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To analyze the storage performance of the envelope structure, based on the law of conservation of energy, the ANSYS software was employed to perform thermal analysis on three conventional wall materials and phase change materials, and the temperature fields and minimum temperature difference of the walls with different materials were obtained. The heat absorption and release characteristics of different wall materials were studied. Comparing the heat absorption and release characteristics of phase change materials, it was concluded that the phase change materials had better heat storage capacity, which provided a basis for promoting and developing low energy consumption technologies for buildings.