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Biomass briquettes have been made as an alternative energy source from cow dung waste. Molasses and starch were used as binder material with a carbonization temperature of 400 °C for 2 hours. The work aims to produce biomass briquettes with the best heating value based on analysis of composition effect and type of binder on the briquette with calorific value. The heat test results showed that briquettes with 10% sugar cane binding content produced the highest calorific value of 3907.5 calories/gram. Sugar cane drops become the better binder than starch in biomass briquettes production.

A high technology often is required by electrospinning device to produce a nanoscale fibre. This requirement results in difficulties to get the device simple design and operate with reasonable price. This paper presents the work to implement design of the electrospinning system. This electrospinning system consists of a main construction body, an electrical power supply to provide a voltage source direct current form, a syringe pump and a flat collector. The main body are made of acrylic with knockdown construction since acrylic is an easy material to shape. The power supply has a simple main single switch with high ferite transformer to produce high dc voltage through a diode – capacitor filtering. A used medical syringe has been modified as an injection pump to spray the materials into fibre form. A simple flat metal has been reconstructed to be electrode – ground collector to receive fibre product. The test was carried out using polyaniline materials. The general parameters in the production process are resolution of the spraying rate µℓ / minute and the power supply provide electricity in kiloVolt. The result of fibre production observed by using SEM shows that the electrospinning device successfully produces fibres on a nanometer scale.

Preparation of PVA-Collagen nanofiber plaster production begin by repairing the skin of catfish, then collagen is extracted with distilled water. Extracted collagen need to be frozen dry so that collagen can be obtained in the form of sheets, powder, or crystals. The next step is the production of PVA-Collagen nanofiber, a 10% solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is mixed with a previously prepared extracted collagen and stirred until it forms a homogeneous mixture. Next, PVA-Collagen nanofiber is formed by the electrospinning method. The results of characterization using FTIR found three main groups in six variations: amide group A; amide I; and amide II. Amide A has a wave number in the range 3300-3440 cm-1, amide I is in the range 1625-1690 cm-1, and amide II is in the range of 1480-1575 cm-1. Characterization was carried out to determine the surface morphology of the observation in the sample using Photomicrograph (200 µm) with magnification 10x, produced fiber diameter formed in variations of PVA-Collagen 1% 116-120 µm while in the variation of PVA-Collagen 1% + Chitosan 10 drops in diameter 41-50 µm.