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O artigo tem como objetivo analisar as investigações sobre alfabetização e letramento realizadas com crianças na pré-escola e publicadas no período de 2012 a 2022 no Brasil. Trata-se de uma investigação do tipo estado do conhecimento. Para tanto, foram definidas as seguintes unidades de análise: práticas de letramento e mediação docente; práticas de leitura e escrita com as crianças; práticas de letramento com as crianças; avaliação do conhecimento das crianças sobre a linguagem escrita; letramento literário; uso da tecnologia para a alfabetização e o letramento das crianças. A partir das análises, foi possível inferir a relevância da mediação docente, do planejamento e de práticas contextualizadas, significativas e sistemáticas envolvendo leitura e escrita na pré-escola.

This study aimed to detect soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in lettuce using images obtained by multispectral sensors mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A secondary objective was to identify the best sensor and determine the optimal stage after inoculation to detect infected plants. In the field, soft rot lesions and the agronomic traits of lettuce plants inoculated or not with the bacteria were assessed on different days after inoculation (DAI). Classifications were made using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naive Bayes (NB) algorithms to analyze data groups consisting of spectral bands, vegetation indices and a combination of bands and indices obtained from a conventional visible camera and Mapir Survey3W multispectral camera, as well as agronomic parameters. The results confirmed the possibility of pre-symptomatic detection of P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in lettuce at the canopy level. With respect to identifying healthy and infected lettuce plants by supervised classification, the best results were obtained at 4 and 8 DAI, especially when using the subsets derived from the Mapir Survey3W camera (RGN sensor), for both classifiers. The subsets obtained with the conventional visible sensor (RGB sensor) produced the best results at 20 and 24 DAI.

Based on the theories of social representation (SC) and Central Core (CC), a structural study was undertaken regarding the neologism hanseníase (Hansen's disease), the term adopted by Brazil's Ministry of Health in the 1970s. Carried out during 2001, this study interviewed eight hundred housewives residing in the Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias municipalities. It found that Hansen's disease is part of a process of modernization of common thinking, anchored in the traditional representation of leprosy. This finding is understandable from the perspective that the central structure of a social representation has a historical determination, so short- and middle-term changes are not to be expected. Furthermore, there has been no ongoing investment in social marketing to make the new terminology more widely known. The authors discuss the relation between social representation and the concept of the history of mentalities.