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It is essential to discriminate between B. bruxellensis isolates at the strain level, because stress resistance capacities are strain dependent and also related to the genetic groups (GG). In this work, we investigated further the correlation between genetic groups and cell polymorphism by analysing optical microscopy images via deep learning. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to discriminate between 74 different B. bruxellensis isolates belonging to 4 of the 6 genetic groups described. Compared to the microsatellite analysis, the CNN enabled the prediction of the genetic groups of B. bruxellensis isolates with 96.6 % accuracy in a faster and cheaper way and with the same genetic group affiliations. Based on these very promising results, further research is needed to validate this technique for all genetic groups.

The capacity for five Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains to form biofilm on stainless steel was confirmed, and the sanitation of these biofilms was tested using a solution of lactic acid and a reference method (a solution of foaming caustic soda and peroxide at 5 %). Different responses were observed depending on the strain: lactic acid solution induced a slight reduction in cell population, while the reference method resulted in the elimination of the adhered cells for three strains, but generated VBNC states for two others. The effects of sanitation on the biofilm formed is strain-dependent.

Ability to form biofilms is a potential resistance strategy, although it has not been much explored so far for the spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The capacity of two strains to adhere and form biofilms on stainless steel chips in wine was studied. Using electron microscopy, some particular structures, such as filamentous cells or chlamydospore-like structure, potentially involved in B. bruxellensis resistance were revealed. Some detachment phenomenon was identified and may be at the origin of the wine recurrent contamination.

Ability to form biofilms is a potential resistance strategy, although it has not been much explored so far for the spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The capacity of two strains to adhere and form biofilms on stainless steel chips in wine was studied. Using electron microscopy, some particular structures, such as filamentous cells or chlamydospore-like structure, potentially involved in B. bruxellensis resistance were revealed. Some detachment phenomenon was identified and may be at the origin of the wine recurrent contamination.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar e discutir o papel que a música exerce no romance A náusea de Jean-Paul Sartre. Assim, em um primeiro momento se irá descrever o modo como a contingência se apresenta na obra, para em um segundo momento explicitar o efeito que a música exerce sobre o personagem Antoine Roquentin. O que será evidenciado, sobretudo, é a possibilidade de subjugar a contingência de maneira temporária em uma espécie de fuga salvacionista.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti Teiresijo charak­terio vaidmenį T. S. Elioto epinėje poemoje Bevaisė žemė (The Waste Land). Siekiant atsakyti į šį klau­simą, pirmiausia svarbu apžvelgti T. S. Elioto litera­tūrologines idėjas; antra, reikia atrasti ir išnagrinėti Teiresijo vaizdavimo Ovidijaus Metamorfozėse ir pasakotojo charakterio Bevaisėje žemėje paraleles. Elioto tekste yra daugybė netiesioginių nuorodų, leidžiančių suvokti šio charakterio kaip paties auto­riaus mediumo funkciją. Be to, geras visos ankstesnės literatūrinės tradicijos ir ypač ypatybių, kurios buvo priskiriamos mitiniam Teiresijui, išmanymas yra esminė prielaida adekvačiam autoriaus pozicijos poemoje suvokimui.

Organizations and initiatives focusing on education and professional training in the new European Community are outlined, including international groups designed to promote cooperation, efforts to address issues of international mobility and exchange of students and professionals, improvement of educational systems through cooperation, language/cultural education, and initial and continuing professional training. (10 references) (MSE)

By drawing on a period of Sir Philip Sidney’s life, this article argues that the act of writing can become an alternative for political commitment. For that purpose, it investigates possible reasons for the important turn which took place in Sidney’s life roughly between 1578 and 1580. In accordance with his family’s social standing, Philip Sidney was educated to take on important political tasks in order to serve the state. But contrary to his high expectations and much to his chagrin, he remained unemployed for extended periods of time after he had finished his training. In order to nonetheless fulfil the conditions for the humanist ideal of the vita activa, the young courtier developed his own scope for virtuous action and relied increasingly on the production of literary texts to express his socio-political aims. This study also demonstrates how critical biographism is a necessary tool for a thorough understanding of Sidney’s works.

The preparation of protected derivatives of enantiomerically pure ?-(trimethylsilyl)alanine (1) and their chemical properties are decribed. Examples of renin inhibitory peptides, containing 1 are given, which demonstrates its use as a 'bio-isosteric' replacement for phenylalanine (2).

During the last 10 years, a great worldwide effort was devoted towards the discovery of orally active renin inhibitors as blood-pressure-lowering drugs. Design principles and synthesis of successive generations of renin inhibitors are discussed using selected examples. The progression from the concept of the 'transition-state' inhibitor, through compounds stable towards protease cleavage and hence towards orally active 'non-peptide' inhibitors is described. All this experience in design, molecular modelling, and synthesis – although not too successful for renin itself – has been applied to the search for inhibitors of other proteolytic enzymes. Thus, the extremely rapid progress made in identifying HIV-protease inhibitors was possible largely through the 'know how' obtained during the search for renin inhibitors.

The article focuses on the education system in France, the relationship between education and the State, and educational reform during the first year of French President François Hollande's presidency in 2012. France's ranking according to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2009 is mentioned. The author also discusses the role of French Minister of education Vincent Peillon, teacher training, and the prevention of school dropouts.