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The preservation of cultural and historic buildings is an important task for society. Historical buildings are prone to the appearance of numerous cracks and damage, therefore they require strengthening of their foundations and soils. Strengthening the foundations of historic buildings using injection methods is a technique used to improve and restore the foundations of old or damaged buildings. This method involves injecting special injection materials into the soil or foundation structure to improve its bearing capacity, stability and durability. The study of suspension flow with suspended solids in a porous medium is an integral part of ensuring the effectiveness of injection techniques. The paper considers a classical filtration model with a nonlinear filtration function. As a concentration function, a fifth-degree polynomial is used, describing the dimensional mechanism of particle capture in combination with the formation of arched partitions consisting of three or five particles blocking the pores. The considered problem with nonlinear filtration function and concentration function does not have an analytical solution, the paper presents its numerical solution using finite difference schemes. In addition to the numerical solution, expressions of analytical asymptotic solutions are obtained, which approximate the numerical solutions quite well even at sufficiently large values of time.

The article examines the socio-geographical definition of the competitiveness of a city, as well as the types of cities competitiveness. Based on the methodology for calculating the index of the city competitiveness, the competitiveness of the cities of Tatarstan Republic as part of the spatial system of the Russian Federation is determined. Based on the research results, the cities of the Republic of Tatarstan are ranked by the competitiveness index and by the number of specialized types of economic activity. The relevance of cities territorial studies is due to the socio-economic, ecological role of cities in the development of countries, constituent entities of the country. Cities are becoming centers of development, which gives rise to problems of territorial imbalances in socio-economic development. Cities are differentiated on the basis of demographic, economic, social, ecological parameters of their development and functioning. Therefore, there is an inequality of cities in their attractiveness for accommodating the population and for enhancing the functioning of the business community. There is a scientific and practical need to define such a concept as the competitiveness of cities.

The study examined the polymorphism of the glutathione peroxidase-1 gene (GPX-1, g. 189 T/C) effect on the GPx enzyme activity and biochemical parameters in the blood serum of Holstein cows of indigenous and foreign selection. The work was carried out in the Lenin Breeding Farm Integrated Agricultural Production Center (IAPC) and the Mukhametshin Z.Z. Peasant Farm Enterprise (PFE) of the Republic of Tatarstan. DNA genotyping by the locus of the Bos taurus GPX-1-Bsc4 I gene was performed by PCR-RFLP. As a result of genetic typing of cattle, 2 alleles (C and T) and 3 genotypes (CC, TC and TT) were identified. The classification carried out by PIC values in two populations of Holstein cattle showed that there is a moderate polymorphism of the GPX-1 gene. A negative inbreeding coefficient (F) indicates excessive outbreeding in both populations. In both populations, the numerical advantage of heterozygous genotype TC cows is 60.1 and 56.7 % of the total livestock. Indigenous breeding cows, compared with imported cattle had higher: GPx activity, AST, ALT, cholesterol level, total protein and albumin fraction. Analysis of the association between the GPX-1 gene polymorphism and the GPx enzyme level indicates that the activity of this enzyme varies depending on the genotype, and there is also a variation in the biochemical parameters of the Holstein cattle blood serum.

On the basis of differential equations of heat and mass conductivity and given boundary conditions the mathematical model describing the process of heating and birch bark impregnation with an extractant was developed. Experimental facilities for impregnation and determination of mass conductivity coefficient are created. Kinetic dependence of average concentration of toluene in birch bark during impregnation is obtained. The temperature dependence of toluene mass conductivity coefficient through birch bark was obtained on the setup for determination of mass conductivity. The analysis of kinetic curves of birch bark impregnation with toluene at different temperatures shows a considerable influence of temperature on the impregnation rate. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental data does not exceed 13%. The rational temperature of impregnation, which is 110 °С, has been determined. Optimum time of birch bark impregnation -10 minutes -has been determined. Developed mathematical model of the process of impregnation and heating of wood particles can be applied to organization of calculations of the process of extraction of biologically active substances from vegetable raw materials.

The article deals with the experience of creating airports on artificial islands in Japan. On the basis of ministerial and departmental statistics, available on the Statistics Bureau of Japan portal and on the websites of regional services of individual prefectures, the role of these airports in solving the country’s transport problems is considered. A definition of a maritime airport has been formulated and their share in the total number of airports, passenger and cargo turnover of all airports in the country has been determined. The peculiarities of seaports localization are revealed. The main phases of Kansai airport construction and the “three airport problem in the Kansai region” are considered.

The healing properties of extracts from sea buckthorn fruits have been confirmed by numerous studies, however, the infertile parts remaining after harvesting or after pruning young trees also contain valuable components. Leaves, bark, shoots and woody parts of sea buckthorn are very promising raw materials for the extraction of biologically active substances. The introduction of non-waste technologies, issues of resource conservation, the search for rational ways to isolate valuable components from the non-fruit part of sea buckthorn determined the relevance of this study. The choice of the optimal method for the extraction of non-fruit parts of sea buckthorn is aimed at accelerating heat and mass transfer processes and increasing the rate of diffusion extraction of biologically active substances. The paper reflects the results of experimental studies of traditional aqueous extraction of non-fruit parts of sea buckthorn, namely leaves, bark, shoots and wood, and the results of intensification of extraction by preliminary freezing of the feedstock. The influence of the raw material freezing rate on the size of the formed ice crystals is analyzed. It has been established that at a freezing rate of 0.1-1 cm/ h, large ice crystals form in the intercellular space of plant raw materials, causing mechanical damage to cellular structures and contributing to better leaching of biologically active substances, which is confirmed by experimental studies.

Research background: Globalization is a process of uniting the world into a single system of global properties. The globalization of the world economy finds expression in the process of the global space being altered where it transforms into a single zone open to the free and unrestricted movement of goods, services, information and capital. The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the unification of economic life rules and the transformation of the system of interstate regulation of global economic cooperation. There has been a disruption in technological, logistics and business chains resultant from the world’s leading national economies closing and many economic entities which operated in the “real economy” shutting down. These “pandemic-caused” factors have put substantial restrictions on the income of companies and their staff while also fueling unemployment. Purpose of the article: to research the company’s financial risks in the context of global changes caused by the pandemic. Methods: The study employs methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical data analysis as well as regression analysis. Findings & Value added: The main goal of the research is to study the main types of financial risks of an oil company, analyze the econometric model, and identify the main factors that affect the company’s solvency in the context of global changes.

In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, the relevance of the transition to remote forms of training has increased not only for part-time students, but also for full-time ones. Online learning, based on the use of various electronic educational platforms, differs significantly from the traditional system and completely changes the entire educational process, including the forms of knowledge acquisition, control and assessment. ELearning has many advantages, but it can only be considered as an addition to traditional forms of training. However, under the conditions of the pandemic, remote learning for a certain period of time became the only form of communication between students and teachers and showed alongside with its advantages its shortcomings as well. It turned out that higher education is not only technically, but also organizationally unprepared for the transition to online education. This work examines the main aspects of the remote learning system as a necessary and effective technology in the current conditions. At the same time, our task is to analyze the negative assessments that students give to the current state of remote education.

The aim of the work was to study serum biochemical parameters and qualitative composition of milk of cows with various genotypes of the LEP gene. The research was conducted in 148 Holstein cow-heifers of Integrated Agricultural Production Centre “Stud farm named after Lenin” of the Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Cattle genotyping was conducted by the AC-PCR method at the laboratory of the Department of Agrobiological Research of Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture of FRC KazanSC of RAS. The findings of allele and genotype calling of the LEP gene showed that the population under study is polymorphic and differs in genetic biodiversity. The study of serum biochemical parameters of experimental animals testified that the level of triglycerides, cholesterol and lipase is meaningfully lower in the blood of animals with the TT genotype. This indicates the rate of lipid metabolism in their body. During the analysis of milk productivity and parameters of the qualitative composition of milk, it was found that cow-heifers with the TT genotype of the LEP gene were superior to animals with other LEP gene genotypes in terms of milk yield for standard lactation (305 days), fat mass fraction, milk fat yield, milk fat and milk protein yield in total. Thus, it may be concluded that the TT genotype of the LEP gene has a positive effect on the economically important characters of cattle, which can be used in breeding in the future.

The aim of the work was to study the traits of dairy productivity of Holstein heifers with different genotypes of the paraoxonase-1 (PON1) gene. The research was conducted in 148 animals of Integrated Agricultural Production Centre “Stud farm named after Lenin” of Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Genotyping of cattle was carried out by the PCR-RFLP method at the laboratory of the Department of Agrobiological Research of Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. The results of allele and genotype calling of the PON1 gene showed that the study population is polymorphic and differs in genetic biodiversity. During the analysis of daity productivity, qualitative composition of milk and lactational activity, it was found that cow-heifers with the GG genotype of the PON1 gene were superior to animals with other genotypes in all the test parameters. Thus, it follows that the GG genotype of the PON1 gene has a positive effect on the economic characters of cattle, which can be used in breeding in the future.

Le maraîchage est actuellement un secteur où certaines pratiques d’agriculture moderne comme la culture pure et l’utilisation des produits de synthèse se développent, mais sont de plus en plus questionnées. L’évaluation de la durabilité de ces pratiques n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’études dans les régions montagneuses du Sud-Kivu, à l’Est de la République démocratique du Congo. Pour y remédier, la durabilité de 368 unités de production maraîchère choisies de manière aléatoire et stratifiée a été évaluée grâce à l’outil « Indicateur de la durabilité de la production maraîchère » (IPDM). Les résultats obtenus font ressortir trois types d’exploitations dont 44 % sont de grande taille, 52 % de taille moyenne et 5 % de petite taille. Il a été constaté que, sur un maximum de 100 points possibles, les exploitations de petite taille obtiennent des scores de durabilité de 60 %, 53 % et 57 % sur les trois dimensions respectives de la durabilité : agroécologique, socio-territoriale et économique. Sur toutes ces dimensions, les grandes exploitations n’atteignent pas 50 %. Ces résultats montrent que les grandes exploitations, plus modernes, sont cependant moins durables. Afin de pérenniser le maraîchage au Sud-Kivu, il apparaît donc nécessaire de promouvoir l’intensification écologique, la diversification intégrée et la promotion des intrants locaux auprès des différents types d’exploitation, et en particulier des plus grandes, engagées dans des techniques intensives mais peu durables.

The article considers the indices of studying all sides of readiness among weightlifters for model characteristics formation according to kinds of training. The results of the held research works in dynamics of several years help to choose the average values depending on weightlifters’ level of readiness, experience and age. The research work examined the cadets, who go in for kettlebell lifting at Tyumen Higher Military –Engineering Command School. We defined the level of weightlifters’ physical, functional, psycho-emotional readiness, working capacity and the indices of competitive activity. We analyzed four years of sports training among weightlifters. The article defines model values of the studied indices within the range of their deviations in the studied groups. The indices of the competitive exercise are distributed as phase, advanced and etalon model values. We substantiated the necessity to study model characteristics as the base for an effective training process correction at all stages of training. The held analysis helps to reveal that during recent years technical indices significantly increased. It proves the increased functional abilities of highly-qualified weightlifters, their physical readiness and the attention paid by coaches to this side of sports training.

The research presents the findings of DNA testing of allelic polymorphism by the PCR-RFLP method of the SCD1 gene and the relationship of genotypes with the milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows of Tatarstan population. The research was conducted among 172 Holstein cows at the Integrated Agricultural Production Centre “Stud farm named after Lenin” in Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2017–2018. All genotypes of the SCD1 gene were identified through the research. The milk yield test showed that the maximum content of the mass fraction of fat was in animals with the TT genotype. The significant difference between the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk in individuals by the locus of the SCD1-Fsp4H I gene was: TT to CC – 0.32 % (p < 0.05) and TT to TC – 0.40 % (p < 0.01). The results of chromatography indicate the balance of the milk fatty acid composition of cows with the TT genotype and, as a consequence, its positive effect on the human body. Cows with a homozygous TT genotype are characterized by the optimum ratio of fatty acids in milk fat. The maximum value of the oxygen desaturation index is also observed in animals with the TT genotype by the SCD1 gene.

The research presents the findings of DNA testing of allelic polymorphism by the AC-PCR method of the LEP gene. The research was conducted among 172 Holstein cows at Integrated Agricultural Production Centre “Stud farm named after Lenin” in Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2017–2018. All genotypes of the LEP gene were identified through the research. Associations of the leptin gene polymorphism with dynamics of milk production during three lactations of Holstein cows were established. The best indicators for all three lactations were found in a group of animals with the TT genotype of the LEP gene. These individuals are characterized by increased milk yield, a high yield index, and tend to increase the average daily milk yield during three lactations. These individuals are characterized by increased milk yield, a high milk yield index, and tend to increase the average daily milk yield during three lactations.

In 2018, studies were conducted to assess the impact of foliar feeding with complex fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of two soybean varieties. Weather conditions throughout the year were noted periodically dry in May, June and August. Metallocene® fertilizers with different mineral nutrition elements were used for soybean spraying. The fertilizers were used for spraying in the soybean beginning bloom stage. Epy control served as a variant without foliar feeding. It was found that the variety Annushka in the conditions of 2018 was more productive than the variety Milyaushaa. The difference between the varieties in the control was 0.3 t/ha. Low yield in the control sample was associated with the negative effect of drought on the existing root system and the nudeles on it. Spraying Annushka crops by Metallocene® A with copper has high positive effect on the yield. The yield increase from this fertilizer was 0.72 t/ha. In case with Milyaushaa, the best indicators were achieved by Metallocene® D spraying with manganese. In case the yield increased by 0.79 t/ha. The use of foliar feeding had positive effect on soybean seed size. The maximum 1000 seed weight Annushka was for Metallocene® A with copper. For Milyaushaa the largest seeds were when using Metallocene® D with manganese. Foliar feeding by Metallocene® D with manganese had positive effect on phosphorus accumulation in seeds.

The study presents the results obtained in DNA testing of allelic polymorphism by PCR-RFLP based methods for the leptin and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase genes and the interaction of their complex genotypes on the milk productivity indicators of Holstein heifers of Tatarstan population. The study was carried out among 471 Holstein cow-heifers by Integrated Agricultural Production Centre “Stud farm named after Lenin” of Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2016–2018. All complex LEP/SCD1 genotypes were identified through the study. The maximum frequency was observed in the combination of heterozygous genotypes LEPTCSCD1TC 149 animals (31.5 %). Milk productivity test, based on the complex genotypes LEP and SCD1, showed that a significantly high level of productivity for 305 days of lactation was 7314.4 kg, and in heifers with a complex genotype LEPTTSCD1CC was minimal (6337.4 kg) in comparison with indicators of milk yield of heifers with other complex genotypes. According to the content of the mass fraction of fat, reliably the best indicators were established in a subpopulation of animals with a complex TT/TC genotype 3.87 %. The content of the mass fraction of protein was maximal for animals with a complex CC/CC genotype.

Today, the limitations of traditional energy sources based on oil, natural gas and coal are becoming obvious. Therefore, the search for new sources of energy is a pressing issue both for modern Russia and for the whole world. The alternative sources of energy, based on the use of bioenergy of biomass, begin to play a significant and growing role in the world energy industry. The article presents the curves of changes in the mass yield of products obtained during the pyrolysis of biomass, thermally pre-treated in the temperature range of 180-270 °C without access of oxygen. It has been experimentally proved that pre-heat treatment reduced the total liquid yield in the pyrolysis process: with an increase in the processing temperature, the mass yield of the liquid decreased, but the mass yield of charcoal and gas changed slightly. At the same time, it was found that the temperature affected the yield of the elemental composition of biomass: as the temperature increased, the content of elemental carbon in the biomass increased, while the content of hydrogen and oxygen decreased. It is concluded that the preliminary heat treatment of biomass can improve the quality of the final liquid biofuel by reducing the water content in it and by increasing the heat of combustion. It is also found that pressure reduction during the pyrolysis process increased the yield of the liquid fraction of decomposition products.

We have analyzed the dynamics of Russian energy exports with an outlook up to 2040. This paper justifies the need to diversify Russian energy supplies to the Asia-Pacific countries and defines the areas of mutually beneficial relations. It also considers the positive effects of mutual cooperation projects, possible risks, and the conditions for their mitigation.

The filtration problem is one of the most relevant in the design of retaining hydraulic structures, water supply channels, drainage systems, in the drainage of the soil foundation, etc. Construction of transport tunnels and underground structures requires careful study of the soil properties and special work to prevent dangerous geological processes. The model of particle transport in the porous rock, which is based on the mechanical-geometric interaction of particles with a porous medium, is considered in the paper. The suspension particles pass freely through large pores and get stuck in small pores. The deposit concentration increases, the porosity and the permissible flow of particles through large pores changes. The model of one-dimensional filtration of a monodisperse suspension in a porous medium with variable porosity and fractional flow through accessible pores is determined by the quasi-linear equation of mass balance of suspended and retained particles and the kinetic equation of deposit growth. This complex system of differential equations has no explicit analytical solution. An equivalent differential equation is used in the paper. The solution of this equation by the characteristics method yields a system of integral equations. Integration of the resulting equations leads to a cumbersome system of transcendental equations, which has no explicit solution. The system is solved numerically at the nodes of a rectangular grid. All calculations are performed for non-linear filtration coefficients obtained experimentally. It is shown that the solution of the transcendental system of equations and the numerical solution of the original hyperbolic system of partial differential equations by the finite difference method are very close. The obtained solution can be used to analyze the results of laboratory research and to optimize the grout composition pumped into the porous soil.

The study of fluid filtration with solid impurities in a porous medium is necessary for the construction of tunnels, hydraulic structures and underground storage of radioactive waste. The model of deep bed filtration of a monodisperse suspension in a homogeneous porous medium with variable porosity and permeability is considered. An asymptotic solution is constructed at the porous medium outlet. Calculations show the proximity of the high order asymptotics to the numerical solution.

The filtration problems are actual in the design of underground storage facilities for hazardous waste. When the grout is injected into the porous soil, the fluid penetrates deep into the rock and, when solidified, blocks the pores. A model of suspension flow with 2-size particles moving with different velocities in a porous medium is considered. The proposed model of deep bed filtration generalizes the known equations of mass balance and particle capture kinetics for a fluid flow with various particles. The injection of a suspension with periodically changing concentration is considered. Exact and asymptotic solutions are obtained. The asymptotics rapidly converges to the numerical solution.

The filtration problem of a suspension in a porous medium is relevant for the construction industry. In the design of hydraulic structures, construction of waterproof walls in the ground, grouting the loose soil, it is necessary to calculate the transfer and deposition of solid particles by the fluid flow. A one-dimensional filtration problem of a monodisperse suspension in a porous medium with a size-exclusion capture mechanism is considered. It is assumed that as the deposit grows, the porosity and admissible flow of particles through the porous medium change. The solution of the initial filtration model and the equivalent equations are calculated. For the numerical calculation of the problem, both standard first-order finite difference formulas and more accurate second-order schemes were used. The obtained solutions are compared with the results given by the TVD-scheme.

We needed to determine physical and mechanical characteristics of elastomeric bearings in order to create an accurate design models for structures mounted on elastomeric bearings. Methods and results of comparative tests for horizontal stiffness of elastomeric bearings, that were carried out both on real-size specimens and smaller scale models, are shown in the following article. Tests on real-size specimens were undertaken to prove the trustworthiness of test results acquired on smaller scale models.

The filtration problem describes the process of concreting loose soil with a liquefied concrete solution. The filtration of 2-types particles suspension in a homogeneous porous medium with a size-exclusion particles retention mechanism is considered. The difference in the filtration coefficients of 2-types particles leads to the separation of the filtration domain into two zones, in one of which two types of particles are deposited and in another – only particles of one type are deposited. In this paper, the mobile boundary of two zones is calculated, and numerical solution of the problem is calculated.

The influence of groundwater filtration on soil strength should be taken into account in the design and construction of bases and foundations. The mathematical model of the filtration of a monodisperse suspension in a heterogeneous porous medium is considered, which takes into account the change in porosity and permeability in the formation of a deposit. A numerical solution of the problem is obtained by finite differences method.

The structure of underground waters and water permeability of rocks must be taken into account when choosing the location of construction objects, the design of tunnels, hydraulic and underground structures. The model of filtration for suspension in solid porous medium during its displacement with clean water is considered. The numerical calculation of boundary of two phases is carried out and concentrations of suspended and retained particles are calculated for different values of porosity and permeability of the porous medium.

Abstract. In May 2019, remarks by the then Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi implying Iran might ask Afghans to leave the country as U.S. sanctions tightened sparked widespread criticism from various segments of Iranian society. Critics from civil society and political factions accused Araghchi of using Afghans as leverage to extract concessions from Europe, and ignoring revolutionary ideals. Drawing on literature emphasising the role of mobilities in shaping the state, we posit that migration politics and related social dynamics are an integral element in state formation in post-revolutionary Iran, offering insights into the nature of Iran’s political system. We argue that the Islamic Republic’s immigration and asylum politics reflect both the revolutionary legacy and a political system striving for normalization, looking at how Iran’s migration regime was formed, encompassing the institutionalization of migration governance, ad hoc policies, migration diplomacy, conflicting political factions, and bottom-up social pressures.

Writing is the foundation of real formal task which allows writers to engage in real communication outside the classroom. Thus, formal letter writing is a range whereby learners get engaged in a wide range of writing tasks not limited to corrective facts but also the language used outside of the classroom. This study emphasises on the use of interdiscursivity through learners’ group discussion when writing a formal letter. A qualitative method was employed in this study whereby the participants’ discussions on the process of formal letter writing were recorded. The recordings were then transcribed and analysed. The transcriptions revealed how interdiscursivity could be used as an efficient strategy for formal letter writing. The findings of this study can aid academicians in devising instructional strategies and materials for the teaching of writing formal letter writing. This study implicates that interdiscusivity has a role in learner’s discussion when writing a formal letter.

Although legally justifiable, increasing restrictions on movement and work for refugees in Iran have detrimental effects for the refugees.

In this article are discussed the impact of digitalization of the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the development of a quality management system for the textiles industry.

Veṅkaṭanātha, also known as Vedānta Deśika, is one of the most significant figures of Indian philosophy of the 13th-14th centuries. His contribution to viśiṣṭādvaita-vedānta allowed to establish it finally as a philosophical system. Deśika justified its doctrines and defended the teachings of his predecessors from the criticism of other philosophical schools, especially, Śaṅkara’s advaita-vedānta. Before the advent of the works of Deśika, which are about 120, the followers of viśiṣṭādvaita of Rāmānuja paid attention mainly to theological aspects of the teaching. We present the main concepts of the Veṅkaṭanātha’s philosophical teaching and analyze his contribution to the development of viśiṣṭādvaita in this article. The main tasks and problems which had been solved by this philosopher in his treaties were described, three important ontological concepts were outlined: the concept of substance and attribute, the theory of relation and the concept of cause and effect. Six types of substance and its theories were consecutively considered (God - īśvara, the individual soul - jīva, knowledge - jñāna, the transcendental substance - nitya-vibhūti, time - kāla and matter - prakṛti), its division on the conscious and non-conscious, material and non-material entities. The theory of knowledge was reviewed in details: the essence of knowledge and its functional characteristics were defined as well as the question of true knowledge.

Hydrocracking is a chemical process used in petroleum refineries for converting high boiling hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable lower boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil that operate at high temperature and pressure. Catalyst was used in hydrocracking to reduce temperature and pressure. Hydrocracking catalyst are composed of active components and support. Alumina is widely used in hydrocracking process as catalyst support due to its high surface area, high thermal stability, and low prices. The objective of this research was preparated NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst that used as hydrocracking catalyst. Catalyst was synthesized by wetness impregnation method and simple heating method with various kind of Al2O3. The physicochemical properties of catalyst were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine type of crystal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine morphology of the catalyst. The NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate exhibited the highest crystallinity of 90.23% and it is clear that MoO3 and NiO crystallites are highly dispersed on the NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst which indicates as the best catalyst. The catalytic activity in hydrocracking process was successfully examined to convert fatty acid into hydrocarbon.