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Methylene blue liposomes (MB-LPs) intended for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of ovarian cancer were formulated with a negatively charged nucleolipid and phosphatidylcholine using the lipidic film technique followed by an extrusion step. MB-LPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), colloidal stability, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Visible spectroscopy and cellular studies. MB-LPs were spherical nano-objects with sizes obtained by DLS and TEM between 120 and 130 nm. MB-LPs showed a PDI near 0.10, a negative zeta potential near -42 mV and an encapsulation efficiency around 57 %. Characteristic peaks from ionic interactions of nucleolipids encapsulation of methylene blue were confirmed by FT-IR. Colloidal stability of MB-LPs was slightly affected in complex ionic media, sizes, PDI and ZP remained stable for 4 weeks at all storage temperature tested, allowing a potential use for in vitro and in vivo assays. The use of MB-LPs allowed slightly higher PDT activity based on the production of ROS against SKOV-3 ovarian cancer as compared to MB alone, a reduction of MB dark toxicity and a better protection against oxidation-reduction reactions.

James Joyce’s enthusiasm for music is proverbial, not to mention the long-acknowledged importance of music that is at the core of his creative process. His works are replete with references to Opera, classical music and song. The way Joyce deploys language denotes the temporal dissonance of modernity while evoking a disjunction with the past. James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (1939) could well be viewed as a musical composition in its own right. In Finnegans Wake, nostalgia expresses the impossibility of a mythical return to the prelapsarian unity of time and space. The dissonant clatter in Joyce’s Wake signals the break with that previous state of harmony. Joyce’s last novel oozes with an awareness in every word and phrase, in every rhythm and pause. The aural dimension of the words questions the status of language itself as the written text makes audible the dissonance that is at the core of a once harmonious cultural landscape. Furthermore, Joyce was deeply concerned with the musicality of the word that enabled him to play on the non-lexical properties of music. Following Ezra Pound—who believed that the poet’s duty was to learn music—and Ludwig Wittgenstein for whom reading was like listening to music, the present paper will first attempt to tease out some of the musical fragments, allusions, references and structures in Joyce’s novel, before pointing to music as both a modality of self-reflexivity and a mirror of the historical moment in which he produced his work of art.

La base de données du registre de dialyse péritonéale de langue française (RDPLF) est constituée de plusieurs modules spécialisés et interconnectés. Depuis 1980, les centres du RDPLF ont enregistré les principaux aspects de la formation infirmière, pour plus de 16.000 patients, dans un module infirmier destiné aux équipes soignantes. Nous rapportons une analyse descriptive des informations incluses dans le module infirmier du RDPLF sur les deux années 2022 et 2023, afin d’éviter le biais qui aurait pu être présent pendant la période de pandémie de SRAS Cov2 qui a précédé. Afin d’avoir une population homogène, nous n’avons inclus que des patients de France métropolitaine. L’âge moyen des patients était de 69,5±16 ans. Il était plus élevé en dialyse péritonéale continue ambulatoire (69,7 ans) qu’en dialyse péritonéale automatisée (DPA) (57,8 ans). Les patients autonomes représentaient 60% de la population étudiée. La majorité des patients savaient adapter leurs fluides à leur état clinique. Une modification des informations enregistrées dans le module sera nécessaire pour l’adapter aux outils de formation modernes.

Dans le cadre d’un accord de partenariat entre l’ISPD et le RDPLF, le RDPLF est le traducteur français officiel des recommandations de l’ISPD. La traduction ne donne lieu à aucune compensation financière de la part de chaque société et le RDPLF s’engage à traduire fidèlement le texte original sous la responsabilité de deux néphrologues connus pour leur expertise dans le domaine. Avant publication le texte a été soumis à l’accord de l’ISPD. La traduction est disponible sur le site de l’ISPD et dans le Bulletin de la Dialyse à Domicile. Cette traduction est, comme l’original, librement téléchargeable sous licence copyright CC By 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Cette traduction est destinée à aider les professionnels de la communauté francophone à prendre connaissance des recommandations de l’ISPD dans leur langue maternelle. Toute référence dans un article doit se faire au texte original en accès libre: Peritoneal Dialysis International https://doi.org/10.1177/08968608231172740. Dans les articles rédigés pour des revues françaises, conserver la référence à la version originale anglaise ci-dessus, mais ajouter « traduction française : https://doi.org/10.25796/bdd.v7i2.83883

La innovación educativa ocupa un lugar central en el discurso pedagógico contemporáneo. La innovación se asocia a la introducción de mejoras educativas de distinta naturaleza, pero también, y en un sentido más amplio, a la configuración de la escuela como institución educativa moderna. A pesar de que tiende a ser concebida como un proceso bottom-up, e incluso espontaneo, la innovación educativa ha adquirido una gran centralidad en la agenda pública y en la política educativa gubernamental en algunos contextos. Este es el caso de Cataluña, donde la propuesta de la innovación ha devenido un eje vertebrador de la acción política y administrativa en educación desde aproximadamente el año 2017 hasta la actualidad. En este artículo, combinamos diferentes teorías del proceso de políticas públicas para analizar cómo el discurso de la innovación ha penetrado en la agenda de la política educativa catalana. Las teorías del proceso de políticas nos permiten analizar la construcción de problemas educativos y sus soluciones, y las condiciones en que determinadas soluciones tienen más probabilidades de irrumpir en la agenda pública. Desde una aproximación centrada en el rastreo del proceso (process tracing), los resultados del estudio muestran cómo en Cataluña la propuesta de la innovación educativa se define por oposición a una educación transmisora de conocimientos y centrada en el profesorado (calificada a menudo como ‘educación tradicional’) y, en tanto que solución, promueve las ideas de personalización del aprendizaje y de educación competencial. Gracias a su aparente sencillez, pero también a su ambigüedad, la idea de la innovación ha operado como un 'coalition magnet' con capacidad de atraer actores educativos que antes operaban por separado y de organizarlos alrededor de una alianza pro-innovación con una influyente agenda de ‘transformación educativa’. Esto, junto a la viabilidad de la propuesta, que emerge en un escenario político y económico singular, ha permitido que la innovación devenga buque insignia y elemento aglutinador de la política educativa catalana reciente.

In the first issue of Emblematica, Peter M. Daly highlighted the importance of the emblem in 16th- and 17th- century literature. According to him, the emblem was used in virtually all forms of verbal and visual communication at the time. Its fortune rested largely on the fact that it was based on the homology of two languages: one textual, the other pictorial. In this respect, the poetical works of John Donne seem a perfect example of the influence of emblems in Elizabethan and Jacobean poetry. The eminently visual and tactile character of his poetry rests on the conceptual foundation of ut pictura poesis. According to Rosemond Tuve, this “poetics” of the image “emphasized graphic liveliness” in metaphysical and Baroque poetry. The present study will examine, through what may be described as an archaeological reading, the resurgence of the emblem in the Songs and Sonets, the Elegies, the versified letters (Letters to severall personages) and in Donne's satirical poem Metempsychosis, and it will also try to identify the emblematic sources that inspired the poet’s Elizabethan and Jacobean Imaginotheca while revealing the specificity of the emblem in his works.

Alf was created by Paul Fusco and Ed Weinberger and broadcast on the NBC network from September 1986 to March 1990. Over the course of the series's four seasons, we follow the weird and wacky adventures of an alien from the planet Melmac whose spaceship crashed into the garage of an average American family: the Tanners. The latter decide to harbour the strange little creature and hide him to prevent the army from seizing him and using him as a guinea pig. According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, this alien is the sitcom character par excellence. The first point of this article will be to define the specific features of television puppets, before presenting the character of Alf himself in greater detail. Secondly, I will attempt to highlight the mise en abyme of television within the sitcom itself. The television as object plays a central role in the show’s narrative structure. It serves as a revealing mirror of sorts, notably on the way in which American television and the major networks of the 1980s worked and developed. Finally, using a few examples chosen from the episodes of the show’s first two seasons, I will try to demonstrate how Alf may also be viewed as an echo chamber of the political, social and economic issues that peppered the Reagan/Bush years.

Almost all (99%) of the patients treated by peritoneal dialysis in France are registered in the RDPLF database. Apart from any statistical analysis aimed at interpreting the figures, this work is a report of the raw data observed in the population of Stage V renal failure patients treated by peritoneal dialysis since the beginning of the Covid epidemic and in the two years preceding it. Since the beginning of the epidemic, these data seem to show a decrease in the incidence of peritoneal dialysis treatment and an increase in transfers to center-based hemodialysis. In addition, there has been a decrease in the number of registrations on the transplant waiting list and a decrease in the number of transplants. While the temporary decrease in transplantation activity may be explained by the disorganization caused by the epidemic in the hospitals, a decrease in the number of indications for home dialysis probably merits further reflection on its causes, especially since this result is in contrast with trends in other countries. This report is intended to encourage more precise studies on the value of home dialysis during the epidemic.

Dans le cadre d’un accord de partenariat entre l’ISPD et le RDPLF, le RDPLF est le traducteur français officiel des recommandations de l’ISPD. La traduction ne donne lieu à aucune compensation financière de la part de chaque société et le RDPLF s’engage à traduire fidèlement le texte original sous la responsabilité de deux néphrologues connus pour leur expertise dans le domaine. Avant publication le texte a été soumis à l’accord de l’ISPD. La traduction est disponible sur le site de l’ISPD et dans le Bulletin de la Dialyse à Domicile. Cette traduction est, comme l’original, librement téléchargeable sous licence copyright CC By 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Cette traduction est destinée à aider les professionnels de la communauté francophone à prendre connaissance des recommandations de l’ISPD dans leur langue maternelle. Toute référence dans un article doit se faire au texte original en accès libre: Peritoneal Dialysis International https://doi.org/10.1177/08968608231172740. Dans les articles rédigés pour des revues françaises, conserver la référence à la version originale anglaise ci-dessus, mais ajouter « traduction française : https://doi.org/10.25796/bdd.v6i2.79043

We present primary descriptive data in the form of tables and graphs for patients treated with home hemodialysis in France and French-speaking Belgium in 2022. These data were recorded in the database of the French-speaking Register of Peritoneal Dialysis and Home Hemodialysis (RDPLF). The average age of the patients is similar in both countries: 52.7 years in France and 54.7 years in Belgium. The percentage of patients with diabetes is 25.6% in Belgium and 18.5% in France. The majority of patients undergo daily hemodialysis 5 to 7 times per week. Of the patients, 11% have received peritoneal dialysis in the past. Of these, 23.5% transitioned to home hemodialysis less than 3 months after stopping peritoneal dialysis, while 23.6% transitioned after 2 years of center-based or self-administered hemodialysis. Practices differ between Belgium and France. In Belgium, a central catheter is used in 57.5% of cases, compared to 8.5% in France. For arteriovenous fistula puncture, the buttonhole technique is used in 91% of cases in Belgium and 47.8% of cases in France. In Belgium, 70% of patients dialyze independently, while in France, 71% of patients dialyze in the presence of a family member. The main cause of treatment discontinuation is transplantation (44% of technical dropout).

We present the main descriptive data of patients treated by peritoneal dialysis in France in 2022 in the form of tables and graphs. Patients from DROM-TOM and other French-speaking countries and regions of the RDPLF will be described in a future issue in order to group together regions with similar socio-economic and climatic characteristics. Since the SARS-Cov2 epidemic in 2020 and the three years that followed, the number of patients treated by peritoneal dialysis in France has decreased by 6.7%, but with significant regional variations ranging from +20% to -30%. Vascular (23.5%) and diabetic (20.5%) nephropathies are the most numerous. The average age for CAPD is 70 years and 58 years for APD 36% of patients are assisted by a nurse and 5% by a family member. The average waiting time for transplant patients was 20 months. There is a great difference in the technique of catheter placement with a catheter survival of 72% at 5 years.

Peritonitis is the most important therapy-related complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Monthly or quarterly PD peritonitis rate statistics are used to identify special cause variation within or between individual PD centres, to highlight any need for quality improvement. Unfortunately, many PD centres do not accurately “patient flow” (i.e., when patients start and finish on PD), and therefore cannot measure PD peritonitis rate. In this study, we validate an estimating formula for month-on-month annualised PD peritonitis rate, that calculates time-at-risk from “patient stock” (i.e., the number of prevalent patients on PD at the beginning and end of the month). We compared centers’ estimated peritonitis rates with gold-standard measurements in the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry / New Zealand PD Registry, and Le Registre de Dialyse Péritonéale de Langue Française et hémodialyse à domicile. A total of 268 centers from 9 countries with 1,020,260 patient-months of follow-up and 19,669 episodes of peritonitis were modeled. Overall agreement was excellent between estimates and gold-standard measurements with a concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.998 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.998-0.998) in both registries. There was statistically significant lower agreement for smaller centers, although the CCC was still greater than 0.995. There were no instances of clinically significant misclassification of centers as being compliant or non-compliant with PD peritonitis standards with the use of the estimating formula. The simplified method of calculating the PD peritonitis rate is accurate and will allow more centers around the world to measure, report, and work on reducing PD peritonitis rates.

Informations concernant cette traduction Dans le cadre d’un accord de partenariat entre l’ISPD et le RDPLF, le RDPLF est le traducteur français officiel des recommandations de l’ISPD (https://doi.org/10.25796/bdd.v4i3.63033). La traduction ne donne lieu à aucune compensation financière de la part de chaque société et le RDPLF s’engage à traduire fidèlement le texte original sous la responsabilité de deux néphrologues connus pour leur expertise dans le domaine. Avant publication le texte a été soumis à l’accord de l’ISPD. La traduction est disponible sur le site de l’ISPD et dans le Bulletin de la Dialyse à Domicile. Cette traduction est, comme l’original, libremement téléchargeable sous licence copyright CC By 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Cette traduction est destinée à aider les professionnels de la communauté francophone à prendre connaissance des recommandations de l’ISPD dans leur langue maternelle. Toute référence dans un article doit se faire au texte original en accès libre : Peritoneal Dialysis International https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/08968608221080586 Dans les articles rédigés pour des revues françaises, conserver la référence à la version originale anglaise ci dessus, mais ajouter «version française https://doi.org/10.25796/bdd.v5i2.66003 Traducteurs Dr Christian Verger, néphrologue, président du RDPLF RDPLF, 30 rue Sere Depoin, 95300 Pontoise – France Professeur Max Dratwa, néphrologue CHU Brugmann – Bruxelles – Belgique

Agricultural policies aimed at developing crops that take into account local biodiversity remain marginal. To define what should be considered in the return to "local cereals" in response to climate change, we put into perspective the results of two interdisciplinary projects conducted in dry areas of Senegal and India. The first, located in the Senegalese Sahel, « Relier la diversité agricole à la qualité de l’alimentation par l’analyse sociale des pratiques féminines et de l’alimentation “(DIVA), aimed to analyze the impacts of rice intensification on agricultural and food biodiversity, and the second located in the dry zone of the Deccan (South India), "Accompagner l'adaptation de l'agriculture irriguée au changement climatique" (ATCHA), studied the adaptations of irrigated agriculture to climate change, 30 years after the Green Revolution (GR). The cross-sectional analysis was conducted through the lens of the irrigated rice and rainfed sorghum cereal pair, with a focus on women's activities related to these crops. This analysis revealed strong links between the agro-environmental consequences of the agricultural changes analyzed, their food translations and the cultural losses that result: the intensification of rice in the Senegal River Valley and of VR in India not only cause a decline in the agricultural biodiversity of local cereals, but also damage the adaptive capacities and nutritional quality of meals and the quality of life. Focusing on women's activities also highlights their own difficulties in maintaining agricultural and food diversity. Yet these cereal-based systems are "resilient" in terms of local varieties and associated knowledge, as evidenced by the return of the ‘millets system’, Indian millets and sorghums marginalized by GR, promoted in some states of India under the impetus of socio-political movements in response to climate change.

Cholesterol crystal embolisms disease (CED) is a systemic disease characterized by tissue ischemia and microinflammation related to occlusion of arterioles by microemboli from ulcerated atheromatous plaques. The kidney is one of the most affected organs, often requiring dialysis. Our study examines the outcomes of a cohort of patients with CED treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). As anticoagulants can favor emboli, peritoneal dialysis may theoretically have an advantage. From the database of the French Language Peritoneal Dialysis Registry (RDPLF), between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2021, we selected patients treated with PD for >90 days and with an age >18 years. On the basis of the variables of patient autonomy, diabetes, BMI, modified Charlson index, age, sex, pre-PD treatment, causes of death, causes of transfer to hemodialysis, and peritonitis, three types of survival were estimated (patient, technical, and composite). After adjustment by propensity scores and taking into account competitive risks, 2 groups of patients were constituted on the basis of baseline nephropathy: emboli group vs. control group. Patient survival and strict technical survival are not associated with the type of nephropathy (CED versus others). Composite technical survival (uncensored for deaths and transfers to hemodialysis) was only associated with cholesterol emboli nephropathy in the multivariate analysis adjusted for diabetes, autonomy, and age of the patient at the start of the dialysis treatment (p=0.011; 95% CI [0.736 [0.581-0.931]]). Our study from the RDPLF database shows no difference in technical and patient survival in a cohort of patients with CED vs. a control group. It also confirms that PD may represent an adequate choice in this pathology.

Informations concernant cette traduction Dans le cadre d’un accord de partenariat entre l’ISPD et le RDPLF, le RDPLF est le traducteur français officiel des recommandations de l’ISPD. La traduction ne donne lieu à aucune compensation financière de la part de chaque société et le RDPLF s’est engagé à traduire fidèlement le texte original sous la responsabilité de deux néphrologues connus pour leur expertise dans le domaine. Avant publication le texte a été soumis à l’accord de l’ISPD. La traduction est disponible sur le site de l’ISPD et dans le Bulletin de la Dialyse à Domicile. Le texte est, comme l’original, libremement téléchargeable sous licence copyright CC By 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Cette traduction est destinée à aider les professionnels de la communauté francophone à prendre connaissance des recommandations de l’ISPD dans leur langue maternelle.

A reprint of an essay from ODO: Journal of Yoruba and Related Studies, Jan­uary, 1955, No. l.

This article relies on short field works realized in different public spaces in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria. It provides a reflection on young Western white female students’ integration in these public spaces and in their research groups. We try to understand to what extent our position may have been both restrictive and useful for the understanding of our fieldworks.

The infamous star of John Waters’ underground movies, Divine (Harris Glenn Milstead), had become during the 1970s and 1980s the cross-dressing icon of a generation. His outrageous camp attire and acting skills contributed to the blurring of identity stability in a world where the sexual revolution of the late Sixties had already opened up a new frontier in terms of sexual practices and contributed to the gay and lesbian liberation. As Bernard Jay notes, the attraction of Divine lay in his colourful parody of rigid gender roles and conventional sexual morality. It is my intention to examine an aspect of Divine’s artistic career which is seldom explored by critics: his stage acting. The present paper will focus on the parts he played in two of Tom Eyen’s plays, while alluding to his roles in John Waters’ films. The present article will examine Divine’s performance in Women Behind Bars (1974) and The Neon Woman (1978), before considering the cultural rift which underpinned both plays. It will then try to assess the effect Divine had on his audiences in terms of gender stereotypes and gender perception. This paper contends that the different characters impersonated by Divine in his films tapped into Divine’s stage performances. These performances also shed light on what Marjorie Garber describes as the deconstructive nature of the transvestite performance that challenges the identity imposed upon one by society as it deconstructs gender by revealing its artificial nature.

Since the 1970s, new concepts have been beginning to emerge to recreate synergies between town and agriculture, the latest of them promoting the development of a circular economy. This article centres on the transit flows within agri-food systems, considering food items, the upstream flows of farming production associated with agricultural supplies, and downstream flows corresponding to waste management. A joint approach in territorial ecology and territorial agronomy was implemented in an urban agricultural territory of the Île-de-France region, the Saclay plateau, to study agricultural and agri urban symbioses, to clarify the logics underlying flows of materials and to explore the room for manœuvre which might enable the agri-food metabolism to become increasingly internalised. The results show that internal flows and recycling loops come mainly from farms with a diversified typology : mixed-livestock farms, farms using agricultural composts, and organic farming. They also show that the system as a whole is still marked by a linear, externalised operation. Different ways are envisaged to set up more agricultural and agri-urban symbioses, all of them requiring technological, organisational and cultural changes at different levels. The assessment of the sustainability of these local flows must necessarily integrate quantitative aspects, for which we propose here a methodological approach. But it must also include qualitative aspects in order to consider the nature of the materials in circulation and the possible contamination of the recycling loops.

David Bowie’s songs are peppered with images of urban landscapes and nightscapes. When discussing Aladdin Sane (1973) in 1976, Bowie explained: “I want[ed] to write about the cities Ziggy [came] from”. Bowie’s urban landscapes and nightscapes mirror a rather sombre vision of the world—notably through what David Buckley terms a “bleak soundscape”—while giving the listener an insight into the artist’s own inner turmoil, thus emphasising the self-reflective aspect of his music. The visual quality of Bowie’s lyrics and music convey simultaneously a sense of the real and unreal, which clearly anchor the Bowiean cityscapes and nightscapes in the postmodern world. The present paper will explore the way in which Bowie depicts our “contemporary post-cities”, before trying to unveil the significance of the images and metaphors of the metropolis and its nocturnal shades in his songs. My study will consider Bowie’s works from the late sixties (David Bowie, Space Oddity) through the seventies and the nineties (Aladdin Sane, Diamond Dogs…) to the early noughties (Heathen). My approach will assess what Richard Middleton terms the “textual moment” of the musician’s cleverly crafted songs. My methodological approach, which rests on a textual analysis of Bowie’s songs, will also consider the intratextual and intertextual features of his lyrical texts. The latter should help me shed light on his technique as collagist, while a series of close readings of his lyrics will provide me with a detailed insight into the subtle intricacy of his œuvre, helping me uncover the threads which are woven throughout the vast body of the Bowiean texts.

Muchos gobiernos europeos, especialmente en el Sur de Europa, han adoptado políticas de austeridad como respuesta común a la crisis económica y financiera internacional. Los recortes en el ámbito social han afectado a los presupuestos educativos y han obligado a los Estados a gestionar la crisis con estrategias políticas y discursivas. Este artículo desarrolla un análisis crítico sobre cómo el Estado español y el gobierno catalán en particular han gestionado el cambio educativo en un contexto de austeridad. Basándose en el enfoque de la economía política cultural de Bob Jessop y utilizando datos centrados en el caso catalán, el artículo explora los mecanismos y tecnologías de la gestión de la crisis y muestra cómo la crisis, en lugar de restringir la acción política del gobierno, es utilizada en realidad como oportunidad política para construir un nuevo modelo de política educativa.

RESUMEN: La Nueva Gestión Pública (NGP) es un programa de reforma del sector público que ha inspirado numerosos procesos de reforma educativa a nivel internacional. En el campo de la educación, la NGP ha cristalizado en políticas como la autonomía de centro, la profesionalización de las direcciones escolares, la evaluación estandarizada y los sistemas de rendición de cuentas de los docentes. En este artículo se analiza cómo y por qué la NGP ha sido adoptada y re-contextualizada en un escenario educativo del sur de Europa, como es Cataluña. Este artículo muestra que las razones por las que se ha adoptado la NGP en Cataluña no son tan diferentes de las existentes en otros países en los que estas políticas se han aplicado con anterioridad. Contra-intuitivamente, aunque la NGP es un programa de reforma del sector público históricamente vinculado a fuerzas conservadoras, en Cataluña, como ocurrió previamente en otros países del Centro y del Norte de Europa, la NGP ha sido aprobada y regulada con un gobierno de corte socialdemócrata. En todos estos lugares, los socialdemócratas han tendido a aproximarse a los postulados de la NGP como un intento de hacer frente a la crisis de legitimidad del Estado de bienestar y de los servicios públicos en particular. Sin embargo, la reforma educativa de NGP se ha promulgado y regulado de forma irregular en Cataluña. Razones de naturaleza política, institucional y económica, junto a las múltiples representaciones y reinterpretaciones que los policy-makers locales hacen de las políticas de NGP, explican por qué estas políticas han seguido una trayectoria que se podría calificar de errática y a momentos paradójica en el contexto analizado. A nivel empírico, el estudio se basa en, por un lado, entrevistas con responsables políticos y actores clave del sistema educativo catalán y, por el otro, análisis de informes oficiales, comunicados de prensa y marco normativo. El estudio de caso ha sido estructurado siguiendo el método del process-tracing, el cual nos ha guiado en la sistematización de la información recogida en la observación empírica y nos ha permitido vincular los sucesos clave del proceso político con su consiguiente impacto en el sistema educativo.

Tom Stoppard’s adaptation of Ford Madox Ford’s novel Parade’s End (1924-1928) is an Anglo-American coproduction by BBC and HBO. The narrative portrays the story of a love triangle –the self-proclaimed ‘last Tory’ Christopher Tietjens, his wife the fickle and unfaithful Sylvia, and the young suffragette Valentine Wallop – trapped in the turmoil of the First World War.The mini-series, which was broadcast in 2012 on BBC and in June 2013 on ARTE, rests on an elliptical presentation of events, analeptic passages, and a subtle use of imagery. The show is a truly stylistic feat which brings to mind the way in which Raul Ruiz filmed his last film released in 2010, Mysteries of Lisbon.The present paper analyses the way in which all these elements enhance the subtle structure of this work of fiction. We will first explore how Susanna White uses imagery which draws heavily on Vorticism – one has obviously in mind the works of Wyndham Lewis – to depict the “great collapse” (François Furet) which affected not only continental Europe but also the entire Edwardian world. We hope to show how White’s visual treatment throws into sharp relief the narrative’s mosaic structure. We shall then study the recurrent mirror motif which contributes to the mise en abyme effect that characterizes Stoppard’s adaptation; before considering how the war scenes are handled throughout the series by comparing them with the way in which cinema and literature have depicted the conditions in which the soldiers survived in the trenches. Finally, we will see how Parade’s End obliquely echoes the traumatic effect of the Great War on those who survived, by comparing it with the American TV series, Boardwalk Empire (2010-2014), produced by Terence Winter and broadcast on HBO.

Durante a última década, a globalização da governança educacional por meio de parcerias público-privadas (PPP) tem gerado considerável debate quanto ao seu significado, propósito, status e resultados. Este debate é particularmente aquecido no setor da educação por causa da ampla aceitação da educação como atividade complexa, social e política que deve permanecer, em grande parte, se não totalmente, no setor público, servindo a interesses públicos. O artigo analisa a rápida expansão das parcerias público-privadas em educação (PPPE) articulada à introdução de regras de mercado no setor. Neste estudo nos concentramos sobre o papel de uma rede de desenvolvimento global, fundamental na globalização de um tipo particular de PPPE, indicando que a ideia de PPP encaixa-se em um projeto mais amplo de reconstituição da educação pública no âmbito do setor de serviços, a ser governada como parte da construção de uma sociedade de mercado.

In order to appreciate the way in which certain phenomena have produced passionate responses to the 2008 financial crisis, it is important to have a clear understanding of certain constituent elements of the socio-economic horizon before the crisis and to identify its main semiotic structures. This will allow us to discover the global mechanisms underlying the economic system but also to identify certain stages of the process that led to the outbreak of the crisis itself. To this purpose, in this study we shall focus on one of the essential key roles in the spread of the crisis: that of the shareholder, as described by Olivier Berruyer (2011) in Stop! Tirons les leçons de la crise, the evidence by the numbers.While analyzing the socio-economic nature of the role of the shareholder, we will highlight the semiotic properties of different economic categories and the roles of a variety of actors. We shall also look into one of the prerogatives of the shareholder: the "stock options" possession.

LA NUEVA Estrategia Educativa 2020 del Banco Mundial establece las prioridades de reforma educativa en países en vías de desarrollo para la década siguiente. El título explícito de la estrategia, Aprendizaje para Todos, es un claro reconocimiento de que, más allá de políticas centradas en el acceso, se debe hacer algo más para asegurar que la educación derive en experiencias positivas de aprendizaje. Sin embargo, como este artículo sostiene, las opciones de políticas explícitas y latentes en la Estrategia 2020 no son las más adecuadas para lograr el Aprendizaje para Todos. El artículo desarrolla tres tipos de argumentos al respecto. El primero se refiere al fuerte apego del Banco a un conocimiento disciplinario y un enfoque metodológico que es insuficiente para entender lo que aprenden los niños en la escuela y por qué. El segundo argumento se refiere al sesgo pro-mercado de la Estrategia por lo que respecta a la reforma del sector público y a nuevas formas de oferta educativa. En tercer lugar, el artículo señala las principales ausencias de la Estrategia, con especial atención a las omisiones relacionadas con la compleja relación entre educación y pobreza.

The recent research on local government policy making and territorial development leads to analyze differently cross-border activities. These activities may be inherently connected to each other and shape a global and territorial scheme ; they create new local relations, new rules, new processes in order to develop the specific cross-border region. Based on a theoretical review and three specific situations, the paper points out the role of local coordination, “fittings”, identity anchorage - or innovation – in these “new winning cross-border areas”.

Anne Verger sélectionne quelques-uns des nombreux autoportraits par lesquels Giorgio De Chirico offre des images insolites ou grotesques de lui-même. Formes de distanciation par laquelle l’artiste exprime la contradiction des choses et des êtres, l’ironie et l’humour sont une manière d’entretenir le mystère autour de soi et de son œuvre.

The information provided by Caesar in his Commentaries, combined with the more and more pertinent data provided by archaeology, allows to elaborate a global picture of the functioning of the Gaulish society before the Conquest, which is liable to be confronted with the present anthropological studies on the modern tribal societies. We can especially perceive the complexity of the segmental system that documents from the VIth century B.C., the determining place of the rival factiones, the superiority of an aristocratic culture of honour which determines the set of the social practices, and finally the paper of religious mediators carried out by the druids in a society dominated by the exacerbation of the rivalries between great characters.

Coastal habitats have been deeply impacted and fragmented by human activities. In Europe, such habitats also benefit from rich and diverse historical archives (maps and writings) that allow accurate assessment of their spatial dynamics and the way they have been exploited by humans. Through the example of the saltmarshes of the Anse de l’Aiguillon, among the largest in France, we assessed the spatial dynamics of these habitats as well as their exploitation by local societies during the last three centuries. We found that despite having been expanding in the last decades, land-reclamations led to a massive reduction of their surface areas from 1705 to the 1970s. Moreover, if they were drained and mowed for a long time, these activities are more developed nowadays than in the 1950s. We finally revealed writings and archeological remains attesting for a salt-marsh hay storage and exportation since the beginning of the 18th Century. The result of such a history is that old and non-mowed patches are small and scattered among the current salt-marsh. Taking into account history and geography of coastal habitats allows us to identify the oldest and the last remaining patches of habitats that have been the least impacted by human activities. Such areas may represent a high conservation stake in the current context of massive land-cover and land-use changes in the littoral area.

Since the 1960s, British and American TV series offer their reader-spectators scenarios that rely upon the play of echoes and intertextual or intratextual references. This play is founded upon interpicturality, verbal or visual citation or the re-usage of an actor or actress — particularly the recurring figure of the “bad guy”. To captivate spectators by playing on their memory, the screenwriters weave a web of implicit or explicit references that contribute to the elaboration of a fictional world, a common cultural background from which everyone can draw. Our study proposes to provide a definition of the echo in the frame of the TV series in order to better apprehend its sense, before drafting a taxonomy of the echo based on examples from a certain number of shows: Batman, The Avengers, The Wild Wild West, Hawaii Five-O, The Prisoner, Columbo, South Park, House, N.C.I.S., Breaking Bad, The Middle. This classification should permit us to better understand the role of the echo in the development of a TV series. Subsequently, we will examine the question of the remake (for the films and series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, The Prisoner, The Wild Wild West, Hawaii Five-O, Logan’s Run, The Planet of the Apes, Mission Impossible, Kung Fu) in order to understand whether echo and repetition are, in a certain sense, the reflection of a single cultural and narrative process.

Dès 1919, sept artistes italiens se réunissent pour retrouver et promouvoir leur italianité. L’attachement à la nation et la redécouverte de son histoire de l’art sont les points d’ancrage de cet art nouveau. Désireux de réhabiliter la rigueur plastique du métier de peintre et de retrouver les racines de leur patrimoine, les « Sept » mettront en avant – dans un paysage artistique marqué par les avant-gardes – un art moderne typiquement italien où passé et présent coexistent harmonieusement.