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Cet article présente une revue des études d'impact des changements climatiques sur l'agriculture au Maroc, réalisées à l’INRA. Il montre que la pluviométrie a diminué d'environ 25% depuis 1980 et que les températures ont augmenté. Des analyses fréquentielles ont été réalisées pour évaluer les changements climatiques passés et les probabilités d’occurrence de la sécheresse. Des projections climatiques basées sur les scénarios du GIEC montrent que les températures augmenteront et les précipitations diminueront au 21ème siècle, réduisant la longueur de la période de croissance des céréales et les rendements. L'étude de l'impact sur l'aptitude des terres à la céréaliculture prévoit aussi une réduction des zones aptes, notamment dans les plaines atlantiques. L'article décrit ensuite les mesures d'adaptation, telles que les Mesures d’Atténuation Appropriée au niveau National, l'agriculture climato-intelligente et des projets prioritaires identifiés dans ce cadre comme le soutien à l'agriculture de conservation. L'agriculture de conservation et la réintroduction des légumineuses alimentaires dans les rotations sont des pratiques clés pour renforcer la résilience. La gestion des risques climatiques est également cruciale, d'où le développement par l'INRA du système CGMS-Maroc de prévision des récoltes. Ces résultats soulignent la vulnérabilité de l'agriculture marocaine et la nécessité de renforcer l'adaptation.

Biomass residues and industrial waste are of great interest for their potential to produce a wide range of bioenergy and value-added products. Crude glycerol can be valorized into value added products by several microorganisms through microbial fermentation. Thus, Significant efforts have been made to develop biological methods to convert crude glycerol into various valuable chemicals and fuels, including 1, 3-propanediol, hydrogen and ethanol. In this context, our work have use glycerol medium as source of carbon for investigate bioethanol and 1, 3-propandiol production, using a microbial consortium. All experiments was carried out in sealed bottles, the reaction medium is placed in the shaker incubator at 37°C with stirring at 130 rpm. . Nitrogen gas was injected to create anaerobic conditions. The highest concentration of ethanol and 1,3 – propanediol obtained were 3.47 (g/l) and 4.8 mg/l respectively . These results highlight promising avenues for the valorization of biomass residues and industrial wastes in sustainable bioenergy production.

Résumé : La grille de correction, supposée efficace pour objectiver la subjectivité de la correction, constitue le thème de notre étude centrée sur l’efficacité de cet outil de jugement utilisé par les enseignants universitaires algériens pour corriger les productions de leurs étudiants. L’expérimentation menée et la confrontation des écarts entre les notes attribuées avec et sans grille ont invalidé nos hypothèses : la grille ne garantit pas une correction objective des productions ; la spécialité des correcteurs et leur ancienneté ne constituent pas des facteurs décisifs dans l’objectivité de la notation. Mots-clés : grille de correction ; objectiver ; subjectivité ; enseignants universitaires.

Abstract Background The Algerian honey bee population is composed of two described subspecies A. m. intermissa and A. m. sahariensis, of which little is known regarding population genomics, both in terms of genetic differentiation and of possible contamination by exogenous stock. Moreover, the phenotypic differences between the two subspecies are expected to translate into genetic differences and possible adaptation to heat and drought in A. m. sahariensis. To shed light on the structure of this population and to integrate these two subspecies in the growing dataset of available haploid drone sequences, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 151 haploid drones. Results Integrated analysis of our drone sequences with a similar dataset of European reference populations did not detect any significant admixture in the Algerian honey bees. Interestingly, most of the genetic variation was not found between the A. m. intermissa and A. m. sahariensis subspecies; instead, two main genetic clusters were found along an East–West axis. We found that the correlation between genetic and geographic distances was higher in the Western cluster and that close-family relationships were mostly detected in the Eastern cluster, sometimes at long distances. In addition, we selected a panel of 96 ancestry-informative markers to decide whether a sampled bee is Algerian or not, and tested this panel in simulated cases of admixture. Conclusions The differences between the two main genetic clusters suggest differential breeding management between eastern and western Algeria, with greater exchange of genetic material over long distances in the east. The lack of detected admixture events suggests that, unlike what is seen in many places worldwide, imports of queens from foreign countries do not seem to have occurred on a large scale in Algeria, a finding that is relevant for conservation purposes. In addition, the proposed panel of 96 markers was found effective to distinguish Algerian from European honey bees. Therefore, we conclude that applying this approach to other taxa is promising, in particular when genetic differentiation is difficult to capture.

Résumé : Madame Bovary de Flaubert n’a cessé d’inspirer beaucoup de réalisateurs au cinéma depuis plusieurs décennies. Entre le désir de reproduire fidèlement sur écran l’univers romanesque de l’auteur et la volonté de détourner son œuvre pour l’adapter à des besoins spécifiques, l’enjeu demeure majeur. Il s’agit en effet de reprendre un débat toujours d’actualité concernant l’interaction entre le travail de l’écrivain et du cinéaste, entre la littérature et le cinéma. L’étude suivante opère le choix de comparer deux versions cinématographiques de l’œuvre de Flaubert, celle de Claude Chabrol et de Sophie Barthes, en vue de répondre à la problématique de la possibilité d’une adaptation fidèle de l’œuvre littéraire ou d’une interprétation qui serait le résultat d’un désir de re-création. Mots-clés : littérature- cinéma-trahison-imagination-création

Résumé : Centrée sur l’adaptation linguistique et culturelle des textes littéraires en classe de FLE, la présente contribution étudie les effets du recours aux textes adaptés sur la compréhension. Une compréhension réelle, qui suppose l’exploitation de tous les éléments linguistiques et culturels que contiennent les textes originaux, est en effet freinée par les omissions effectuées par les enseignants. Ces omissions, même si elles sont effectuées au niveau des séquences descriptives, nuisent à la compréhension des supports lus. Ce sont les résultats obtenus suite aux expérimentations menées et à la comparaison des textes originaux aux textes adaptés. Mots-clés : Adaptation linguistique et culturelle ; textes littéraires ; classe de FLE ; compétence de compréhension

With the proliferation of surveillance cameras, managing and analyzing vast amounts of video data have become challenging. This paper introduces a sustainable automated approach to detect abnormal events in surveillance footage. Leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and deep learning techniques, our system identifies unusual activities by analyzing video frames. By automating this process, we reduce the burden of manual monitoring and enable timely responses to security threats. This sustainable solution has broad applications in public safety, security, and crime prevention.

This study emphasises how crucial it is to implement clean energy technology, especially electro-chemical systems, in order to reduce the emission of green-house and fulfil the world's growing energy needs. The study highlights the significance of sustainable resources such as wind and solar electricity. It also examines the difficulties associated with their intermittent nature and proposes changes to consumer behaviour and power producing practices. It talks about current research on candidate materials at the fundamental level and emphasises the crucial role customised materials play in electro-chemical systems. The paper explores the several uses of electro-chemical energy technology, explaining the classifications and operation of fuel cells, batteries, and capacitors, among other devices. The paper concludes by arguing that further advancements in materials and technology are essential to securing a reliable and efficient energy supply in the future.

This paper explores the revolutionary approach of enhancing aluminum composite manufacturing through the integration of Cr2O3 reinforcement using the Friction Stir Technique. The pivotal role of the vertical milling machine in executing Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is emphasized, detailing precise parameters crucial for achieving optimal results. The even dispersion of Cr2O3 throughout the matrix is highlighted as essential for ensuring consistent mechanical and chemical properties, enhancing overall strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Experimental findings reveal significant improvements across multiple mechanical properties, including a remarkable 21.56% increase in tensile strength, a notable 36.89% enhancement in hardness, a significant 24.33% improvement in fatigue strength, and a substantial 29.04% increase in wear resistance. These results underscore the effectiveness of Cr2O3 reinforcement via FSP in revolutionizing aluminum composite manufacturing, offering a pathway towards the development of high-performance materials with diverse industrial applications.

In the current study, the investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow Characteristics of Pure water when pass through a triple tube heat exchanger (CTTHX). this investigation has been conducted across various Reynolds Number to gain insights into their performance also conducted a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation using the ANSYS-FLUENT software. Result obtained was validated by comparing to empirical correlation data found in the existing literature. The investigation considered various operating variable as Reynolds Number and temperature across the inner, intermediate, and outer tubes. Specifically, the Reynolds Number of 2000 at 305 K, a range of 2000 to 4500 at 340 K, and 2000 at 295 K for the respective tubes. Key findings are that friction factor increase by 12.5% as compared to correlation in existing literature. And Nusselt number (Nu) increase by 50% in the range of Reynolds Number (Re) from 2000 to 4500.

Sand casting method is used to produce many useful products for many applications. The aim of the study is to manufacture a product with excellent dimensional geometry is achieved in sand casting process at low cost. We would expect manuscripts to show how design and/or manufacturing problems have been solved using computer modeling, simulation and analysis. In this work, the important mechanical properties of hardness and surface roughness are investigated on Aluminum 6063 cast material with and without incorporating the copper tubes as a vent hole in sand casting process. Since copper has high thermal conductivity when compared to other metals, the heat transfer rate will be varying from existing system. The copper tubes have made different diameters of holes on outer surfaces with selective distance of intervals. The specific number of copper tubes with various diameters are designed by CATIA modeling software and analyzed with Taguchi Design of Experiment. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used proficiently in the optimal value of hardness and surface roughness. The results are revealed that the maximum hardness value of 104 BHN is attained for 10mm distance of holes made on copper tube with an angle of 90o degree. The minimum surface roughness of 2.11 micron is achieved for 20mm distance of holes made on copper tube with 45o of angle as a vent hole in sand casting process.

In this paper, we put into perspective international outsourcing and subcontracting, as alternative strategies of firm internationalization. We also identify the trade-offs that allow the firm to choose between integration or outsourcing. Our main results show that if asset ownership is separable without the risk of losing its competitive advantage, the firm should opt for outsourcing through international subcontracting, provided that the transaction costs are lower than the control costs of a foreign subsidiary. Dans cet article, nous mettons en perspective l'externalisation et la sous-traitance internationales, en tant que stratégies alternatives d'internationalisation de la firme. Nous identifions également les arbitrages qui permettent à la firme de choisir entre l'intégration ou l'externalisation. Nos principaux résultats montrent que si la propriété des actifs est séparable sans risque de perdre son avantage concurrentiel, la firme doit opter pour l’externalisation via la sous-traitance internationale, à condition que les coûts de transaction soient inférieurs aux coûts de contrôle d'une filiale à l'étranger.

In this work, significant interest has been focused on removing pharmaceutical pollutants, i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), which was studied through adsorption onto activated carbon (ACT) produced from households or agricultural wastes under various experimental conditions. The physicochemical properties of the produced carbon were investigated using multiple techniques. The characterization analysis highlighted an essential concentration of surface functional groups and a very developed porous structure. The adsorption process onto activated carbon occurs with a high yield at a large range of pH values varying between 4 and 8 at an optimum contact time of 2 h. It was established that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well OTC adsorption onto ACT. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm data showed that the pollutant removal process followed the Langmuir model with high regression coefficients ($R^2$) values and important adsorption efficiency of 80% for $100~\text{mg}{\cdot }\text{L}^{-1}$ of OTC. The displayed results consequently, the use of ACT as an adsorbent could be considered an efficient, sustainable, and low-cost alternative for pharmaceuticals-loaded wastewater treatment.

Like all rural areas, the rate of evolution of the Algerian steppe territories has accelerated during the last quarter of the century under the impetus of the factors of modernity. During a research work on the Jebel Amour Region, carried out published in 2003, we were interested in this dynamic and its factors. Several development scenarios have thus been proposed. Back in the region 15 years later, we wanted to verify the veracity of the proposed scenarios and find out if any of them materialized. The analysis focuses on the dynamics of the components of the scenarios according to the current situation in the region.

The Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) developed by Alonso et al. [1] is the first and the mostwidely used elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soils. The BBM successfully explained many key features of unsaturated soils and received extensive acceptance. However, there is lack of a well-establishedmethod for selecting parameter values for the BBM from laboratory tests, although a variety of methods have been recently developed for calibrating model parameters for the BBM. Concerns still exist on the correctness and robustness of such parameter value selection procedures. The above statements were evidenced by a recent benchmark exercise on selection of parameter values for the BBM organized within a "Marie Curie" Research Training Network on "Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils for Engineering"(MUSE)[2]. Experienced constitutive modelers in unsaturated soils from 7 prestigious teams were provided with the same experimental results on an unsaturated soil to calibrate the parameter values in the BBM. Theoretically, the calibrated parameters from different teams are expected to be the same or at leastvery close. However, the selected parameter values by the 7 teams are surprisingly widely different. This paper first discussed the limitations in the existing methods to calibrate the parameter values in the BBM. A novel approach was then proposed to calibrate the parameter values for the BBM. The approach takes advantage of the close-form solution of the BBM, which is derived based upon a newly proposed Modified State Surface Approach to study the unsaturated soils [3-6]. The same experimental data, used in the MUSE benchmark exercise, were reanalysed using the proposed approach to calibrate parameters for the BBM. The results were compared with those in the MUSE benchmark exercise from which thesimplicity, effectiveness, and robustness of the proposed method were evaluated.

La nécrose rétinienne aigue (ARN syndrome) est un syndrome rare, les germes en cause appartiennent à la famille de l’herpès virus. Parmi ses complications, l’œdème maculaire cystoïde et le décollement de rétine qui est une complication fréquente et de pronostic péjoratif. Nous rapportons le cas de deux hommes, immunocompétents, avaient une nécrose rétinienne aigue unilatérale, due à l’HSV type 2 et VZV. La baisse de l’acuité visuelle remontait à moins d’une semaine chez les deux malades. Le traitement antiviral et anti-inflammatoire par voie intra-veineux a été instauré en urgence relayé par un traitement d’entretien par voie orale. Le deuxième cas a été compliqué durant le traitement d’entretien par un œdème maculaire cystoïde traité par des injections latéro-bulbaires de corticoïde. RNA syndrome is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency. La connaissance de cette affection dont le diagnostic est essentiellement clinique, est nécessaire afin d’éviter l’extension des nécroses rétiniennes et de prévenir la survenue des complications.

Une hémorragie prérétinienne peut compliquer plusieurs pathologies parmi lesquelles la rétinopathie de Valsalva. Elle peut être à l’origine de troubles visuels symptomatiques qui amènent le patient à consulter en urgence. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente âgée de 39 ans, sans antécédents pathologiques particuliers, a consulté pour une baisse brutale de l’acuité visuelle de l’œil droit. Cette symptomatologie est apparue quelques minutes après un effort de défécation suite à une constipation. L’examen ophtalmologique a trouvé au niveau de l’œil droit, une acuité visuelle corrigée chiffrée à comptes les doigts de près. Le fond d’œil a révélé une hémorragie maculaire suspendue en nid de pigeon. Le diagnostic d’hémorragie rétro-hyaloïdienne droite spontanée secondaire à une hyperpression veineuse céphalique a été retenu. Une membranotomie au laser Yag a été réalisé à distance de la fovéa. L’évolution était favorable avec remontée de l’acuité visuelle à 6/10. L’étiologie principale des hémorragies rétro-hyaloïdiennes est rarement une hyperpression céphalique veineuse. Cependant, il faut toujours penser à la rétinopathie de Valsalva lorsque l’interrogatoire révèle la notion d’effort avec blocage thoracique en inspiration.

The aim of this research is to explore the relationship between intrapersonal conflict among administration employees of the Public Hospital Enterprise (EPH) Houari-Boumadian Kaser El Hirane located in the Wilaya of Laghouat and their individual work performance. Survey data was collected from 59 respondent and analysed using structural equation modelling using PLS methodology. The result of the study after the statistical analysis using the programme (Smart PLS 3.0) revealed that there is a strong impact of intrapersonal conflict and individual work performance.

The present study aims to study the code-switching in the language practices of young people from Algerian immigrating to France. Our objective is to understand how these claim their socio-cultural identity through the use of a code-switching. How does the practice of code-switching explain their dual identity and socio-cultural identity? In order to achieve this goal, we have, on the one hand, performed a lexical analysis of a corpus of digital messages written by these young people, and, on the other, we conducted a questionnaire survey studying their representations. The results obtained showed that the code-switching helps young people from Algerian immigration not only to show their particularities but also to claim their dual socio-cultural and identity.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to assess the orthopaedic surgeons’ perceptions and attitudes on COVID-19 related changes in their practice. METHODS: an online survey was shared with orthopaedic surgeons practicing in different countries. RESULTS: this study showed that orthopaedic surgery plan management was adapted to respond more effectively to the COVID-19 pandemic while maintaining the continuity of health care and ensuring protection of medical staff and patients. Among the introduced measures, elective surgery was postponed to free-up beds for suspected or COVID-19 positive patients requiring hospitalization. Additionally, the number of outpatient visits was considerably decreased and non-urgent visits were postponed to reduce the flow of patients in and out of hospitals and therefore minimize the risk of contamination. Interestingly, data revealed the willingness of orthopaedic surgeons to take care of COVID-19 positive patients and support their colleagues in intensive care units, if needed. CONCLUSIONS: orthopaedic surgery departments has adapted their programs to face the unprecedented challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Quick measures were taken to reduce the risk of contamination in patients, medical staff and to allow hospitals to free up beds for treatment of patients with positive or suspected COVID-19.

his research reviews the problem of urban slums in Algeria through a model city (Skikda), trying to shed light on the dimensions of the problem at the ecological and social levels, and through that the sub-culture these fields carry to present a local specificity to the phenomenon of urban slums in Algeria is radically different from what we observe through Slums of the world. The slums of Algeria, instead of being a colonial legacy with distinction, are also the product of a multifaceted housing crisis since independence and an accumulation of social contradictions within the Algerian city (society), fueled by urban policies that have not yet been able to resolve, making them vulnerable to complexity as they were postponed in time. This research also dealt with the secretions of urban slums on the urban and social levels in relation to the growth and formation of the city in all its dimensions mentioned. On another level, the problem of the concept that employed (slums) was substituted widely as an alternative to the classical concepts in circulation, given its local specificity and its absorption of the social system that produced it, which may qualify it to occupy a position within the expressions of the studied phenomenon. In sum, the phenomenon of slums in Algeria raises issues and opens a new debate in relation to the culture that it produced locally.

The dromedary camel is a seasonally breeding animal. The breeding season (also called “rutting period” or “rut”) of this species coincides with the winter months and is characterized by significant changes in circulating hormonal levels. During the rutting period (winter season), the circulating levels of testosterone, cortisol and thyroid hormones are significantly higher than in the summer (non rutting season), however levels of vitamin D are very low in the winter, compared with those analyzed in non-rutting period (summer season). These changes may modulate the reproduction function and the thermoregulatory adaptation. Concentrations of circulating hormones during the rutting period vary greatly in the literature which could be explained by environmental and experimental conditions. In the camel, understanding the seasonal fluctuations of the hormonal prof le of the camels, can contribute to a fundamental knowledge of the reproduction physiology of this species, and will be of great importance to veterinarians in confirming their clinical diagnosis and enhancing the capacities of camel production and reproduction. The mechanisms of TH, glucocorticoids and vitamin D in the modulation of reproductive function and fertility in the dromedary remain to be studied.

Religion was the main reason for the progress of human civilization since prehistoric times, and this importance was confirmed by the large number of religious buildings that were built to achieve the pleasure of God. The research refers to the clarification of the types of religious buildings or buildings with ideological and religious employment in the early period of the history of human civilization in Egypt. The research did not refer to the details of the architectural planning of these buildings, but pointed to the most important types to know its development and purpose, especially since the religious concepts are often mixed with funerals in that period. The research shows some of the rock formations of religious significance, which the researcher called the term "Megalithic Temples", Tumulus or "Votive hills", and some of the caves which have been shown to be related to religious thought in Egypt; the " Holy Caves". The research also refers to some types of temples that were known in Egypt during predynastic and early dynastic periods.

Solar energy is a natural source that provides clean and renewable energy, which supplies two types of energy: thermal energy and photovoltaic energy. Whereas, the most effective way to exploit this energy is photovoltaic cells. However, for all the incident solar radiation, the solar panels can absorb a limited quantity of energy. While, the rest of radiation energy gets lost as heat, that increases the temperature of the photovoltaic cells, this is the reason why the productivity of electricity is decreased. Therefore, to exceed this issue and benefit from the two sources of sun radiation, a hybrid thermo-electrical system is proposed. The system is a solar panel surrounded by the phase change material that can absorb the temperature to increase the efficiency of solar system and use this energy to produce a hot water.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of wood ashes on the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the clayey earth-ashes compound (CEAC) compressed blocks. Variable mass percentages of 0% to 60% of wood ashes were incorporated to clayey earth stabilized with 10% of cement. The physical characteristics of the clayey earth were determined according to the protocols of the french association of normalization. The manufactured blocks were subjected to mechanical tests: simple compression and tensile by bending. The thermal conductivity was then appreciated by the method of the hot strip. The blocks made with a mixture of “90% clayey earth” and “10% cement”, usually used in construction in Benin, served as a reference material. From the results obtained, it appears that the clayey earth used is a soil A2ts: fine clayed sand in a very dry state. The results of the mechanical and thermal tests show that for an addition of wood ashes between 10% and 20% by weight, the performances of the blocks are significantly improved. The CEAC blocks formulated from 80% of the mixture “90% of clayey earth and 10% of cement” and 20% of wood ashes can be used as building materials.

The dromedary camel is a seasonally breeding animal. The breeding season (also called “rutting period” or “rut”) of this species coincides with the winter months and is characterized by significant changes in circulating hormonal levels. During the rutting period (winter season), the circulating levels of testosterone, cortisol and thyroid hormones are significantly higher than in the summer (non rutting season), however levels of vitamin D are very low in the winter, compared with those analyzed in non-rutting period (summer season). These changes may modulate the reproduction function and the thermoregulatory adaptation. Concentrations of circulating hormones during the rutting period vary greatly in the literature which could be explained by environmental and experimental conditions. In the camel, understanding the seasonal fluctuations of the hormonal profile of the camels, can contribute to a fundamental knowledge of the reproduction physiology of this species, and will be of great importance to veterinarians in confirming their clinical diagnosis and enhancing the capacities of camel production and reproduction. The mechanisms of TH, glucocorticoids and vitamin D in the modulation of reproductive function and fertility in the dromedary remain to be studied. Keywords: Testosterone, Thyroid hormones, Cortisol, Vitamin D, Season, Camel, Morocco.

يدرس هذا البحث نمطا من أنماط السبك والإحكام في النص القرآني، وهو البناء النسقي ، والمقصود بالنسق هنا: ما جاء من الكلام على نظام واحد أو هو: تتابع الكلام على بناء متلائم . أما حدّ هذا المصطلح فهو: ملاءمة تركيبِ آخر الآية أولَها . وبعبارة قريبة هو: حمل آخر الآية على أولها؛ للمشاكلة أو للمقتضَى اللغوي . ويمكن أن يعد هذا البناء نظرية لبيان فصاحة الكلم وقوة تماسكه وبلاغته، ونموذجا لتوظيف النحو في توجيه النصوص، وتفاعل المعاني النحوية. ولهذا البناء أنواع عدة أهمها: النسق الدلالي، ونسق المشاكلة، والنسق النحوي. واندرج تحت الأخير مباحث التخفيف والتوفية، والذكر والحذف، والتقديم والتأخير. وتحت هذه الأنواع صور كثيرة. وحُصرت مادة البحث في المتشابه اللفظي للآيات القرآنية، وكان المصدر الرئيس لمادة البحث كتاب درة التنزيل وغرة التأويل للخطيب الإسكافي. الكلمات المفاتيح:البناء النسقي–المتشابه اللفظي–النسق الدلالي–نسق المشاكلة–النسق النحوي

Alors que cela a été réalisé chez de nombreuses autres espèces de mammifères, chez le dromadaire, l’évaluation du taux de cortisol a été très rarement décrite dans les fèces, et elle ne l’a jamais été dans les poils. L’objectif de cette étude a ainsi été de déterminer, chez cet animal, les taux de cortisol dans le sérum, les poils et les fèces, et leurs éventuelles corrélations. Les résultats ont montré que le taux de cortisol variait avec la saison et qu’il était significativement (p < 0,05) plus élevé en janvier qu’en mai/juin. Une corrélation positive entre les taux sériques et ceux déterminés dans les poils et les fèces a été notée. Cette corrélation indique que l’analyse du cortisol dans les poils et les fèces reflète l’activité de la corticosurrénale et pourrait être utilisée comme une méthode non-invasive pour évaluer le stress chez le dromadaire.

Dans le but d’apprécier la qualité microbiologique de la viande de dromadaire produite à l’abattoir de la wilaya de Ouargla en Algérie, la contamination superficielle d’origine bactérienne de 60 carcasses camelines a été évaluée. Les prélèvements ont été réalisés par écouvillonnage de trois sites (cuisse, flanc et épaule). Les échantillons ont été prélevés dans un intervalle d’une heure après l’abattage de l’animal, après le dépouillement, à la fin de l’éviscération et avant l’inspection post mortem. Les taux de germes ont varié en fonction des carcasses et des sites de prélèvement. La flore prédominante a été la flore aérobie mésophile totale, dont le niveau de contamination a été de 2,8 log UFC/cm2, représentant 25 p. 100 de la flore dénombrée, suivie par les entérobactéries avec 2,4 log UFC/cm2 (21 p. 100), les coliformes totaux avec 2,2 log UFC/cm2 (20 p. 100), les coliformes fécaux avec 2,0 log UFC/ cm2 (18 p. 100), et les staphylocoques avec 1,8 log UFC/cm2 (16 p. 100). La présence de souches de salmonelles et d’Escherichia coli a été détectée sur toutes les zones prélevées de la carcasse. La viande cameline de l’abattoir de Ouargla a présenté un niveau de contamination élevé par les germes pathogènes (salmonelles et staphylocoques). Une contamination fécale (E. coli) élevée a également été observée. De bonnes pratiques d’hygiène durant la phase d’abattage doivent être mises en œuvre afin de diminuer le niveau de contamination.

The construction of a civil engineering work requires many preliminary studies as well as various calculation methods to give an assessment or a forecast of the state of the rock in place and the behavior of the structure in its real environment and under various conditions (construction phase, service and operating phase). The present work concerns the access zone of the Dar-El-Oued tunnel, located on the national road n°43 about 40 km West of the city of Jijel (northeastern Algeria). The geotechnical study of this tunnel was carried out following the classification methods relating to underground structures. Through the results of this study we have determined the influence of land pressures on the mechanical behavior of the ground, which allowed us to measure the state of stress in the rock and to make a comparison between the results of the measurements of convergence and that of numerical modeling. On the other hand, the influence of the velocity of vibration induced by explosive shots has been discussed in order to check the stability of the face as the digging progresses. From the results obtained, it can be said that the surface displacements of the soil are relatively small compared to those determined by the numerical model at the level of the vault and the slab. Note the good agreement between the results provided by our numerical model and those obtained in-situ.

Soil reinforcement with inclusion has been used since the dawn of time, however, decisive progress in this area dates back only a few decades, When the techniques of soil reinforcement are passed to an industrial development with metallic inclusions then geosynthetic and for applications as well in embankments as in cuttings. Reinforced earth is one of the most used methods for soil strengthening. It is a relatively recent technique whose principle consists in associating with a cohesionless soil tensile reinforcements, which thus give the material an anisotropic cohesion in the direction of the reinforcements. Among the areas where the reinforced earth is currently experiencing a remarkable expansion, railway infrastructure, traditional means for the transport of passengers and goods, and which has never ceased to be the subject of technical progress. This progress based for a long time on the empiricism, allowed the progressive increase, as well speeds as tonnage by axle. However, the railway remains a privileged place of deformation under the effect of the repetitive application of loads. These deformations are largely related to the problem of ballast settlement, a problem whose causes are diverse and that we will try to study in the laboratory on a physical model in real size. The present work consists in experimentally analyzing the load-settlement relationships that exist during the introduction of stainless steel reinforcement into an unstable rail ballast under static vertical loading and to establish the conditions that lead to the reduction of recorded settlements in order to improve the stability of railway sleepers.

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Postprandial hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, as well as intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption were measured in 12 newborn camels. They were divided into four groups of three animals. Groups 1 and 2 received an i.v. infusion of synthetic human parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) or solvent alone, respectively. At the beginning of infusion, groups 1 and 2 received an oral administration of artificial milk. Groups 3 and 4 received i.v. injections of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) or of solvent, respectively. At the last injection, groups 3 and 4 received an oral administration of SrCl2. PTHrP induced a significant rise in postprandial hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. It had no significant effect on urinary volume or on Ca renal excretion, but it increased phosphorus (P) renal excretion. 1α,25(OH)2D3 induced a significant increase in plasma levels of strontium, Ca and P. 1α,25(OH)2D3 did not induce significant variations on the urinary volume nor on Ca, P, or Sr renal excretion. These results seem to show that PTHrP and 1α,25(OH)2D3 play a major role in bone growth of camel calves.

Compte-tenu de l'importance de la production de blé pour l'économie marocaine, les décideurs doivent disposer d'informations précises sur la production de blé tôt dans la saison afin d'anticiper les besoins en importation. Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé (1) les rendements en blé tendre (1983-2008) de la province de Settat (2) les précipitations et les températures mesurées sur la station de Settat ; (3) les indices de végétation NDVI à 10 jours du capteur AVHRR ; (4) plusieurs indices témoignant de la dynamique atmosphérique et les champs spatio-temporels de géopotentiels à 500$\:$hPa et (5) plusieurs indices témoignant de la dynamique des températures de surface des océans (TSO) ainsi que les champs spatio-temporel de TSO. Il a été démontré que les relations entre les précipitations et les températures à plusieurs stades critiques du développement du blé, d'une part, et les rendements en grain, d'autre part, sont également significatives au niveau de la province agricole. L'Oscillation Nord Atlantique au tout début de la saison de croissance en novembre est également liée aux rendements. Un motif spatial de corrélation intéressant a également été mis en évidence entre les champs de TSO dans l'Atlantique Equatorial et Tropical plus tôt dans l'année, et les rendements. Les potentialités de prévisions saisonnières des rendements en grains basée sur le climat à grande échelle sont analysées en comparant deux approches de régression (MLR, MVS). La prévisibilité est étudiée pour des modèles construits de décembre à mars avec des critères statistiques draconiens pour limiter la complexité des modèles. Le meilleur modèle est naturellement obtenu pour une prévision en mars avec un coefficient ajusté r² et une erreur quadratique moyenne de, respectivement, 0,92 et 2,0quintaux/hectare. En outre, l'approche MVS surpasse MLR pour tous les cas étudiés. Notre conclusion est que l'utilisation d'indices et de variables témoignant de la dynamique atmosphérique et océanique à l'échelle régionale peut permettre une prévision plus précoce qu'avec les prédicteurs classiquement utilisés pour le développement de ce type de modèles.

Plasma calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels, and content of these minerals in milk were measured in six thirdparity she-camels after i.v. administration of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25-(OH)2D3]. This steroid significantly (P < 0.05) increased plasma Ca and Pi levels from 94.2 ± 4.1 and 54 ± 2.5 mg/l, before the first calcitriol injection at 0 h, to 108.1 ± 3,4 and 63.5 ± 2.4 mg/l 24 h after end of treatment, respectively. Ca and Pi levels remained high until the end of the test. Intravenous administration of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 significantly (P < 0.05) increased Ca and Pi concentration and secretion in milk. Ca concentration and secretion of milk sampled every 12 h increased from 1080 ± 30 mg/l and 1100 ± 64 mg/12 h at 0 h, to 1218 ± 34 mg/l and 1240 ± 57 mg/12 h after the second injection, respectively. Those of Pi increased from 732 ± 66 mg/l and 754 ± 61 mg/12 h at 0 h, to 840 ± 38 mg/l and 890 ± 56 mg/12 h after the second injection, respectively. Ca and Pi contents and secretion in milk remained high (P < 0.05) until 12 h after treatment. These results showed that 1α,25-(OH)2D3 might affect the mammary gland of lactating camels. It increased Ca and Pi contents in milk without, however, significantly affecting milk production.