implement the impedance strategy. These surface bonded piezoelectric patches are electrically excited with an external voltage under specific frequency range to conduct linear perturbation harmonic analysis and the output conductance responses of healthy and corroded beams from different sensor locations are captured and compared. The peak shifting nature of signature pattern will serve as an indicator to diagnose the corrosion severity and propagation in structural components. The simulation results of proposed impedance technique showed the feasibility of employing piezoelectric materials to identify corrosion activity in structural members with electromechanical conductivity signatures.

Electro mechanical impedance technique has garnered major significance in structural health monitoring field by integrating with information and sensing technology. Technical advancements in automated smart devices improved the diagnostic evaluation of this monitoring method by incorporating piezoelectric materials. The optimistic coupling property of these materials enhanced the life span of structural members by detecting damages at incipient stage. The intervention of piezoelectric transducers has created potential applications for impedance approach in assessing the structural performance with high feasibility. The present work aims at estimating the service life of simply supported smart beam using piezoelectric sensors in Abaqus Simulia software. Corrosion is deployed at a uniform rate in reinforced concrete beam with impressed current flow and the loss in diameter of rebar is calculated using Faraday’s electrochemical equation. With frequency domain based impedance technique numerical analysis is conducted on the modeled beams by exciting the sensor with an external harmonic force and the output electric responses of different piezoelectric locations are captured. The steady state dynamic responses for different cases are compared and quantified with a statistical damage algorithm in MATLAB. The resulted cross correlation indices are analyzed to prevent further deterioration of the corroded beams by setting a limit value. The proposed simulation technology is capable of estimating the residual life span of damage structures with cross correlation analysis.

In the current study, the M25 grade concrete mixes are admixed with various locally available organic and non-organic corrosion inhibitors such as Calcium Nitrite, Sodium Nitrite, Hexamine and Di-ethanolamine to understand the influence of these organic and non-organic corrosion inhibitors on the strength and corrosion resistance properties of concrete. The percentage dosage of admixed inhibitors vary from 1 to 5% by the weight of cement. For M25 grade concrete the optimum percentages of corrosion inhibitor admixture was found to be 4% for Calcium Nitrite, 3% for Sodium Nitrite, 2% for Hexamine and 3% for Di-ethanolamine. Calcium Nitrite corrosion inhibitor admixture imparts increased compressive, split- tensile and flexural strength than other corrosion inhibitors at 28 days. All the corrosion inhibitors used in the study have enhanced the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete. The initial gain of early strength decreased due to anodic process of inhibitors. Measured electrical resistivity and half-cell potential values of all corrosion inhibitors admixed M25 grade concrete mixes directs that calcium nitrate and Di-ethanolamine have shown high electrical resistance indicating their superior corrosion inhibition ability than sodium nitrite and hexamine. Accelerated corrosion test on reinforced concrete beams admixed with corrosion inhibitors confirmed that possible inception of corrosion in calcium nitrate admixed reinforced concrete beams is very low when compared to other corrosion inhibitors used for the study.

Very limited guidelines are available on the use of corrosion resistant inhibitors as a constituent material in concrete due to availability of statistics on its corrosion inhibiting efficiency. So the study is conducted on the M25 grade concrete mixed with few selected corrosion inhibitors of organic and non-organic nature to comprehend the impact of these corrosion inhibitors on the conductivity of electricity in these concretes. Based on the other researchers’ work, four well know corrosion inhibitors such as Calcium nitrate, Di-ethanolamine, Sodium nitrite and Hexamine and are chosen for study. Dosages of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% the weight of cement are chosen. Measured electrical resistivity and half-cell potential values of all corrosion inhibitors admixed M25 grade concrete mixes indicates the superior corrosion inhibition ability of calcium nitrate and Di-ethanolamine’s with shows high electrical resistance.

A recently developing bacteria based soil-stabilization technique inspired from microbially impelled calcite precipitation phenomena is verified for geo-technical applications. This phenomena make use of the metabolic mechanics of microorganisms to produce calcite precipitation all through soil matrix enhancing the soil’s engineering properties. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and soil hydraulic conductivity or permeability is evaluated to validate the formation of mineral precipitates between and around soil grains. Due to metabolic process of bacteria calcite minerals are generated binding the soil particles together reducing the voids volume and diameter subsequently a dense microstructure is formed. This improvement of soil homogeneity reduces the hydraulic conductivity and increase the unconfined compression strength of bacteria-treated soil samples. From the results of experimental investigations it is confirmed that mineral precipitation biologically proves to be an effective and efficient method of soil stabilization in increasing the stiffness and permeability of soil samples considered for study.

In this paper, a mathematical model for predicting the stress –strain and moment curvature relations in concrete is developed. A good number of empirical equations were proposed to represent stress-strain behaviour of conventional concrete. Most of the equations can be used for the ascending portion of the curve only. In 1997 Mansur et al. have adopted Carriera and Chu (1985) model, which was based on the model proposed by Popovics (1973). As such, model proposed by Mansur et al includes both ascending and descending portions of the stress-strain curve for the confined concrete with introduction of two constants for the descending portion of the curve. Several researchers proposed various empirical equations for stress-strain behaviour as briefly reported in the previous chapter. An attempt has been made in this study to develop mathematical models for concrete in unconfined state. These analytical equations can be applied to any concrete with slight modifications. These models are developed to validate the experimental values obtained.

In this paper, the study of the influence of nano-silica (nano-SiO2) on the properties of the interface between CSH gel and cement particles and its effect on nano-mechanical properties of the products at the interface zone was examined. In this paper M50 grade SCC mixes were developed using 5% micro-silica and various percentages of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% nano-SiO2. For 1.0% nano-SiO2 addition to M50 grade SCC mix, the compressive strength is maximum. Similarly concrete quality using non-destructive techniques, water absorbtion capacity and porosity are also assessed.